AmaGypsies yisizwe esikhulu kunazo zonke eMhlabeni, ngaphandle kwezwe lawo. Abantu abanezinwele ezimnyama abanezinwele ezimnyama bashushiswa cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi nakuyo yonke indawo. Baxoshwa ezweni labo lokuzalwa eNdiya, futhi kusukela lapho amaRom awakatholi ndawo yokuhlala ngokuvumelana. Ama-gypsies ngokwawo ahlekisa ngokuthi lokhu akusikho ekudingisweni nasekushushisweni, nguNkulunkulu owabanika umhlaba wonke ukuthi uhlale.
Kushiwo izinto eziningi ezimbi ngama-gypsies, futhi okuningi kwalokhu kuyiqiniso. AmaGypsy - ikakhulukazi - awathambekele emsebenzini okhiqizayo futhi imvamisa awaziphili ngezindlela ezilunge kakhulu. Akunakwenzeka ukusola ngokusobala abantu bonke, njengoba nje kungenakwenzeka ukusho ngokungangabazeki ukuthi ngabe ngumlingiswa onjalo wezwe noma walethwa yingcindezi yangaphandle. Ngempela, kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka ama-gypsy angathola imali kuphela ngomsebenzi abantu bendawo ababewudelela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, e-USSR, lapho amaGypsy anikezwa khona umsebenzi, futhi kungenzeka ukuya ejele ngenxa yendlela yokuphila yokufuduka, amanye amaGypsies aqhubeka nokuhlala emakamu ayimizulane nokuhweba ngokweba.
Kuyacaca ukuthi amaGypsies ngabantu abanomlando onzima kakhulu nesipho esinzima kakhulu. Ukuhlala okungenani endaweni engenandaba, futhi evame ukuba nobutha, bayakwazi ukugcina amasiko abo futhi bahlala kaningi, cishe bengafani nemvelo.
1. Ngokombono wesayensi, abantu abangabodwa "amaGypsy" abekho - ngokobuhlanga lo mphakathi ungafani kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, kulula ngamaRom uqobo kanye nalabo ababazungezile ukuhlanganisa amaRom babe yiqembu elilodwa - wonke lawa maSinti, amaManush, amaKale namanye awafani neze ngendlela yabo yokuphila.
2. Ngenxa yokungaqondakali kokungabikho kwemithombo ebhaliwe, ososayensi bazama ukuthola umsuka wamaRom ngokungaqondile, ikakhulukazi ngezilimi. UMikhail Zadornov ukhombise isibonelo sendlela okwenzeka ngayo ukwakha kabusha umlando wabantu ngezizathu zezilimi. Ngokusho "kocwaningo" lwakhe, bonke abantu bomhlaba bavela kubantu baseRussia, abahlakazeka ("Abahlakazayo") emhlabeni wonke ngesikhathi se-Ice Age. Kodwa-ke, maqondana namaRom, lolo cwaningo lubhekwa njengolubucayi. Ngokwenguqulo eyamukelwa kakhulu, amaGypsies kungakadluli ikhulu lesi-3 BC. e. basuka eNdiya, okwakuyizwe labo, baya entshonalanga, bafika ePheresiya naseGibhithe.
3. AmaGypsy ahlala yonke indawo. Inani labo lihluka kakhulu ngokuya ngezwe, kepha akunakwenzeka ukuthola izwe lapho ama-gypsies angekho ngokuphelele. Iningi lamaRom lihlala e-United States, Brazil, Spain, Bulgaria nase-Argentina. I-Russia, enamaRom angu-220,000, iba sesithupha kulolu hlu. Kunemiphakathi ebalulekile yamaRom eCanada, eSerbia, eSlovakia naseBosnia naseHerzegovina.
4. Ngaphandle kokuthi abantu baseGypsy badabuka eNdiya, awekho amaGypsies omdabu asele kuleli - ngasikhathi sinye bathuthela ePersia. Kepha kunabantu abangamaGypsy eNdiya - amanye amaGypsies abuyela emuva evela ePersia. AmaGypsies eNdiya angabantu abahleli futhi abahlonishwayo - amaNdiya ahlonipha abantu isikhumba sabo sikhanya ngisho kancane kunesabo. Futhi kukhona nama-gypsies angamanga eNdiya. AbaseBrithani abenza i-India ikoloni kabazange balwele ukuthola ukuthi bangobani laba bantu noma lawo maNdiya. Ngokubona abakhongi noma abantu abanebala elimnyama emgwaqeni, ngenxa yokuthi babandakanyeka kohlobo oluthile lobuciko, abaseBrithani badweba ukufana ne-Motherland (i-gypsy ibalula ngisho uConan Doyle ku- "Colorful Ribbon") - ama-gypsies! Ngakho-ke igama elithi ama-gypsies laqala ukubhekisela kubamele bezinhlaka ezithile zamaNdiya ezizulazulayo.
