Igama likaGaius Julius Caesar (100 - 42 AD) mhlawumbe ngelokuqala lapho iningi labantu lihlobanisa nomqondo "weRoma lasendulo". Le ndoda yenza umnikelo obaluleke kakhulu ezisekelweni lapho kwakhiwa khona umbuso omkhulu wamaRoma. Ngaphambi kukaKesari, iRoma iminyaka eminingi lalingumbuso omncane ngokuqhathaniswa owawuphethwe yidlanzana labantu abacebile. Abantu basala bebodwa, babekhumbula ngabo kuphela ngesikhathi sezimpi. Imithetho eyahlukahlukene, ephikisanayo, isize ekuxazululeni zonke izingqinamba ngokuxhasa isikhwama esijiyile noma umndeni onethonya. Ngisho nasekubulaweni komuntu, amaseneta akhokha inhlawulo kuphela.
UCesari wayikhulisa kakhulu imingcele yombuso waseRoma, wayiguqula isuka kupholisi ejwayelekile yaba izwe elikhulu elinamasimu aseYurophu, e-Asia nase-Afrika. Wayengumphathi onekhono amasosha ayemkholelwa. Kodwa wayebuye abe ngusopolitiki onekhono. Esebambe idolobha laseGrisi, elalingasamukeli isinqumo sokuzinikela, uKesari walinikeza amasosha ukuba aliphange. Kodwa idolobha elilandelayo lazinikela futhi lahlala lingathintwanga ngokuphelele. Kuyacaca ukuthi amanye amadolobha akhonjiswe ngesibonelo esihle.
UCesari wayeziqonda kahle izingozi zokubusa kwe-oligarchic. Lapho esethole amandla, wafuna ukukhawulela amandla eSenate nangaphezulu kwabacebile. Vele, lokhu akwenziwa ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngabantu abavamile - UCesare wayekholelwa ukuthi umbuso kufanele uqine kunanoma isiphi isakhamuzi noma inhlangano yabo. Ngenxa yalokhu, wabulawa. Umashiqela washona eneminyaka engama-58 - iminyaka ehlonishwayo ngalezo zikhathi, kepha hhayi umkhawulo. UCesari akazange aphile ukuze abone umbuso umenyezelwa, kepha igalelo lakhe ekudalweni kwalo alinakulinganiswa.
1. UCesari wayeyindoda ende eyakhiwe ngokwesilinganiso. Wayekuqaphela kakhulu ukubukeka kwakhe. Wagunda futhi wahluthula izinwele zomzimba wakhe, kepha wayengayithandi impandla eyavela ekuqaleni kwekhanda lakhe, ngakho-ke wayekujabulela ukugqoka umqhele we-laurel nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. UCesari wayefunde kahle, enepeni elihle. Wayekwazi ukwenza izinto eziningana ngasikhathi sinye, futhi wazenza kahle.
2. Usuku oluqondile lokuzalwa kukaKhesari alwaziwa. Lokhu kuyisimo esivame ukwenzeka kubalingiswa bomlando abavukile kwizidwedwe baya engcebweni. UCesari, yebo, waqala uhambo lwakhe hhayi ngokuphelele odakeni, kodwa umndeni wakhe, naphezu kwezikhulu, wayempofu. UJulia (leli igama elejwayelekile lomndeni) wayehlala endaweni ehlwempu kakhulu, ehlala ikakhulukazi abezizwe. UGaius Julius wazalwa ngo-102, 101 noma ngo-100 BC. Kwenzeka ngoJulayi 12 noma 13. Imithombo ithole lolu suku ngokungaqondile, iqhathanisa imicimbi eyaziwayo evela emlandweni waseRoma lasendulo nerekhodi lenkonzo likaKesari uqobo.
3. Ubaba kaGuy wayephethe izikhundla eziphakeme kuhulumeni, kodwa iphupho lakhe - lokuba ngunxusa - alizange lifezeke. Ubaba washona lapho uKesari eneminyaka engu-15 ubudala. Wahlala indoda endala emndenini.
