Ebalazweni lezimila e-Afrika, ikota yezwekazi elisenyakatho ifakwa umbala obomvu othusayo, okukhombisa ubuncane bezimila. Indawo ezungezile encane ibuye ibhalwe ngombala onsomi ongathembisi isiphithiphithi sezimbali. Ngasikhathi sinye, ngakolunye uhlangothi lwezwekazi, cishe ebangeni elifanayo, kunezinhlobonhlobo zamathafa. Kungani ingxenye yesithathu ye-Afrika ihlala ogwadule olwandayo?
Umbuzo wokuthi kungani iSahara yavela nini futhi awucaci kahle. Akwaziwa ukuthi kungani imifula ivele yavele yafika ngaphansi komhlaba, yangena echibini elikhulu lamanzi. Ososayensi bona ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, nasemisebenzini yabantu, nangenhlanganisela yalezi zizathu.
ISahara ingabonakala njengendawo ethokozisayo. Bathi abanye baze bathandane nobuhle obugqamile bale symphony yamatshe, isihlabathi kanye nama-oases angavamile. Kepha, ngicabanga, kungcono ukuthi ube nentshisekelo ngogwadule olukhulu kunawo wonke eMhlabeni futhi ubabaze ubuhle bawo, ukuba sendaweni ethile, njengoba kubhaliwe imbongi, phakathi kwama-birches e-Middle Lane.
1. Insimu yeSahara, manje esilinganiselwa ku-8 - 9 million km2, kukhula njalo. Ngesikhathi uqeda ukufunda le nto, umngcele oseningizimu wehlane uzodlula cishe ngamasentimitha angama-20, futhi indawo yaseSahara izokwenyuka cishe ngamakhilomitha ayi-1 0002... Lokhu kungaphansi kancane kwendawo yaseMoscow ngaphakathi kwemingcele emisha.
2. Namuhla eSahara alikho nelilodwa ikamela lasendle. Kwasinda abantu abafuyiwe kuphela, abavela ezilwaneni ezathanjiswa ngabantu emazweni ama-Arabhu - ama-Arabia aletha amakamela lapha. Engxenyeni enkulu yeSahara, noma iliphi inani elibalulekile lamakamela okuzalaniswa endle alikwazi ukusinda.
3. Izilwane zaseSahara zihlupheka ngokweqile. Ngokusemthethweni, kufaka phakathi, ngokuya ngokulinganisela okuhlukahlukene, kusuka ezinhlotsheni ezingama-50 kuya kwezingu-100 zezilwane ezincelisayo nezinhlobo zezinyoni ezifika ku-300. Kodwa-ke, izinhlobo eziningi zisondele ekuqothulweni, ikakhulukazi izilwane ezincelisayo. I-biomass yezilwane ingamakhilogremu ambalwa ehektheleni ngalinye, futhi ezindaweni eziningi ingaphansi kuka-2 kg / ha.
4. ISahara ivame ukubizwa ngegama le-Arabia "ulwandle lwesihlabathi" noma "ulwandle olungenamanzi" ngenxa yendawo enesihlabathi enamagagasi ayizindunduma. Lesi sithombe sogwadule olukhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni siyiqiniso ngokwengxenye kuphela. Izindawo ezinesihlabathi zimboza cishe ikota yendawo yonke yaseSahara. Iningi lale nsimu linamatshe angenampilo amatshe noma ubumba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhamizi zendawo zibheka ugwadule olunesihlabathi njengobubi obuncane. Izindawo ezinamadwala, ezibizwa nge- "hamada" - "inyumba" - kunzima kakhulu ukunqoba. Amatshe amnyama abukhali namatshe amancane, asakazeke ngendlela enesiphithiphithi ezingqimbeni eziningana, ayisitha esifayo sabo bobabili abantu abahamba ngezinyawo nangamakamela. Kunezintaba eSahara. Okuphakeme kakhulu kubo, u-Amy-Kusi, ungamamitha angu-3,145 ukuphakama. Le ntaba-mlilo engasekho itholakala eRepublic of Chad.