5. Okuqanjiwe mayelana namaRom kutolikwa ngokuhlukile emazweni ahlukene. Kuyaziwa ukuthi eRussia nase-USSR umculo wamaGypsy nothando lwawo lokudansa lwaziswa. Isimo esijwayelekile ngamaRom sasingesihle, kepha kwakukholakala ukuthi "noma becula futhi bedansa kahle". Emazweni aseYurophu, umculo wama-gypsies wawuthathwa njengesici esibi - ama-loafers, nawo ayadansa futhi acule.
6. Umhlali wase-UK onesibongo uSmith kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi abe nezimpande zaseBrithani. Lapho iziphathimandla zaseBrithani ziqala ukuzama ngandlela-thile ukujwayela amaRom ngempilo ephucukile, zaqala ukuthatha ngonya olukhulu igama elithi Smith. NgesiNgisi “smith” ngumkhandi wensimbi. Lapho kukhona umkhandi wensimbi, kukhona amahhashi, lapho kukhona amahhashi, kukhona ama-gypsies. Futhi uSmith ungenye yezibongo ezivame kakhulu eNgilandi, iya ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, ukhombe bonke abakwaSmith ababuthuntu. Naphezu kwayo yonke imizamo kahulumeni, ama-gypsies ayimizulane e-UK aphile kuze kube yilolu suku, bavele bashintsha amahhashi abo baya ezindlini ezihambahambayo.
7. Ijubane amaRom asakazeka ngalo kulo lonke elaseYurophu liyamangalisa. Ubufakazi bokuqala bazo buhlehlela emuva ku-1348, lapho amaRom azinza endaweni manje eyiSerbia. Futhi vele maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elizayo, amakamu ama-gypsy aba imininingwane ejwayelekile yedolobha laseBarcelona naseBritish Isles.
8. Ekuqaleni, abaseYurophu babenobungane kumaRom. Babakhombisa amaphepha, okusolwa ukuthi akhishwe yiziphathimandla zezwe nezenkolo, ngokusho lapho amaRom ayevunyelwe ukuncenga nokuzula. AmaRom angafundile atshelwa ukuthi abekelwa inhlawulo, enqatshelwa ukuhlala ezindlini ezimile. Isikhathi sokuphenduka sabalwa ngeminyaka. Kodwa-ke, ngokushesha kakhulu ama-gypsies athola idumela lamasela anekhono, futhi isikhathi senhlanhla yabo saphela unomphela. Kusukela cishe ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-15, baqala ukushushiswa.
9. Ngokushesha okukhulu, ukushushiswa kwamaRom kwaletha isisusa senkolo. Ngempela, kwenye indawo emaqeleni kuvutha umlilo, lapho abantu bezungeza khona, bekhuluma ngolimi olungaqondakali, bedansa imidanso engajwayelekile emculweni ongajwayelekile - kungani kungabi iSabatha labathakathi? Futhi ama-gypsies aqeqesha izilwane ngobuciko futhi azi okuningi ngemithi hhayi ngamakhambi kakhulu. Ulwazi olunjalo namakhono kwakuthiwa kubathakathi nabathakathi.
10. Ngokuzenzisa, amaRom ayengangena emazweni aseYurophu, uma kungenjalo ngesakhiwo senhlangano yomkhakha wangaleso sikhathi. Amalungu ama-workshops noma izinhlangano ezazithole ukuqeqeshwa okuthile kuphela ezazingahlanganyela emsebenzini othile. Ukuvela kwabakhandi bensimbi abasha, izinsimbi zokufaka izinsimbi, okokuhloba izinsimbi, abenzi bezicathulo njll.
11. NgeNkathi Ephakathi, manje esethathwa njengesihluku - izinkulungwane zabantu zihlanganiselwe ukubulawa ngesihluku esidlangalaleni, njll. - AmaGypsy akhishwa emazweni awo. Ngakho-ke bafika eMelika nase-Australia. ESweden, eNgilandi nakwamanye amazwe aseJalimane, kwakunemithetho eyayinquma ukuthi amaRom abulawe, kodwa ngenxa yendlela yokuphila yabahambi eyayihamba phambili, ayesetshenziswa kakhulu. Futhi ngekhulu lama-20, umbuso kaHitler wabulala amaRom angaba ngu-600 000 kuphela ngenxa yobuzwe.
12. Imithetho emelene namaRom yacishe yaqedwa yonke indawo ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Kukholakala ukuthi ukuqedwa kwale mithetho kwaqala ukuhlanganiswa kwamaRom emiphakathini yamazwe ababehlala kuwo. Kodwa-ke, umkhuba ukhombisile ukuthi kwakukhona amacala angawodwa wokuhlanganiswa kwangempela, futhi ngokujwayelekile amaRom aqhubeka nokuphila ngendlela yawo ejwayelekile.
