Kwaphela inkulungwane yeminyaka yonke, iByzantium, noma uMbuso WaseMpumalanga WaseRoma, wawukhona njengolandela iRoma Lasendulo empucuko. Umbuso onenhloko-dolobha yawo eConstantinople wawungenazinkinga, kepha wabhekana nokuhlaselwa kwabangaphandle, owabhubhisa ngokushesha uMbuso WaseRoma Wentshonalanga. Embusweni, isayensi, ubuciko nomthetho kwakhiwa, futhi umuthi waseByzantium wafundwa ngokucophelela ngisho nangabaphulukisi abangama-Arabhu. Ekupheleni kobukhona bawo, uMbuso kwakuwukuphela kwendawo ekhanyayo ebalazweni laseYurophu, eyawela ezikhathini ezimnyama zasekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi. IByzantium nayo ibaluleke kakhulu maqondana nokulondolozwa kwefa lasendulo lamaGrikhi namaRoma. Ake sizame ukwazi umlando woMbuso WaseMpumalanga WaseRoma ngosizo lwamaqiniso ambalwa athakazelisayo.
1. Ngokomthetho, kwakungekho ukwehlukana koMbuso WaseRoma. Ngisho nangezinsuku zobumbano, umbuso wawulahlekelwa ngokushesha ukuhlangana ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obukhulu. Ngakho-ke, amakhosi ezingxenyeni ezisentshonalanga nasempumalanga yombuso ayengababusi ababambisene ngokomthetho.
2. IByzantium yayikhona kusuka ku-395 (ukufa kombusi waseRoma uTheodosius I) kuya ku-1453 (ukuthunjwa kweConstantinople ngabaseTurkey).
3. Empeleni, igama elithi "Byzantium" noma "uMbuso WaseByzantium" litholwa izazi-mlando zaseRoma. Izakhamizi zoMbuso WaseMpumalanga ngokwazo zazibiza izwe ngokuthi uMbuso WaseRoma, zona ngokwazo zingamaRoma (“amaRoma”), eConstantinople ngokuthi yiRoma Entsha.
Amandla okuthuthuka koMbuso waseByzantium
4. Indawo eyayilawulwa yiConstantinople yayihlala igudla njalo, ikhula ngaphansi kwababusi abanamandla futhi incipha ngaphansi kwababuthakathaka. Ngasikhathi sinye, indawo yombuso yashintsha kwesinye isikhathi. Amandla okuthuthuka koMbuso waseByzantium
5. IByzantium yayine-analogue yayo yezinguquko zombala. Ngo-532, abantu baqala ukuveza ukungeneliseki okukhulu ngezinqubomgomo ezinzima zoMbusi uJustinian. Umbusi wamema isixuku ukuba sixoxisane eHippodrome, lapho amasosha avele aqothula labo ababengathintekile. Izazi-mlando zibhala ngamashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu abashonile, yize leli nani kungenzeka ukuthi liyeqisiwe.
6. UbuKristu babungesinye sezici ezinkulu ekwakhiweni koMbuso WaseMpumalanga WaseRoma. Kodwa-ke, ekupheleni koMbuso, yadlala indima engeyinhle: kwavela izimangalo eziningi kakhulu zokholo lobuKristu ezweni, ezingabanga nomthelela ebunyeni bangaphakathi.
7. Ngekhulu lesi-7, ama-Arabhu alwa noConstantinople akhombisa ukubekezelelana kwezinye izinkolo kangangokuba izizwe ezazingaphansi kweByzantium zazikhetha ukuhlala ngaphansi kombuso wazo.
8. Kwaphela iminyaka engama-22 ngekhulu lesi-8 kuya kwelesi-9 owesifazane wabusa iByzantium - okokuqala waba yi-regent nendodana yakhe, eyamphuphuthekisa, kwase kuba yindlovukazi egcwele ngokugcwele. Naphezu kokuphathwa ngesihluku okusobala enzalweni yakhe, u-Irina wagcotshwa njengomuntu ohlonishwayo ngokubuyisela imifanekiso emasontweni.
9. Oxhumana nabo baseByzantium neRuss baqala ngekhulu lesi-9. Umbuso waxosha ukushaywa komakhelwane bawo kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, wazimboza ngoLwandle Olumnyama kusuka enyakatho. KumaSlav, kwakungeyona isithiyo, ngakho abaseByzantium kwakudingeka bathumele izithunywa ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho.
10. Ikhulu le-10 laphawulwa ngochungechunge cishe oluqhubekayo lokushayisana kwezempi nokuxoxisana phakathi kweRussia neByzantium. Imikhankaso eya eConstantinople (njengoba amaSlav abiza iConstantinople) yaphela ngamazinga ahlukene empumelelo. Ngo-988, uPrince Vladimir wabhapathizwa, owathola inkosazana yaseByzantium u-Anna njengomkakhe, kanti iRussia neByzantium benza ukuthula.
