Imbongi, umhumushi, umbhali wezindatshana nombhali wemidlalo yokudlala uJoseph Brodsky (1940 - 1996) wazalwa wakhulela eSoviet Union, kodwa wachitha isikhathi esiningi sempilo yakhe yokuba mdala e-United States. U-Brodsky wayengumbhali wezinkondlo ezinhle (ngesiRashiya), ama-eseyi amahle kakhulu (ikakhulukazi esiNgisini) nemisebenzi yezinye izinhlobo. Ngo-1987, wawina iNobel Prize for Literature. Ngo-1972, Brodsky waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye i-USSR ngenxa yezizathu zezombusazwe. Ngokungafani nezinye izifiki, imbongi ayibuyelanga ezweni layo nangemva kwezinguquko kwezepolitiki. Ukuhlukunyezwa emaphephandabeni kanye nesikhathi sejele se-parasitism esamuncwa ngomunwe kwashiya isilonda esijulile enhliziyweni yakhe. Nokho, ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe akuzange kube yinhlekelele kuBrodsky. Washicilela ngempumelelo izincwadi zakhe, waphila impilo ehloniphekile futhi akazange adliwe yisifiso. Nawa amanye amaqiniso atholakala ezingxoxweni nasezindabeni ezivela kuBrodsky noma kubangane bakhe abaseduze:
1. Ngokuvuma kwakhe, uBrodsky waqala ukubhala izinkondlo eneminyaka eyi-18 (wayeka isikole eneminyaka eyi-16). Izinkondlo zakhe ezimbili zokuqala zanyatheliswa lapho umbhali ehlanganisa iminyaka engama-26. Sekukonke, kwanyatheliswa imisebenzi emine yezimbongi e-USSR.
2. U-Brodsky akazange azibandakanye ngamabomu emibhikishweni yezepolitiki noma ezenzakalweni zomphakathi - wayebhorekile. Wayengacabanga ngezinto ezithile, kepha wayengafuni ukuqala isenzo esithile.
3. Ababhali bezintandokazi zembongi kwakunguHaydn, uBach noMozart. U-Brodsky uzame ukufeza ukukhanya kukaMozart ezinkondlweni, kepha ngenxa yokushoda kwezindlela ezicacisayo ezinkondlweni uma kuqhathaniswa nomculo, izinkondlo zazizwakala njengengane, futhi imbongi yamisa le mizamo.
4. UBrodsky uzame ukubhala izinkondlo ngesiNgisi, kodwa-ke, kunalokho ngenxa yokuzijabulisa. Ngemuva kwemisebenzi embalwa, le ndaba ayizange ihambe.
5. Ukucwaninga, imbongi ikholelwa ukuthi, kunomthelela omuhle ekuthuthukiseni ulimi lwesingathekiso ikakhulukazi nezinkondlo jikelele. Empeleni, uBrodsky uthe, umbuso wezepolitiki wawungenalo ithonya emibhalweni yaseSoviet.
6. E-USSR, ngenkathi esebenza njenge-geologist, uBrodsky waya ezifundeni eziningi zeSoviet Union, esuka eSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude waya e-Asia Ephakathi. Ngakho-ke, ukusongelwa umphenyi ngokumdingisa, lapho uMakar engashayeli khona amathole, kwenza uBrodsky wamomotheka.
7. Isiqephu esingajwayelekile senzeka ngonyaka we-1960. U-Brodsky oneminyaka engu-20 nomngani wakhe u-Oleg Shakhmatov baqale ukuduna ibhanoyi elisuka e-USSR liya e-Iran ngale kokukhuluma nokuthenga amathikithi endiza, lolu daba aluzange luhambe (bamane bakhansela), kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uShakhmatov watshela abomthetho ngohlelo lwabo. Ngalesi siqephu, u-Brodsky akazange alethwe enkantolo, kepha ngesikhathi kuqulwa icala bamkhumbula ngamacala okonakala kobugebengu.
8. Ngaphandle kokuthi uBrodsky wayengumJuda futhi wahlushwa lokhu kaningi esikoleni, wayesesinagogeni kanye kanye empilweni yakhe, futhi nalapho wayedakiwe.
9. U-Brodsky wayethanda i-vodka ne-whisky evela eziphuzweni ezidakayo, wayenesimo esihle ku-cognac futhi akakwazanga ukuhlikihla iwayini elikhanyayo - ngenxa yesilungulela esingenakugwemeka.
10. Imbongi yayiqinisekile ukuthi uYevgeny Yevtushenko wayazi ngenhloso yeziphathimandla zaseSoviet ukumxosha ekamu ngenyanga. Kodwa-ke imbongi edumile ayizange imazise uzakwabo ngalokhu. U-Brodsky uchaze u-Yevtushenko njengomqambimanga maqondana nokuqukethwe yizinkondlo, no-Andrei Voznesensky njengomqambimanga ku-aesthetics yayo. Lapho u-Yevtushenko engeniswa e-American Academy, u-Brodsky washiya.
