Ulimi luyisibuko sokuthuthuka kwabantu. Uma izwe elisingethe lihola indlela yokuphila engeyinhle kangako, ulimi lwayo luzoba namagama nokwakhiwa okukhombisa izinto ezizungezile, izenzo ezilula nemizwa. Njengoba ulimi luthuthuka, akuveli nje kuphela amagama ezobuchwepheshe, kepha namagama okuveza imiqondo engaqondakali - yile ndlela okuvela ngayo izincwadi.
Isayensi efunda izilimi ngokuhlanganyela ibizwa ngezolimi. Usemncane, ngakho-ke, namuhla ungowamagatsha ambalwa esayensi lapho kutholakala khona ukutholakala okungathi sína. Vele, ukusungulwa kokuxhumana phakathi kwezilimi zezizwe ezihlala ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zesiqhingi saseNew Guinea kunzima ukusho ngokutholwa okubaluleke kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, inqubo yokuqhathanisa nokuqhathanisa izilimi ezahlukahlukene kumandla okuthuthuka kwazo inesithakazelo futhi ingaholela emiphumeleni engalindelekile.
1. Olimini oludala lwesiRashiya, amabizo ayenezinhlobo zezinombolo ezintathu: inombolo ephindwe kabili yangezelwa ebunyeni obujwayelekile nobuningi. Kulula ukuqagela ukuthi kuleli fomu ibizo lichaze izinto ezimbili. Le nombolo eyimbili yanyamalala ekusetshenzisweni kolimi eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-500 eyedlule.
2. Izilimi ezihlobene nazo zibizwa kanjalo hhayi ngenxa yokufana kwazo, zona, zingahluka kakhulu. Bayizihlobo, omunye angathi ngoyise, okungukuthi, kwakukhona (futhi kungaqhubeka kube khona) ulimi olulodwa olukhulunywa ngabantu bezwe elikhulu. Ngemuva kwalokho umbuso wahlukana waba yimibuso emincane engaxhumane. Izilimi ngenkathi kwenziwa intuthuko zaqala ukwehluka komunye nomunye. Isibonelo esivamile sikababa weqembu lezilimi ezihlobene nesiLatini. Kwakhulunywa kuwo wonke uMbuso WaseRoma. Ngemuva kokuhlakazeka kwayo, izilimi zayo zakhula ezingxenyeni. Yile ndlela uLatin azala ngayo iqembu lezilimi zaseRomance. Kubandakanya, isibonelo, isiFulentshi nesiRomania, lapho kuphela udokotela wezifundo zomzimba oqeqeshiwe angathola ukufana.
3. Bazamile futhi basazama ukuxhuma ulimi lwesiBasque nganoma yiluphi ulimi lwaseYurophu - akusebenzi. Sizamile ukuyihlanganisa nolimi lwesiGeorgia - sithole amagama ambalwa ajwayelekile, kepha ukufana kwaphela lapho. Ezinye izazi zezilimi zikholelwa nokuthi isiBasque siwulimi lwasendulo kulo lonke elaseYurophu, kuyilapho amanye amaqembu nemindeni sekuvele kusuka kulo. Lokhu kufakazelwa ngokungaqondile yinkimbinkimbi yolimi lwesiBasque - ngesikhathi sempi yasetshenziswa ngenkuthalo ukubhala imiyalezo ebethelwe.
4. Ulimi olusha lwesiGreki lungabhekwa njengehlukile, kepha hhayi intandane. Ngokwakhe wenza iqembu lezilimi zamaGrikhi futhi ukulo ngokuzihlukanisa okuhle kakhulu. Wonke umuntu uzwile, ngokuqinisekile, ngolimi lwesiGreki sasendulo, kepha lwaphela isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuvela kwesiGreki sanamuhla, esiqala ngekhulu le-15. Kukhulunywa isiGreki sanamuhla eGrisi naseCyprus. Ulimi olusemthethweni lwe-European Union.
5. Kunamazwe lapho ulimi lombuso lungaphandle ngokuphelele kwendawo ethile. Lawa ikakhulukazi amakoloni angaphambilini. Isibonelo, eNigeria naseNdiya, ulimi olusemthethweni isiNgisi, eCameroon, eFrance, naseBrazil, isiPutukezi. Ukusetshenziswa kolunye ulimi njengolimi lombuso akusho nakancane ukuthi izilimi zikazwelonke zimbi noma azithuthukiswa. Imvamisa, ulimi lombuso wamakholoni lusetshenziswa njengolimi olusemthethweni lwangaphakathi ukuze kungacasuli izizwe ezahlukahlukene ezihlala ngaphansi komthunzi wombuso owodwa.