4. Ngemuva konyaka, uGaius Julius wakhethwa njengompristi kaJupiter - isikhundla esiqinisekisa imvelaphi ephezulu yalowo okhethiwe. Ngenxa yokhetho, le nsizwa yanqamula ukubandakanyeka kwayo noKossutia wayo othandekayo futhi yashada nendodakazi yekhansela. Lesi sinyathelo kwavela ukuthi saba ngamawala - umukhwe waketulwa masinyane, kwaqala ukucindezelwa kwabasekeli bakhe kanye nabasekeli. UGuy wenqaba ukuhlukanisa, waphucwa isikhundla sakhe nefa lakhe - owakhe nomkakhe. Ngisho nangemva kwalokho, ingozi yokuphila yahlala. UGuy kwadingeka abaleke, kepha wabanjwa ngokushesha futhi wakhululwa kuphela ngenhlawulo enkulu futhi ngokwesicelo seVestals - abapristikazi abayizintombi babenelungelo elisemthethweni lokuxolelwa. Esethathe amandla, uSulla, ededela uKesari, wabubula, abalamuleli abayikhulu basazothola ukuthi bacele bani.
5. "Inkonzo Yezempi" (eRoma, inkonzo yezempi yayingeyona isibopho, kepha ngaphandle kwayo, umuntu wayengeke aphuphe ngisho nangomsebenzi onzima kakhulu noma omncane) uGaius Julius wadlula e-Asia. Lapho wazihlukanisa hhayi kuphela ngesibindi ngesikhathi sokuhlasela kwedolobha laseMytilene kanye nezimpi zabaphangi. Waba ngumthandi wenkosi uNicomedes. Kukho konke ukubekezelelana kwamaRoma asendulo, ababhali basendulo babiza lokhu kuxhumana njengebala elingenakucimeka kuKesari.
6. Cishe ngama-75 BC. UCesari wabanjwa ngabaphangi futhi, ngokusho kwakhe, wadedelwa, esekhokhe amathalente angama-50 ngenkululeko, kanti abaphangi basolwandle bafuna kuphela ama-20. Imali okusolwa ukuthi ikhokhwe nguKesari ingodenariyu abangu-300 000. Eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambili, le nsizwa yayiqoqe ngokulambisa odenariyu abangu-12,000 ukuze ithenge iSulla. Vele, ngemuva kokukhokha isihlengo (saqoqwa emadolobheni asogwini, ngokunikela ngokuzithandela isamba esikhulu kumuntu osemncane ongumRoma ongaziwa), uKesari wazifica izigebengu futhi wazibhubhisa kumuntu wokugcina. Esikhathini sethu sokungathembi, ngokushesha kufika umcabango wokuthi abaphangi babedinga uGuy Julius ukuze baqoqe imali emadolobheni, base beqedwa njengofakazi abangafuneki. Imali, yebo, yahlala noKesari.
7. Kuze kube ngu-68, uKesari akazibonakalisanga lutho ngaphandle kwezikweletu ezinkulu. Wathenga imisebenzi yobuciko, wakha izindlu, wabe esezidiliza, walahlekelwa yintshisekelo, wondla ibutho elikhulu lamakhasimende - ubudedengu bezicukuthwane kulo lonke udumo lwayo. Ngesinye isikhathi, wayekweleta amatalenta angu-1 300.
8. Ngo-68, uKesare waziwa kabanzi phakathi kwabaphenyi (abantu abavamile) baseRoma ngenxa yezinkulumo ezimbili ezazisuka enhliziyweni ezethulwa emngcwabeni ka-anti kaJulia nonkosikazi wakhe uClaudia. Lesi sakamuva asizange samukelwe, kepha inkulumo yayinhle futhi yathola imvume (eRoma, lolu hlobo lwenkulumo lwasatshalaliswa ngohlobo lwe-samizdat, olubhalwa kabusha ngesandla). Kodwa-ke, usizi lukaClaudia aluzange luhlale isikhathi eside - ngemuva konyaka, uCesari washada nesihlobo senkosi ngaleso sikhathi uPompey, ogama lakhe kwakunguPompey.
9. Ngo-66, uKesari wakhethwa njenge-aedile. Kulezi zinsuku, ihhovisi leMeya yedolobha liseduze kakhulu ne-aedile, eRoma kuphela babebabili. Esabelomali sedolobha, waphenduka ngamandla amakhulu. Ukwabiwa kwesinkwa esivulekile, ngazimbili ezingama-320 zama-gladiator ezigqoke izikhali zesiliva, umhlobiso weCapitol nesithangami, ukuhlelwa kwemidlalo ukukhumbula ubaba ongasekho - izinjabulo zajabula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, osebenza noGaius uYulia kwakungu Bibulus, owayengathambekele ekuvezeni indima yakhe.