13. AmaRom angena eRussia phakathi nekhulu le-19 esuka eJalimane edlula ePoland. AmaGypsy amaningi ngaleso sikhathi ayesebenza ebuthweni laseRussia, ehlala ezikhundleni ezingezona ezempi. Basebenza njengabakhwenyana, izihlalo zensimbi, abakhandi bensimbi, njll. Nokho, endaweni ejwayelekile yama-gypsy, insizakalo enjalo yathathwa njengeyihlazo.
14. Ngaphandle kokungabekezelelani okujwayelekile kwamaSulumane kwabezizwe, ama-Ottoman ayebabekezelela ngokumangazayo amaRom. Kuliqiniso, lokhu kubekezelelana kwakuthinta amaRom ahlala phansi kuphela ayenza imisebenzi yezandla ehlobene nokusebenza ngensimbi - abakhandi bensimbi, abasebenza ngezibhamu, nabathengisi bezinto zokuhloba. Babekhokha intela encane kunamaKristu, futhi abakhandi bezibhamu babengakhululwa ngokuphelele enteleni. AmaGypsy amukela kalula ubuSulumane. Ngemuva kokuwa koMbuso Wase-Ottoman, isimo sengqondo esinjalo esithambile sashiya amaGypsies eceleni - abantu bendawo abakhululiwe, abakwazi ukufinyelela abaseTurkey, bagijimela ukuziphindiselela kumaGypsies. Bahlushwa obala futhi babulawa. Labo ababenenhlanhla bagqilazwa. Ngokwezikhangiso zamaphephandaba, maphakathi nekhulu le-19 eMoldova naseHungary, zathengiswa ngenqwaba yabantu.
15. Ikhaya elihambahambayo lamaGypsy libizwa nge-wardo. Inesitofu, izingubo zokugqoka, umbhede - konke okudingayo impilo yakho yonke. Kodwa-ke, uma isimo sezulu sivuma, amaGypsy akhetha ukulala eBender - inhlanganisela yamatende nama-yurt wabantu abayimizulane basenyakatho. Izingane zazalwa futhi zashona kuphela eBender - i-vardo akufanele ihlotshaniswe nokufika komuntu empilweni noma ukusuka kuyo. Manje amawadi abe yizinto eziqoqekayo ezibizayo - kukhokhwa amashumi ezinkulungwane zamaRandi.
16. Indlela ephumelele kunazo zonke yokufaka amaRom kwakuseSoviet Union. Kuliqiniso, imininingwane esemthethweni kuma-90% wamaRom akhokhelwa ayethembekile, kepha impela bekukhona amaRom amaningi azinzile. Kwakukhona amapulazi ahlangene, izingane zafunda izikole futhi zaqhubeka nemfundo yazo, ama-gypsies asebenza ebuthweni. Kwakukhona nesiswebhu - ama-gypsies agwetshwa kalula iminyaka eminingana ejele nge-parasitism noma i-vagrancy. Ngemuva kokuwa kwe-USSR, umsebenzi ohleliwe wokuhlanganiswa kwabalimi waphela, kepha amaRom awabuyelanga endleleni yawo yokuphila yangaphambilini. Manje cishe ama-1% ama-gypsies aseRussia azulazula.
17. Ngemuva kokuwa kwe-USSR nokungena kwamazwe ayengaphansi kobusoshiyali e-European Union, amaRom aba yinhlekelele yangempela emazweni “amadala” aseYurophu. Amakhulu ezinkulungwane zama-gypsy agcwala emigwaqweni yamadolobha amakhulu aseYurophu. AmaGypsies azibandakanya nokucela, ukukhwabanisa nokweba. Uma eRussia amaRom abandakanyeka kakhulu ekuhwebeni ngezidakamizwa, khona-ke eYurophu leli bhizinisi lilawulwa yizinhlangano ezinkulu kakhulu, ngakho-ke amaRom aphila kabi kakhulu.
Ngisho namaRom afaniswa nawo agcina amasiko amaningi amadala, ikakhulukazi maqondana nobudlelwano bomndeni. Inhloko yomndeni, empeleni, iyindoda. Amadodana namadodakazi ambalwa athathwa ngabazali. Ngaphambilini, lokhu bekwenziwa lapho izingane zineminyaka engu-15 kuya kwengu-16 ubudala, manje zizama ukuthatha umkhwenyana noma umakoti ngisho nangaphambi kwalokho - ukusheshisa nakho kuthinte ama-gypsies. Iqiniso lokuthi umakoti wayeyintombi nto kumele likhonjiswe ngosizo lweshidi. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi iminyaka esemthethweni yomshado, noma umehluko weminyaka yabantu abasha - umshado womfana oneminyaka engu-10 nentombazane eneminyaka engu-14 akunakwenzeka, futhi ngokufanayo.