6. Ulimi Oludala lwesiSlavic alulona neze ulimi oluvamile lwamaProto-Slavic. ISlavonic seSonto Elidala savela okokuqala endaweni yaseNyakatho Greece, futhi kuphela lapho saqala ukusakazekela empumalanga. Ukuhlukaniswa ne-Old Russian ngaleso sikhathi kwakulula impela: imibhalo ebalulekile yezwe yabhalwa ngesi-Old Russian, imibhalo yesonto yabhalwa ngesi-Old Slavonic.
7. ENingizimu Melika, ezindaweni lapho imingcele yaseColombia, eBrazil nasePeru ihlangana khona, kunezizwe eziningi zaseNdiya ezinamanani amancane kakhulu - abantu ababalelwa ku-1 500. Zonke izizwe zikhuluma izilimi ezingafani, nezilimi ezihluke kakhulu. Kubantu bakulezo zindawo, ukukhuluma kahle izilimi eziyishumi akuyona into ehlekisayo, kepha kuyisidingo. Futhi-ke, azikho izincwadi zokufunda, akuzona zonke izizwe ezibhale ulimi, futhi bambalwa kuphela abanesizungu abangaziqhenya ngokufunda nokubhala.
Indawo ebekiwe ihlala kuphela ama-polyglots
8. Izingxabano ngokungena kwezilimi zakwamanye amazwe ziyaqhutshwa, mhlawumbe, emazweni amaningi omhlaba. Labo abaphikisanayo bavame ukuwela emakamu amabili: labo abamela ubumsulwa bolimi futhi abakholelwa ukuthi akukho okubi okwenzekayo - inqubo yokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke iyaqhubeka. Abantu base-Iceland banomona kakhulu ngobumsulwa bolimi lwabo. Banekhomishini ephelele kahulumeni, edala ngokushesha amagama adingekayo maqondana nentuthuko, ngaphezu kwakho konke, yezobuchwepheshe. Ngokusobala, izenzo ezinjalo zisekelwa ngabantu - uma kungenjalo, esikhundleni samagama asunguliwe, abezinye izizwe bazogxila.
9. Kusobala ukuthi izitatimende esihlokweni esifanayo ezenziwe ngesimo samahhala owesilisa nowesifazane zizohluka. Abesifazane bathambekele ekungezeni izijobelelo ezincishisayo emagameni, basebenzisa izichasiso ezahluke kakhulu, njll. Ngezilimi zaseRussia nezinye eziningi, lokhu kumane nje kuyisici sokwengqondo. Futhi kwezinye izilimi zabantu baseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, amaNdiya aseMelika nabomdabu base-Australia, kunezinhlobo ezikhethekile zamagama nezakhiwo zohlelo ezisetshenziswa kuye ngobulili besikhulumi. Kwelinye lamadolobhana aseDagestan, bakhuluma ulimi lwesi-Andian, lapho ngisho khona izabizwana soqobo ezifana no "Mina" no "thina" ziyehluka phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane.
10. Inhlonipho futhi ingaba isigaba sohlelo lolimi. AmaJapane asebenzisa okungenani izinhlobo ezintathu zezenzo, kuya ngesenzo abasichazayo. Maqondana nabo kanye nabathandekayo babo, basebenzisa ifomu elingathathi hlangothi, maqondana nophakeme - obizayo, maqondana nabaphansi - ngandlela thile badelela. Uma ufisa, ungafunda futhi ukukhuluma ngesiRashiya (I - “wathenga”, ophakeme - “ngazuza”, ongaphansi - “wemba”). Kepha lezi kuzoba yizenzo ezihlukile, hhayi uhlobo lwesinye, futhi kuzofanele uphule ikhanda lakho. IsiJapane sinezimo nje zohlelo lolimi.
11. NgesiRashiya, ingcindezi ingawela kunoma yiluphi uhlamvu, kuncike kuphela egameni. NgesiFulentshi, ukucindezeleka kuyalungiswa - isilabhasi sokugcina sihlala sigcizelelwa. IsiFulentshi asisodwa - ngesiCzech, isiFinnish nesiHungary, ingcindezi iwela njalo kuhlamvu lokuqala, ezilimini zeLezgi ngolwesibili, nasePoland kwelokugcina.