10. Kancane kancane enyuka ezitebhisini zezikhundla zokuphatha, uKesari wakhuphula ithonya lakhe. Uzifake engcupheni, kaningi wabala ngendlela engeyinhle kuzwelo lwezepolitiki. Kodwa-ke, kancane kancane wafinyelela isisindo kangangokuba iSenate, ukuze imncishe ukwesekwa okuthandwayo, igunyaze ukwanda kokwabiwa kokusanhlamvu kwenani lamadenariyu ayizigidi eziyi-7.5. Ithonya lendoda impilo yayo ebifanele i-12,000 eminyakeni eyi-10 eyedlule manje isibiza izigidi.
11. Inkulumo ethi "Unkosikazi kaKesari kumele angasolakali" yavela kudala ngaphambi kokuba amandla kaGaius Julius angabi namandla. Ngo-62, umgcinimafa (umgcinimafa) uClodius washintsha waba izingubo zabesifazane ukuze achithe amahora ambalwa amnandi endlini kaKesari nomkakhe. Ihlazo, njengoba kwenzeka kaningi eRoma, lasheshe laba ngezepolitiki. Icala eliphakeme laphela ku-zilch ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi uKesari, owayedlala indima yendoda eyoniwe, wakhombisa ukungabi nandaba ngokuphelele nenqubo. UClodius ukhululiwe. Futhi uKesari wahlukanisa noPompey.
12. “Ngingancamela ukuba ngowokuqala kulo muzi kunokuba ngibe owesibili eRoma,” kusho uCaesar esigodini sasezintabeni esimpofu ngenkathi eya eSpain, lapho athola khona ukubusa kwakhe ngemuva komdwebo wendabuko. Kungenzeka ukuthi eRoma wayengafuni ukuhlala nokuba ngowesibili noma ngisho wenkulungwane - izikweletu zikaGaius Julius ngesikhathi sokuhamba kwakhe zase zifinyelele kumatalenta angama-5,200.
13. Emva konyaka wabuya enhlonhlweni yase-Iberia ecebile. Kwakunamahemuhemu okuthi akazange anqobe kuphela izinsalela zezizwe zakwamanye amazwe, kepha waphanga nemizi yaseSpain ethembekile eRoma, kepha lolu daba aluzange ludlulele emazwini.
14. Ukubuya kukaKesari eSpain kwaba umcimbi omlando. Kwakufanele angene edolobheni ngokunqoba - udwendwe olunzulu lokuhlonipha ophumelele. Kodwa-ke, ngasikhathi sinye, ukhetho lwamanxusa lwaluzobanjelwa eRoma. UCesari, owayefisa ukuthola isikhundla esiphakeme sokukhetha, wacela ukuthi avunyelwe ukuba khona eRoma futhi abambe iqhaza okhethweni (ukunqoba kwakufanele kube ngaphandle komuzi ngaphambi kokunqoba). ISenate yasenqaba isicelo sakhe, kwathi uKesari wenqaba ukunqoba. Isinyathelo esikhulu kangaka, vele, siqinisekise ukunqoba kwakhe okhethweni.
15. UCesari waba yinxusa ngo-Agasti 1, 59. Ngokushesha wacindezela imithetho emibili yezolimo ngeSenate, enyusa kakhulu inani labasekeli bakhe phakathi komakadebona nabampofu. Imithetho yamukelwa ngomoya wamaphalamende athile esimanje - ngokulwa, ukugwazwa, ukusongelwa ngokuboshwa kwabaphikisi, njll. Okubalulekile nakho akuzange kuphuthelwe - ngamathalenta ayizi-6,000, uKesari waphoqa amaseneta ukuthi amukele isimemezelo sokuthi inkosi yaseGibhithe uPtolemy Avlet "ungumngane wabantu baseRoma."