Indawo enamatshe ogwadule
5. UmLungu wokuqala owaziwayo ukuwela iSahara esuka eningizimu aye enyakatho kwakunguRene Caye. Kuyaziwa ukuthi abaseYurophu bavakashela eNyakatho Afrika phambilini, ngekhulu le-15 kuya kwele-16, kepha imininingwane enikezwe ngu-Anselm d'Izgier noma u-Antonio Malfante iyindlala noma iyaphikisana. UmFulentshi wahlala isikhathi eside emazweni aseningizimu yeSahara, ezenza umGibhithe othunjwe amaFrance. Ngo-1827, uKaye wasuka nendlwana yomthengisi wakhuphuka uMfula iNiger. Isifiso sakhe ayesithanda kakhulu kwakuwukubona idolobha laseTimbuktu. Ngokusho kukaKaye, bekufanele kube idolobha elicebe kakhulu futhi elihle kunawo wonke eMhlabeni. Endleleni, umFulentshi wahlaselwa ngumkhuhlane, washintsha ikharavani, kwathi ngo-Ephreli 1828 wafika eTimbuktu. Phambi kwakhe kwavela isigodi esingcolile, esasakhiwe ngamaqhugwane ama-adobe, okwakukhona nakwezinye izindawo lapho avela khona. Ngenkathi esalinde ikharavani ebuyayo, uKaye wezwa ukuthi umuntu othile waseNgilandi wayeke waya eTimbuktu eminyakeni embalwa eyedlule, ezenza umArabhu. Wavezwa wabulawa. UmFulentshi waphoqeleka ukuba ajoyine ikharavani yekamela ngasenyakatho eRabat. Ngakho, engafuni, uRene Kaye waba yiphayona. Kodwa-ke, wathola ama-francs akhe ayi-10 000 eParis Geographical Society naku-Order of the Legion of Honor. UKaye waze waba ngumphathi we-burgomaster edolobheni langakubo.
URene Kaye. Ikhola leLegion of Honor iyabonakala emgqeni wesobunxele
6. Idolobha lase-Algeria iTamanrasset, elisenkabeni yeSahara, lihlushwa yizikhukhula njalo. Kunoma iyiphi enye ingxenye yomhlaba, abahlali bezindawo zokuhlala ezisendaweni engamakhilomitha ayizi-2 000 ukusuka ogwini lolwandle oluseduze endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-1,320 kufanele babe ngabokugcina abesaba izikhukhula. I-Tamanrasset ngo-1922 (ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyiFort Laperrin yaseFrance) icishe yakhukhulwa ngokuphelele igagasi elinamandla. Zonke izindlu ezikuleyo ndawo ziyi-adobe, ngakho-ke umfudlana wamanzi onamandla amakhulu noma amancane uyawaqeda ngokushesha. Ngemuva kwalokho kwafa abantu abangu-22. Kubonakala sengathi amaFulentshi afile kuphela abalwa ngokubheka uhlu lwawo. Izikhukhula ezifanayo zadlula nemiphefumulo yabantu ngo-1957 nango-1958 eLibya nase-Algeria. I-Tamanrasset ibhekane nezikhukhula ezimbili zokulimala kwabantu vele ngekhulu lama-21. Ngemuva kokucwaninga nge-satellite radar, ososayensi bathola ukuthi phambilini umfula ogcwele ugeleza ngaphansi kwedolobha lamanje, okwathi, kanye nemifula yalo, yakha uhlelo olubanzi.
I-Tamanrasset
7. Kukholakala ukuthi ugwadule olwalusendaweni yaseSahara lwaqala ukuvela cishe eminyakeni eyinkulungwane yesine BC. e. futhi kancane kancane, eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa, yasakazekela kulo lonke elaseNyakatho Afrika. Kodwa-ke, ukuba khona kwamamephu wasendulo, lapho indawo yaseSahara ivezwa njengendawo eqhakaza ngokuphelele nemifula namadolobha, kukhombisa ukuthi le nhlekelele yenzeke kungekudala futhi ngokushesha okukhulu. Ungangezi ukwethembeka enguqulweni esemthethweni nasezimpikiswaneni ezinjengalezo zomhambuma, ukuze ungene ngokujulile e-Afrika, ugawule amahlathi, uqede izimila ngokuhlelekile. E-Indonesia yanamuhla naseBrazil, ihlathi ligawulwa ngezinga lezimboni kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe besimanje, kepha-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi alikafiki enhlekeleleni yezemvelo. Kepha bangakanani abantu abayimizulane abangagawula ihlathi? Futhi ngenkathi abaseYurophu befika okokuqala ogwini oluseningizimu yeLake Chad ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, bezwa izindaba zabantu abadala mayelana nokuthi obabamkhulu babo babebamba kanjani ubugebengu basogwini emikhunjini echibini. Manje ukujula kweLake Chad esibukweni sayo esiningi akudluli imitha elilodwa nohhafu.