Izilimi zivele ngaphambi kwesikhathi kunawashi, ngakho-ke uhlelo lwesikhathi sanoma yiluphi ulimi lungabhekwa (ngokuhambisana nemibandela) iwashi lokuqala - kuzo zonke izilimi uhlelo lwesikhathi luboshelwe esikhathini sokukhuluma. Isenzo kungenzeka senzeka ngalesi sikhathi, noma senzeke phambilini, noma sizokwenzeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuthuthukiswa kwezilimi, izinketho zavela. Kodwa-ke, kunezilimi ezingalivezi ikusasa lezenzo - isiFinnish nesiJapane. Ukuthola lokhu, izazi zezilimi zigijimele ukuyofuna izilimi ezingazivezi ukuthi lesi senzo senziwa nini phambilini. Isikhathi eside, ukuseshwa kwakungatheli. Inhlanhla yamamatheka isazi sezilimi saseMelika u-Edward Sapir. Uthole isizwe samaNdiya saseTakelma, olimi lwaso alunazo izinhlobo zesikhathi esedlule. Izilimi ezingenasikhathi samanje azikatholakali.
13. Kunezilimi ezinezinhlelo ezithuthukisiwe zobulili, futhi iningi lazo, kufaka phakathi isiRashiya. Kukhona izilimi lapho kukhona ubulili besilisa, besifazane nobungaphandle, kepha cishe awekho amafomu ejwayelekile. EsiNgisini, isibonelo, kuphela izabizwana negama "umkhumbi" zinobulili - "umkhumbi" ungowesifazane. Futhi ezilimini zase-Armenia, isiHungary, isiPheresiya nesiTurkic, ngisho nezabizwana azinabo ubulili.
14. IsiShayina, isiCreole, nezinye izilimi zabantu baseNtshonalanga Afrika zingathathwa njengezilimi ezingenalo uhlelo lolimi. Abanazo izindlela ezejwayelekile zokushintsha noma zokuxhuma amagama, kuya ngomsebenzi abawenzayo emshweni. I-analogue esondele kakhulu yalolo limi ulimi olwephukile lwesiRussia lwabahlaseli baseJalimane, olwethulwe kumafilimu amadala empi. Emshweni othi "Iqembu alizi lapha izolo," amagama awahambisani nganoma iyiphi indlela, kodwa incazelo ejwayelekile iyaqondakala.
15. Impendulo eyiyo kunayo yonke embuzweni othi "Zingaki izilimi emhlabeni?" kuzoba khona "Ngaphezu kuka-5 000". Akunakwenzeka ukunikeza impendulo eqondile, ngoba kuphela ngomehluko phakathi kwezigodi nezilimi, ososayensi abaningi bazakhela igama. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akekho osengasho ukuthi uyazi inani eliqondile lezilimi zesizwe emahlathini e-Amazon efanayo noma e-Afrika. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izilimi eziyizibalo ezimbalwa ziyanyamalala njalo. Ngokwesilinganiso, ulimi olulodwa luyanyamalala eMhlabeni masonto onke.
Imephu yokusabalalisa yezilimi ezihamba phambili
16. I- “wigwam”, “moccasin”, “tomahawk” “squaw” ne “totem” ezaziwa kakhulu akuwona neze amagama asetshenziswa eNdiya. Iyingxenye yesilulumagama sezilimi ze-Algonquian, lapho iDelaware (“Delaware”, inembe ngqo) iyisikhulumi sendabuko esidume kakhulu. Izizwe zama-Algonquian zazihlala ogwini lwe-Atlantic futhi, ngeshwa, zazingabokuqala ukuhlangana nabafikayo ababebhekene nebala. Bamukela amagama ambalwa aseNdiya. Kwezinye izizwe, amagama ezindawo zokuhlala, izicathulo, izimbazo zempi noma abesifazane zizwakala ngokwehlukile.
17. Abantu base-Afrika bakhuluma inqwaba yezilimi zokuqala, kepha izilimi ezisemthethweni emazweni amaningi kakhulu isiFulentshi, isiNgisi noma isiPutukezi. Okuwukuphela kokuhlukile yiSomalia, lapho ulimi olusemthethweni kungamaSomali, kanye neTanzania, neSwahili.