16. Umkhankaso wokuqala omkhulu wezempi kaKesari wawungumkhankaso wokulwa namaHelvetians (58). Lesi sizwe samaGallic, esasihlala endaweni yeSwitzerland yanamuhla, sikhathele ukulwa nomakhelwane baso futhi sazama ukuthuthela eGaul endaweni yaseFrance yanamuhla. Ingxenye yeGaul kwakuyisifundazwe saseRoma, futhi amaRoma awazange amamatheke ngokusondela kwabantu abathanda impi abangakwazi ukuzwana nomakhelwane babo. Ngesikhathi somkhankaso, uKesari, yize enza amaphutha amaningi, wazibonakalisa engumholi onekhono futhi onesibindi. Ngaphambi kwempi engumnqamulajuqu, wehla, ekhombisa ukuthi uzokwabelana ngokuhlelwa kwamasosha ezinyawo. Ama-Helvetians ahlulwa, futhi uKesari wathola indawo enhle kakhulu yokunqoba iGaul yonke. Ukwakha empumelelweni yakhe, wehlula isizwe esinamandla samaJalimane esiholwa ngu-Ariovistus. Ukunqoba kwalethela uKesari igunya elikhulu phakathi kwamasosha.
17. Eminyakeni emibili eyalandela, uKesari waqeda ukunqotshwa kweGaul, yize kamuva kwakusamele avimbele ukuvukela okunamandla kakhulu okwakuholwa uVercingetorig. Ngasikhathi sinye, umkhuzi wamaphoyisa wakhuthaza amaJalimane ukuthi angangeni endaweni yezifundazwe zaseRoma. Ngokuvamile, izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi ukunqotshwa kweGaul kwaba nomthelela ofanayo kwezomnotho waseRoma obekuzoba nawo kamuva lapho kutholakala iMelika eYurophu.
18. Ngo-55, waqala umkhankaso wokuqala wokulwa neBrithani. Sekukonke, kwagcina kungaphumelelanga, ngaphandle kokuthi amaRoma ahlola indawo futhi athola ukuthi abahlali besiqhingi abasenankinga njengezihlobo zabo zezwekazi. Ukufika kwesibili eziqhingini kwaphela ngokungaphumeleli. Yize ngalesi sikhathi uKesari ekwazile ukuqoqa intela ezizweni zasendaweni, bekungelula ukuvikela izindawo ebezithathiwe futhi wazinamathisela eRoma.
19. UMfula iRubicon odumile wawungumngcele ophakathi kweCisalpine Gaul, owawuthathwa njengesifundazwe esingaphandle, futhi izwe laseRoma lalifanele. Eseyiwele ngoJanuwari 10, 49 enamagama athi “The die is cast” ngesikhathi ebuyela eRoma, uCesari de jure waqala impi yombango. De facto, ekuqaleni kwaqalwa yiSenate, eyayingakuthandi ukuthandwa kukaKesari. AmaSenator akagcinanga ngokuvimba ukhetho lwakhe oluzoba khona lwama-consuls, kepha futhi asongela uKesari ngecala lokuhlukunyezwa okuhlukahlukene. Cishe uGaius Julius wayengenayo inketho - noma ngabe uthatha amandla ngenkani, noma uzobanjwa futhi abulawe.
20. Phakathi nempi yombango eyathatha iminyaka emibili, eyenzeka ikakhulukazi eSpain naseGrisi, uCesare wakwazi ukunqoba ibutho lasePompey futhi waba ngumnqobi. Ekugcineni uPompey wabulawa eGibhithe. Lapho uKesari efika e-Aleksandriya, abaseGibhithe bamethulela ikhanda lesitha, kodwa isipho asizange sibangele injabulo eyayilindelekile - uKesari wayengasangulukile ngokunqoba abantu besizwe sakhe kanye nezakhamizi zakubo.
21. Ukuvakashela eGibhithe kwaletha okungaphezu kobuhlungu kuKhesari. Wahlangana noCleopatra. Esenqobile uTsar Ptolemy, uKesari waphakamisela uCleopatra esihlalweni sobukhosi saseGibhithe futhi izinyanga ezimbili wazungeza izwe futhi, njengoba izazi-mlando zibhala, "wazitika ngezinye izinjabulo".
22. UKesari wanikezwa amandla angozwilakhe amahlandla amane. Isikhathi sokuqala sezinsuku eziyi-11, okwesibili unyaka, okwesithathu iminyaka eyi-10, nesikhathi sokugcina sempilo.