11. I-Anti-Semitism e-USSR yaziwa kakhulu kubabhali nakwabanye ongqondongqondo. UBrodsky akakaze ahlangane nama-anti-Semites phakathi kwabantu abasebenzayo.
12. Izinyanga eziyisithupha uBrodsky waqasha idacha eduze kwaseLeningrad eKomarovo eduze kwendlu lapho kwakuhlala khona u-Anna Akhmatova. Imbongi ayikaze nakanye iveze imizwa yayo yothando ngale mbongi enkulu, kepha yakhuluma ngayo ngemfudumalo edikibalisayo.
13. Ngesikhathi u-Anna Akhmatova eshona ngo-1966, uJoseph Brodsky kwadingeka anakekele umngcwabo wakhe - umyeni wakhe wenqaba ukuhlanganyela enhlanganweni yabo.
14. Kwakukhona abesifazane abaningi empilweni kaBrodsky, kepha uMarina Basmanova wasala ephethe. Bahlukana emuva e-USSR ngo-1968, kodwa, sebehlala e-USA, uBrodsky wayekhumbula njalo uMarina. Ngelinye ilanga wahlangana nentatheli yaseDashi efana noMarina, futhi wamcela ngokushesha. UJoseph waze waya eHolland eyofuna ikhophi kaMarina, kodwa wabuya edumele - UMarina-2 wayesenomuntu athandana naye, futhi futhi wayengumuntu wobusoshiyali.
UMarina Basmanova
15. "Indawo engcwele ayinalutho," kuphendula uBrodsky ezwa izindaba zokuthi ukhululwe ejele ngalo lolo suku okwamenyezelwa ukuboshwa kukaSinyavsky noDaniel.
16. Eminyakeni edlule, uJoseph waqala ukubhala izinkondlo kakhulu. Uma ngeminyaka yama-1970, kwakushicilelwa imisebenzi engu-50-60 minyaka yonke evela esibayeni sakhe, okuyiminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-10-15 kamuva.
17. UMarshal GK Zhukov Brodsky ubize uMohican wokugcina obomvu, ekholelwa ukuthi ukwethulwa kwamathangi eMoscow nguZhukov ehlobo lika-1953 kwavimbela ukukhishwa kombuso okwakhulelwa ngu-LP Beria.
18. UBrodsky uxhumanise ukushesha kokuhamba kwakhe e-USSR kanye nokuhambela okuzayo kukamongameli waseMelika ezweni. ESoviet Union, ngosuku olwandulela ukufika kukaRichard Nixon, bazama ngokushesha ukususa bonke abangagculisekile emkhathizwe.
19. ENew York, imbongi yathanda ukudla kwaseChina nokwamaNdiya. Ngasikhathi sinye, wabheka izindawo zokudlela eziningi zaseGeorgia nase-Armenia e-United States njengokuhluka nje kokudla kwendabuko kwase-Europe.
20. UBrodsky wabamba iqhaza ekubalekeleni e-USA komdansi we-ballet odumile u-Alexander Godunov (kamuva u-Godunov waba ngumlingisi odume kakhulu). Imbongi yanikeza lo mdansi isiphephelo endlini yomunye wabangane bakhe, yabe isimsiza ezingxoxweni nonkosikazi wakhe u-Elena, owayevinjelwe abaphathi baseMelika esikhumulweni sezindiza. Kennedy, nasekutholakaleni imibhalo yaseMelika nguGodunov. ULyudmila Vlasova wandiza ngokuphepha wabuyela ezweni lakubo, lapho aba ngumdwebi womdanso owayefunwa khona, owadansela izinkanyezi eziningi zokushwibeka. Elena Iosifovna usaphila. UGodunov wabulawa ukuphuza ngokweqile iminyaka engu-16 ngemuva kokubalekela e-United States.
Alexander Godunov noLyudmila Vlasova. Sisahlangene ...
21. Imbongi ihlinzwe kabili ngenhliziyo. Imithambo yakhe yegazi yashintshwa iseduze kwenhliziyo yakhe, kanti ukuhlinzwa kwesibili kwaba ukulungisa owokuqala. Futhi, naphezu kwalokhu, u-Brodsky waphuza ikhofi kwaze kwaba yizinsuku zokugcina zokuphila kwakhe, wabhema ugwayi, wadabula isihlungi, waphuza notshwala.