Imephu ka-1500
8. NgeNkathi Ephakathi, umzila wamakharaveni ohlangothini olusuka eningizimu uye enyakatho yeSahara kungenzeka ukuthi wawungomunye wemizila yezohwebo ematasa kakhulu emhlabeni. I-Rene Kaye Timbuktu efanayo edumazayo kwakuyisikhungo sokuhweba ngosawoti, esasilethwa sisuka enyakatho, negolide, elethwa lisuka eningizimu. Vele, lapho nje umbuso wombuso emazweni aseduze kwemizila yamakharaveni usiba namandla, ababusi bendawo bafuna ukulawula umzila kasawoti wegolide. Ngenxa yalokho, wonke umuntu wabhidlika, futhi umzila osuka empumalanga uye entshonalanga waba indawo exakekile. Kuyo, abakwaTuaregs bahambisa izinkulungwane zezigqila ogwini lweAtlantic ukuze zithunyelwe eMelika.
I-Caravan Route Map
9. Ngo-1967 kwaba nomjaho wokuqala weSahara kuma-yachts olwandle. Abasubathi abavela emazweni ayisithupha bamashe besuka edolobheni lase-Algeria i-Bechar baya enhlokodolobha yaseMauritania, iNouakchott, ngezikebhe eziyi-12. Kuliqiniso, ezimweni zokujaha, kudlule kuphela uhhafu wenguquko. Umhleli womjaho, uColonel Du Boucher, ngemuva kokuwohloka okuningana, izingozi kanye nokulimala, uphakamise ngokufanelekile ukuthi ababambe iqhaza baye entanjeni bonke ndawonye ukuze banciphise ubungozi. Abagibeli bavuma, kepha akuzange kube lula. Ezikebheni zamasondo, amathaya ayegqekeza njalo, kwakungekho ukuphuka okuncane. Ngenhlanhla, uDu Boucher wazibonakalisa engumhleli omuhle kakhulu. Izikebhe zaziphelezelwa yimoto engekho emgwaqeni ephelezela ukudla, amanzi nezingxenye zokungcebeleka; ikharavani ibibhekiwe emoyeni. I-vanguard yathuthela ezindaweni zokuhlala ubusuku bonke, ilungiselela konke ukuhlala ubusuku bonke. Futhi ukuqeda umjaho (noma ukuhamba ngesikebhe?) ENouakchott kwaba ukunqoba kwangempela. Imikhumbi yanamuhla yasehlane yahlangatshezwa yizo zonke izinhlonipho ezifanele isixuku sezinkulungwane.
10. Kusukela ngo-1978 kuya ku-2009 ngoZibandlela - Januwari izinjini zamakhulu ezithuthuthu nezithuthuthu zaduma eSahara - kwaba nomzila wesitimela omkhulu kunayo yonke emhlabeni "iParis-Dakar". Lo mjaho ube yinhlanhla ehlonishwayo kubashayeli bezithuthuthu, izimoto kanye namaloli. Ngo-2008, ngenxa yezinsongo zobuphekula eMauritania, lo mjaho wakhanselwa, futhi kusukela ngo-2009 usubanjelwe kwenye indawo. Yize kunjalo, ukuduma kwezinjini ezivela eSahara akukayanga ndawo - i-Africa Eco Race igijima ngomkhondo womjaho omdala minyaka yonke. Uma sikhuluma ngabaphumelele, esigabeni samaloli amaloli aseRussia KAMAZ ayizintandokazi ezingenakulinganiswa. Abashayeli babo banqobe amaphuzu womjaho esewonke amahlandla ayi-16 - inani elilingana ncamashi nelabamele wonke amazwe ahlanganisiwe.