19. Azikho izidakwa emishadweni yama-gypsy, yize amadili ezinsuku ezintathu ehlelwe ngokubabazekayo. AmaGypsy aphuza ubhiya kuwo kuphela, futhi abantu abaqokelwe ngokukhethekile baqapha isimo sezivakashi, abasusa ngokushesha isivakashi esidakiwe etafuleni.
20. UGypsy Timofey Prokofiev ngemuva kokufa waba yiQhawe leSoviet Union - wabamba iqhaza ku- "Landing of Olshansky", lapho abantu abangama-67 babamba ukuhlaselwa kwalo lonke ibutho laseJalimane laseNikolaev izinsuku ezimbili. UProkofiev, njengamaqabane akhe angama-59, wawa empini.
21. Mhlawumbe isigingci esinezintambo eziyisikhombisa asisungulwanga ngama-gypsies, kepha sathola ukuthandwa ngenxa yama-rums. Izinganekwane eziningi zaseRussia ezibhekwa njengezakudala zibolekwe kumaGypsies noma ziphethe umbhalo womculo wamaGypsy. Umculo ka-Emir Kusturica noPetar Bregovich nawo ufana kakhulu nowe-gypsy.
22. Ngenxa yokungazinzi okungapheli nedumela elibi lamaRom, cishe awekho amaRom phakathi kwabantu abadumile kwezesayensi, amasiko, ubuciko noma ezemidlalo. Mhlawumbe babekhona, kepha imvelaphi yabo yama-gypsy yayifihlwe ngokunengqondo. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ngisho namanje isitatimende somuntu omkhulu "Ngiyi-gypsy!" kuzokwenza iningi lababekhona lifune ukubheka okuqukethwe esikhwameni sabo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi u-Elvis Presley noCharlie Chaplin babenezinhlayiyana zegazi lama-gypsy. Abasunguli beqembu elidume kakhulu elithi "Gypsy Kings" bangama-gypsies. E-USSR / eRussia, umculi nomlingisi uNikolai Slichenko ujabulela ukuthandwa okufanele. Kepha okudume kakhulu ngama-gypsies aqanjiwe afana no-Esmeralda, uCarmen, i-gypsy ka-Aza noma i-gypsy eyinhloko ye-USSR, iBudulai.
23. Olunye uhlobo lokuzama okukhethekile kwama-gypsies ngenkululeko, inkululeko - inganekwane eyasungulwa ngababhali abangasebenzi. Ukuziphatha kwamaRom emphakathini kulawulwa kakhulu futhi kuzungezwe izikhubekiso eziningi. Futhi ngaphandle komphakathi, impilo ye-gypsy ayinakucatshangwa - ukuxoshwa ekamu kuthathwa njengesijeziso esinzima kakhulu. Kukhona nama-quirks ambalwa. Lonke ikamu liza ligijime lizobuka ukuzalwa, kanti i-gypsy izoya kudokotela wezifo zabesifazane kuphela ngenxa yobuhlungu bokufa.
24. Amandla amakhulu ka "baron" (empeleni, "baro" - "chief") yinsumansumane efanayo. UBaro, njengoba kunjalo, ungummeleli osemthethweni wamaRom, onikezwe igunya lokuxhumana neziphathimandla ezisemthethweni noma eminye imiphakathi. Abanye bamaGypsies abahlaliswanga kahle ngaphandle kwekamu - bakhuluma kabi ngolimi, abayiqondi imibhalo, noma bamane nje abakwazi ukufunda nokubhala. Ngemuva kwalokho, egameni labo, u-baro uyakhuluma, onikezwa amakhilogremu obucwebe begolide nezinye izimfanelo zokunethezeka namandla okuqina. Kodwa-ke, ezindabeni ezibucayi, isinqumo senziwa yilokho okuthiwa. "UKris" iseluleko esivela emadodeni anegunya kakhulu.
25. Isimo sengqondo samaRoma ngokufunda siya ngokuya sishintsha. Uma izingane zangaphambili zazithunyelwa esikoleni kuphela ngaphansi kwengcindezi evela ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni, manje amaRom asemasha afunda ngokuzithandela. Ngenhlanhla, emazweni amaningi aseYurophu banezinzuzo ezinkulu. Ngokuvamile, amaRom aziphatha kahle kakhulu izingane, ngenkathi evala amehlo akhe eqinisweni lokuthi izingane zingangcola noma zigqoke kabi.