22. Enquma ukuyeka ukubhema, u-Brodsky waphendukela kudokotela owayelutha ingqondo uJoseph Dreyfus. Ochwepheshe abanjalo e-USA babiza kakhulu ngemisebenzi yabo. UDreyfus wayenjalo. UJoseph uqale wabhala isheke le- $ 100, kwathi lapho kuqala ukuqokwa. Ukudlula kwemilingo kukadokotela kwahlekisa ngoBrodsky, futhi akazange awele ekuthambekeleni kokulutha. UDreyfus wacasuka kancane, wabe esethi isiguli sinentando enamandla kakhulu. Imali, kunjalo, ayibuyanga. UBrodsky wayedidekile: kungaba namandla amakhulu kangakanani kumuntu ongakwazi ukuyeka ukubhema?
23. Kwaphela iminyaka eminingana ilandelana, uBrodsky wagubha uKhisimusi eVenice. Lokhu kwaba uhlobo lwesiko kuye. Wangcwatshwa kuleli dolobha lase-Italy. Uthando lwe-Italy aluzange lube ngengozi - ngisho nangesikhathi seLeningrad sempilo yakhe, imbongi yayijwayelene kakhulu namaNtaliyane afunda eLeningrad esikoleni esiphakeme. KwakunguGianni Buttafava nenkampani yakhe abafaka imbongi yaseRussia uthando nge-Italy. Umlotha kaBrodsky ungcwatshwa eVenice.
24. Ukumenyezelwa kokuklonyeliswa kweNobel Prize in Literature kutholakale uBrodsky eLondon esidlweni sasemini nomphathi wezinhlobo zabaseshi odumile uJohn Le Carré.
25. Ebholeni leNobel Prize ngo-1987, uBrodsky wadansa nendlovukazi yaseSweden.
26. U-Brodsky wayekholelwa ukuthi imbongi ebucayi akumele ijabule ngokufaka imibhalo yayo emculweni. Kunzima ngendlela emangalisayo ukudlulisa okuqukethwe ngumsebenzi wezinkondlo ususebenzise ephepheni, noma ngabe umculo ubuye udlalwe ngenkathi kwenziwa ngomlomo ...
27. Okungenani ngaphandle, uBrodsky wayehlekisa kakhulu ngodumo lwakhe. Wayejwayele ukubiza imisebenzi yakhe njenge- “stishats”. Abafundi baseMelika kuphela abambiza ngegama nangegama elifingqiwe, befuna ukukhohlisa lo profesa. Wonke umuntu owayemzungezile wabiza imbongi ngegama, futhi yena uqobo wayegcizelela njalo ukubaluleka kwabadali besikhathi esedlule, ebabiza ngokuthi "Alexander Sergeich" (Pushkin) noma uFyodor Mikhalych ("Dostoevsky).
28. UBrodsky wayecula kahle kakhulu. E-USA, ezinkampanini ezincane, wayengavamile ukucula - isimo sakhe asisavumelekile. Kodwa endaweni yokudlela "Russian Samovar", isabelo imbongi eyayinaso, kwesinye isikhathi wayethatha umbhobho, aye kupiyano ahlabelele izingoma ezimbalwa.
29. Ngesinye isikhathi, esevele engumnqobi kaNobel, uBrodsky wayefuna indawo yokuhlala (efulethini langaphambilini, ngaphandle kwezixwayiso zabangane bakhe, watshala amashumi ezinkulungwane zamadola ekulungiseni, futhi wabekwa emgwaqeni ngokuphepha ngethuba lokuqala). Wathanda elinye lamafulethi budebuduze nendawo yokuhlala yangaphambilini. Igama elithi "Joseph Brodsky" alizange lisho lutho kumnikazi, futhi waqala ukubuza uJoseph ukuthi wayenomsebenzi okhokhelwa unomphela, ngabe wayezophonsa amaphathi anomsindo, njll. U-Brodsky waphendula ngama-monosyllable, futhi umninindlu wanquma ukumtholela intela emangalisayo - 1,500 dollars, futhi bekufanele ukhokhe izinyanga ezintathu ngasikhathi sinye. Elungiselela ukuxoxisana, umnikazi waba namahloni kakhulu lapho uBrodsky embhalela ngokushesha isheke. Ezizwa enecala, umnikazi wahlanza ifulethi elisekungeneni kweBrodsky, okwadala ukungajabuli kwesihambeli - othulini nasezintanjeni, indawo yokuhlala entsha yamkhumbuza izindlu ezindala zaseYurophu.
30. Kakade ngawo-1990, lapho uBrodsky egcwala izithembiso zokubuyela ezweni lakubo, umuntu amjwayele wake wathwebula isithombe sokungena eSt. Petersburg lapho kwakuhlala khona imbongi. Odongeni kwakukhona umbhalo oqoshiwe wokuthi indlu yayihlala imbongi enkulu yaseRussia uBrodsky. Ngaphezulu kwamagama "imbongi yaseRussia" kwabhalwa ngesibindi "UmJuda". Imbongi akakaze eze eRussia ...