11. ISahara inezinkundla ezinkulu zikawoyela negesi. Uma ubheka ebalazweni lezepolitiki lalesi sifunda, uzobona ukuthi iningi lemingcele yombuso ligijima liqonde ngqo, kungaba ngasesimeridians, noma “ukusuka kwephoyinti A kuye kukhomba B”. Umngcele ophakathi kwe-Algeria neLibya kuphela obonakala ngokuphuka kwawo. Lapho futhi yadlula ngase-meridian, kanti amaFrance, athola uwoyela, ayipotoza. Ngokuqondile, umFulentshi. Igama lakhe kwakunguKonrad Kilian. Njengomuntu owenza izihambi ngokwemvelo, uKilian uchithe iminyaka eminingi eSahara. Wayefuna ingcebo yamazwe anyamalalayo. Kancane kancane, wabajwayela kakhulu abantu bendawo waze wavuma ukuba ngumholi wabo ekulweni namaNtaliyane aphethe iLibya. Wenza indawo yokuhlala yakhe iTummo oasis, esendaweni yaseLibya. UKilian wayazi ukuthi kunomthetho ongenakuphikiswa, ngokusho kwawo wonke umuntu waseFrance owahlola amazwe angaziwa engcupheni yakhe nasebucayini bakhe uba yinxusa lamazwe onke ezweni lakhe. Mayelana nalokhu, nokuthi endaweni eseduze ne-oasis, wathola izimpawu eziningi zokutholakala kukawoyela, uKilian wabhalela iParis. Kwakungu-1936, sasingekho isikhathi samanxusa aphethe amandla amakhulu endaweni ethile phakathi kweSahara. Ngemuva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, izinhlamvu zawela ezandleni zochwepheshe bezwe. Uwoyela watholakala, futhi owamtholayo uKilian waba nebhadi - ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngaphambi komthombo wokuqala "wegolide elimnyama" wazibulala ehhotela elishibhile ngokuzilengisa ngemithambo evuliwe.
Lokhu kubuye kube yiSahara
12. IFrance ibingumdlali ophambili wamakholoni aseYurophu eSahara iminyaka eminingi. Kubukeka sengathi izingxabano ezingapheli nezizwe eziyimizulane bekufanele zibe nomthelela ekwakhiweni kwamasu anele okwenza imisebenzi yezempi. Ngesikhathi kunqotshwa izizwe zamaBerber nezamaTuareg, amaFulentshi ahlala enza njengendlovu eyimpumputhe egibela esitolo se-china. Isibonelo, ngo-1899, isazi sokuma komhlaba uGeorges Flamand wacela abaphathi bamakoloni imvume yokuhlola i-shale ne-sandstone ezindaweni zaseTuareg. Uthole imvume ngaphansi kombandela wokuthatha unogada. Lapho abakwaTuaregs bebona lo nogada, bavele bathatha izikhali. AmaFulentshi ngokushesha afuna ukuqiniswa emsebenzini ngemuva kwendunduma eseduze, abulala amaTuaregs futhi athumba i-Ain Salah oasis. Esinye isibonelo samaqhinga sakhonjiswa eminyakeni emibili kamuva. Ukuthatha ama-oases aseTuatha, amaFrance aqoqa abantu abayizinkulungwane eziningana kanye namashumi ezinkulungwane zamakamela. Umkhankaso wawuthwala konke okudingekayo. Ama-oase ahlaselwa ngaphandle kokuphikiswa, kwabulawa abayinkulungwane kanye nengxenye yamakamela, amathambo awo ayegcwale eceleni komgwaqo. Umnotho wezizwe zaseSahara, lapho amakamela adlala indima enkulu, wenziwa buthaka, njengoba kwaba njalo ngamathemba okuhlalisana ngokuthula namaTuaregs.
13. ISahara iyikhaya lezinhlobo ezintathu zezizwe eziyimizulane. Ama-semi-nomads ahlala eziqeshini zomhlaba ovundile emingceleni yogwadule futhi ahlanganyela emadlelweni ayimizulane ngezikhathi ezingekho emsebenzini wezolimo. Lawa amanye amaqembu amabili ahlanganiswe ngegama labahambahamba ngokuphelele. Ezinye zazo zizulazula emizileni ebekwe amakhulu eminyaka kanye nokushintsha kwezinkathi zonyaka. Abanye bashintsha indlela amakamela aqhutshwa ngayo kuye ngokuthi imvula idlule kuphi.