23. Ngo-Agasti 46, uKesare wenza ukunqoba okukhulu, wanikezela ukunqoba okune ngasikhathi sinye. Udwendwe alukhombisanga kuphela abathumbi abathweswe umqhele kanye nabathunjiwe abavela emazweni anqotshiwe, kuqala ngeVercingetorig (ngasendleleni, ngemuva kweminyaka eyisithupha ejele, wabulawa ngemuva kokunqoba kwakhe). Lezi zigqila zaziphethe ingcebo ebiza cishe amatalenta angama-64,000. AmaRoma aphathwa amatafula angama-22,000. Zonke izakhamizi zathola ama-sesterces angama-400, amasaka ayi-10 okusanhlamvu namalitha ayi-6 kawoyela. Amasosha ajwayelekile aklonyeliswa isamba samadrakma ayizi-5 000, kubaphathi, leyo mali yaphindwa kabili ngezinga ngalinye.
Ngo-44, ngo-44, uKesari wafaka igama elithi imperator egameni lakhe, kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi iRoma yaphenduka umbuso, noGaius Julius uqobo - waba ngumbusi. Leli gama lalisetshenziswa eriphabhuliki ngokwencazelo ethi "umphathi omkhulu" kuphela ngesikhathi sezimpi. Ukufakwa kwegama elifanayo egameni kwakusho ukuthi uKesari ungumphathi omkhulu ngesikhathi sokuthula.
25. Esokuba ngundlovukayiphikiswa, uKesari wenza izinguquko eziningi. Wabela umhlaba amasosha amnkantshubomvu, wenza ukubalwa kwabantu, futhi wehlisa isibalo sabantu abathola isinkwa samahhala. Odokotela nabantu bemisebenzi evulekile banikezwa ilungelo lokuba yisakhamuzi saseRoma, futhi amaRoma aneminyaka yobudala esebenza ayenqatshelwe ukuchitha iminyaka engaphezu kwemithathu phesheya. Ukuphuma kwezingane zamasenenja kuvalwe ngokuphelele. Kwaphasiswa umthetho okhethekile omelene nokunethezeka. Inqubo yokukhethwa kwamajaji nezikhulu ishintshiwe kakhulu.
26. Enye yamatshe ayizisekelo zoMbuso WaseRoma wesikhathi esizayo kwaba yisinqumo sikaKhesari sokunikeza ubuzwe baseRoma izakhamizi zezifundazwe ezazithathiwe. Kamuva, lokhu kwaba nendima enkulu ebunyeni bombuso - ukuba yisakhamuzi kwanikeza amalungelo amakhulu, futhi abantu babengaphikisani kakhulu nokushintshela esandleni sombuso.
27. UCesari wayekhathazeke kakhulu ngezinkinga zezezimali. Ngesikhathi seMpi Yombango, amaRoma amaningi awela ebugqilini besikweletu, futhi izinto eziyigugu, umhlaba nezindlu kwehla kakhulu ngenani. Ababolekisi bafuna ukukhokhelwa kwezikweletu ngokheshi, futhi ababoleki bafuna izibalo ezigcwele. UCesari wenza ngokungenzeleli - wayala ukuthi impahla ibalwe ngamanani angaphambi kwempi. ERoma, izinhlamvu zemali zegolide zaqala ukwenziwa njalo. Ngokokuqala ngqá kwavela isithombe somuntu ophilayo - uKhesari uqobo.
28. Inqubomgomo kaGuy Julius Caesar maqondana nezitha zangaphambili yayiphawuleka ngobuntu nangesihe. Ngemuva kokuba ngundlovukayiphikiswa, waqeda imithetho eminingi emidala, waxolela bonke abalandeli bakaPompey futhi wabavumela ukuthi babambe izikhundla zomphakathi. Phakathi kwabathethelelwe kwakunguMark Julius Brutus othile.
29. Ushwele omkhulu kangaka kwakuyiphutha likaKhesari elibulalayo. Kunalokho, kwakukhona amaphutha amabili anjalo. Esokuqala - ngokulandelana kwezikhathi - kwaba ukwamukelwa kwamandla kuphela. Kuvele ukuthi abaphikisi abasafufusa abagxekayo abanazo izindlela zomthetho zokuthonya iziphathimandla. Ekugcineni, lokhu kwaholela ngokushesha enhlekeleleni embi.
30. UCesari wabulawa ngoMashi 15, 44 ngesikhathi somhlangano weSenate. UBrutus namanye ama-senator ayi-12 bamlimaza amanxeba angama-23. Ngokwentando, umRoma ngamunye wathola ama-sesterces angama-300 asuka efeni likaKesari. Impahla eningi yanikwa umshana kaGaius Julius Gaius Octavian, owasungula uMbuso WaseRoma njengo-Octavian Augustus.