11. Ukwehlukaniswa kweSonto lobuKristu laba yiOrthodox nesikhungo esiseConstantinople nesamaKatolika nesikhungo e-Italy kwenzeka ngonyaka we-1054 ngesikhathi sokuwohloka okukhulu koMbuso waseByzantium. Eqinisweni, kwakungukuqala kokuncipha kweNew Rome.
Ukuhlasela kweConstantinople ngamasosha enkolo
12. Ngo-1204, iConstantinople yathunjwa ngamabutho empi yenkolo. Ngemuva kokubulawa kwabantu abaningi, ukuphanga nemililo, inani ledolobha lehle lisuka ku-250 laya ku-50 000. Ubuciko obuningi bamasiko nezikhumbuzo zomlando zacekeleka phansi. Ukuhlasela kweConstantinople ngamasosha enkolo
13. Njengabahlanganyeli eMpini Yenkolo Yesine, iConstantinople yanqotshwa umfelandawonye wabahlanganyeli abangama-22.
Ama-Ottoman athatha iConstantinople
14. Phakathi nekhulu le-14 nele-15 leminyaka, izitha eziyinhloko zaseByzantium kwakungama-Ottoman. Banciphisa insimu yombuso ngendawo, isifundazwe ngesifundazwe, kwaze kwaba ngo-1453 uSultan Mehmed II ethumba iConstantinople, waqeda umbuso owawukade unamandla. Ama-Ottoman athatha iConstantinople
15. Izikhulu zokuphatha zoMbuso WaseByzantium zazibonakala ngokunyakaza okukhulu komphakathi. Ngezikhathi ezithile, amasosha, abalimi, ngisho nomshintshi wemali oyedwa babengena emakhosini. Lokhu kusebenza nasezikhundleni eziphezulu kakhulu kuhulumeni.
16. Ukwehliswa isithunzi koMbuso kukhonjiswa kahle ngokucekelwa phansi kwempi. Izindlalifa zebutho elinamandla kakhulu nemikhumbi yempi yasolwandle eyathumba i-Italy neNyakatho Afrika cishe eya eCeuta kwakungamasosha angama-5 000 kuphela avikela iConstantinople kuma-Ottoman ngo-1453.
Isikhumbuzo sikaCyril noMethodius
17. UCyril noMethodius, abakha izinhlamvu zamaSlavic, babengamaByzantine.
18. Imindeni yaseByzantium yayiminingi kakhulu. Imvamisa, izizukulwane eziningana zezihlobo zazihlala emndenini ofanayo, kusuka kokhokho kuya kubazukulu babazukulu. Imindeni ebhangqiwe esayijwayele yayivamile phakathi kwezicukuthwane. Bashada futhi bashada beneminyaka engu-14-15.
19. Indima yowesifazane emndenini nayo ibincike ekutheni ungowayiphi imibuthano. Abesifazane abajwayelekile bebephethe indlu, bevale ubuso babo ngezingubo zokulala futhi bengashiyi uhhafu wendlu. Abamele isigaba esiphezulu somphakathi bangathonya ezombusazwe zombuso wonke.
20. Ngokusondelana okukhulu kwenqwaba yabesifazane abavela emhlabeni wangaphandle, kunakwe kakhulu ebuhleni babo. Izimonyo, amafutha anuka kamnandi namakha ayedumile. Imvamisa zazilethwa zivela emazweni akude kakhulu.
21. Iholide elikhulu eMbusweni WaseMpumalanga WaseRoma kwakuwusuku lokuzalwa lwenhlokodolobha - uMeyi 11. Imikhosi namadili kwakumboza bonke abantu bezwe, futhi isikhungo seholide kwakuyiHippodrome eConstantinople.
22. AmaByzantine ayenganaki kakhulu. Abapristi, ngenxa yemiphumela yomncintiswano, baphoqeleka ngezikhathi ezithile ukuthi bavimbele ukuzijabulisa okungenabungozi njengamadayisi, ama-checkers noma i-chess, ingasaphathwa eyokuhamba ngebhayisikili - umdlalo webhola wamahhashi weqembu namaqembu akhethekile.
Ngokuthuthuka kwesayensi jikelele, amaByzantine empeleni awazange anake imibono yesayensi, eneliseka kuphela ngezici ezisetshenzisiwe zolwazi lwesayensi. Isibonelo, basungula i-napalm yangenkathi ephakathi - "umlilo waseGrisi" - kepha umsuka nokwakheka kukawoyela kwaba yimfihlakalo kubo.
24. Umbuso waseByzantium wawunohlelo lwezomthetho olwakhiwe kahle oluhlanganisa umthetho wasendulo waseRoma namakhodi amasha. Ifa lezomthetho laseByzantium lalisetshenziswa ngenkuthalo yizikhulu zaseRussia.
25. Ekuqaleni, ulimi olubhalwayo lwaseByzantium lwaluyiLatin, kanti abaseByzantium babekhuluma isiGreki, futhi lesi siGreki sehluka kuzo zombili isiGreki sakudala nesiGreki sanamuhla. Ukubhala ngesiGreki saseByzantine akuqalanga ukuvela ngekhulu lesi-7.