Ungazulazula ngezindlela ezihlukile
14. Izimo zemvelo ezinzima kakhulu zenza izakhamizi zaseSahara, ngisho nase-oases, zisebenze ngamandla azo okugcina futhi zikhombise ubuhlakani ekulweni nogwadule. Isibonelo, e-Sufa oasis, ngenxa yokushoda kwanoma yiziphi izinto zokwakha, ngaphandle kwe-gypsum, izindlu zakhiwa zincane kakhulu - uphahla olukhulu lwe-gypsum luyakwazi ukumelana nesisindo salo. Imithi yesundu kuleli oasis itshalwe emigodini engu-5 - 6 metres ukujula. Ngenxa yezici zokwakheka komhlaba, akunakwenzeka ukuphakamisa amanzi emthonjeni aye ezingeni eliphansi, ngakho-ke iSufa oasis izungezwe izinkulungwane zemigodi. Izakhamizi zihlinzekwa ngemisebenzi yansuku zonke yaseSisyphean - udinga ukukhulula imijondolo esihlabathini, esetshenziswa njalo ngumoya.
15. UTrans-Sahara Railway ugudla iSahara usuka eningizimu uye enyakatho. Igama elizwakalayo lichaza amakhilomitha angama-4 500 womgwaqo onamazinga ahlukahlukene ekhwalithi, odlula esuka enhlokodolobha yase-Algeria eya enhlokodolobha yaseNigeria, iLagos. Yakhiwa ngo-1960 - 1970, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ibilokhu ihlanganiswa nje kuphela, akukho ukuthuthukiswa okwenziwe manje. Ensimini yeNiger (ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-400), umgwaqo uphuke ngokuphelele. Kepha ingozi enkulu akuyona ukumbozwa. Ukubonakala cishe kuhlala kukubi kuTrans-Saharan Railway. Akunakwenzeka ukushayela emini ngenxa yelanga nokushisa okuyimpumputhe, futhi kusihlwa nasekuseni ukuphazamiseka kokukhanya kuyaphazamisa - akukho ukukhanya emuva komgwaqo omkhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izivunguvungu zesihlabathi zivame ukwenzeka, lapho abantu abanolwazi bancoma ukuthi basuke kuthrekhi baqhubeke. Abashayeli bendawo ababheki izivunguvungu njengothuli njengesizathu sokuma, futhi bangabhidliza kalula imoto emile. Kuyacaca ukuthi usizo ngeke luze, ukulubeka ngobumnene, ngokushesha.
Isigaba sesitimela iTrans-Sahara
Njalo ngonyaka cishe abantu abayinkulungwane bavolontiya ukuya eSahara ukuyogijima. IDesert Marathon ibanjelwa eMorocco izinsuku eziyisithupha ngo-Ephreli. Ngalezi zinsuku, ababambiqhaza bagijima cishe amakhilomitha angama-250. Izimo zingaphezu kweSpartan: ababambiqhaza baphatha yonke imishini nokudla kwesikhathi somjaho. Abahleli babahlinzeka ngamalitha ayi-12 kuphela amanzi ngosuku. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukutholakala kwesethi yemishini yokutakula kulawulwa ngokuqinile: isiqalisi samarokhethi, ikhampasi, njll. Emlandweni weminyaka engama-30 wemarathon, kunqotshwe kaninginingi ngabamele iRussia: u-Andrei Derksen (amahlandla ama-3), u-Irina Petrova, uValentina Lyakhova noNataliya Sedykh.
Ugwadule Marathon
17. Ngo-1994, umhlanganyeli we "Desert Marathon" wase-Italy uMauro Prosperi wangena esivunguvungwini. Ngobunzima wazitholela itshe lokukhosela. Lapho isiphepho sinqamuka ngemuva kwamahora ayisishiyagalombili, imvelo yashintsha ngokuphelele. UProsperi wayengasakhumbuli nokuthi uvelaphi. Wahamba, eqondiswa yikhampasi, waze wazithela eqhugwaneni. Kwakukhona amalulwane lapho. Basize amaNtaliyane ukuthi abambe isikhashana. Indiza yokutakula yandiza kabili, kepha ababonanga ukuqhuma noma umlilo. Ephelelwe yithemba, uProsperi wavula imithambo yakhe, kepha igazi alizange liphume - laqina ngenxa yokuphelelwa amandla kwamanzi. Walandela ikhampasi futhi, kwathi ngemuva kwesikhashana wazithela endaweni encane eyakhiwe ngamahlathi. Ngemuva kosuku, uProsperi waba nenhlanhla futhi - waya ekamu laseTuareg. Kwavela ukuthi wahamba ngendlela engafanele amakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-300 futhi wasuka eMorocco waya e-Algeria. Kwamthatha iminyaka emibili u-Italy ukwelapha imiphumela yokuhambahamba kwezinsuku eziyi-10 eSahara.
UMauro Prosperi ugijime iDesert Marathon amahlandla amathathu
18. ISahara ibilokhu ibhekwa njengenye yezindawo eziyingozi kakhulu kubahambi. AmaLoner nohambo lonke lwashabalala ogwadule. Kepha ngekhulu lama-21, lesi simo sesivele saba yinhlekelele. Indlela eshaywayo eya eYurophu iba ngeyokugcina kubabaleki abaningi abavela emazweni aseCentral Africa. Izimo ezinenqwaba yabantu abafile zibukeka zijwayelekile. Abantu abaningi bathuthwa ngamabhasi amabili noma ngamaloli. Endaweni ethile phakathi kogwadule, enye yezimoto iyafa. Bobabili abashayeli emotweni esindile baya ezingxenyeni ezingasetshenzisiwe futhi banyamalale. Abantu balinda izinsuku ezimbalwa, bephelelwa amandla ekushiseni. Lapho bezama ukuthola usizo ngezinyawo, bambalwa abanamandla anele okufika lapho. Futhi-ke, abesifazane nezingane ngabokuqala ukufa.
ishumi nesishiyagalolunye.Emaphethelweni empumalanga yeSahara, eMauritania, kukhona iRishat - ukwakheka komhlaba, okubizwa nangokuthi "Iso leSahara". Lawa angamasongo amaningana ajwayelekile anobubanzi obukhulu obungu-50 km. Ubukhulu bento bokuthi bungabonakala kuphela esikhaleni. Umsuka weRishat awaziwa, yize isayensi ithole incazelo - lesi isenzo sokuguguleka kwenhlabathi ngenkathi kuphakanyiswa uqweqwe lomhlaba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukwehluka kwesenzo esinjalo akukhathazi muntu. Kukhona nokunye ukucabanga. Ububanzi bukhulu impela: umthelela wemeteorite, umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo noma i-Atlantis - okuthiwa ibikhona lapha.
I-Richat evela esikhaleni
20. Usayizi nesimo sezulu saseSahara kuhlale kusebenza njengesizathu samaphrojekthi amakhulu kagesi. Izihloko ezisematheni ezinjenge- “N% yeSahara zinganikeza ugesi kuyo yonke iplanethi” zivela ngisho nasemaphephandabeni abucayi ngendlela ethandekayo. Umhlaba bathi kuseyimfucuza, kunelanga eliningi, alikho ikhava eyanele. Zakhele izitshalo zamandla elanga zohlobo lwe-photovoltaic noma ezishisayo, bese uthola ugesi oshibhile. Sekudaliwe (futhi kwahlakazeka) okungenani izikhalazo ezintathu, okusolwa ukuthi zikulungele ukuqala ukusebenzisa amaphrojekthi abiza izigidigidi zamadola, futhi izinto zisekhona. Impendulo yinye kuphela - inkinga yezomnotho. Zonke lezi zinto ezikhathazayo zifuna uxhaso lukahulumeni, futhi ohulumeni bamazwe acebile banemali encane njengamanje. Isibonelo, ukukhathazeka kweDesertec kufaka yonke imidondoshiya yemakethe yamandla emhlabeni. Babala ukuthi kuthatha ama- $ 400 billion ukuvala u-15% wemakethe yase-Europe. Ngokubheka ukwenqaba ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi ashisayo nawenyukliya, iphrojekthi ibukeka ilinga. Kepha i-EU kanye nohulumeni abakhange banikeze iziqinisekiso zezikweletu. I-Arab Spring yafika, kanti nephrojekthi kusolakala ukuthi yamiswa ngalesi sizathu. Ngokusobala, ngisho nasezimeni ezifanele zeSahara, amandla elanga awazuzi ngaphandle koxhaso lwesabelomali.
