Ukuhamba ngehora usuka eLas Vegas yisiza esiyingqayizivele esaziwa njenge-Historic Landmark neNational Landmark yase-United States of America - iDamu leHoover. Idamu likakhonkolo, eliphakeme njengesakhiwo esinezitezi ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa (221 m), liyamangalisa. Isakhiwo esikhulu sicindezelwe phakathi konqenqema lweBlack Canyon futhi besibambe imvelo yokuhlubuka yoMfula iColorado iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-80.
Ngaphezu kwedamu kanye nendawo yokusebenza kwamandla kagesi, izivakashi zingavakashela izakhiwo zemnyuziyamu, zibabaze ubuhle be-panoramic, futhi ziwele umngcele ophakathi kweNevada ne-Arizona ebhulohweni eline-arched elisendaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-280. Ngaphezulu kwezinga ledamu kuneLake Mead enkulu eyenziwe ngumuntu, lapho kuyisiko lokudoba, ukuhamba ngesikebhe nokuphumula.
Umlando weDamu leHoover
Izizwe zaseNdiya zasendaweni zibiza iColorado ngokuthi yiGreat River Serpent. Lo mfula uqhamuka ezintabeni zaseRocky, okuyiyona ndawo esemqoka yohlelo lweCordillera eNyakatho Melika. Njalo entwasahlobo umfula onomcengezi ongaphezu kwama-390 sq. km, kwagcwala amanzi ancibilikayo, ngenxa yalokho kwagcwala ugu. Akunzima ukucabanga ngomonakalo omkhulu owabangelwa yizikhukhula emapulazini.
Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili yekhulu elidlule, le nkinga yayishubile kangangokuba ukusebenzisa amandla okubhubhisa eColorado kwaba yisinqumo sezepolitiki. Abaningi bafuna ukwazi ukuthi kungani bakhe idamu, futhi impendulo ilula ngokwanele - ukulawula izinga lamanzi omfula. Futhi, idamu kwakufanele lixazulule inkinga yokulethwa kwamanzi ezifundeni zaseSouth California futhi, okokuqala, eLos Angeles ekhula ngokuqinile.
Iphrojekthi ibidinga utshalomali olukhulu lwenhlokodolobha, futhi ngenxa yenkulumompikiswano nengxoxo, isivumelwano sasayinwa ngo-1922. Omele uhulumeni kwakunguHerbert Hoover, owayenguNobhala Wezohwebo ngaleso sikhathi. Kungakho igama ledokhumenti - "I-Hoover Compromise".
Kepha kuthathe iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili ende ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni abele uxhaso lokuqala lo msebenzi ovelele. Kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho uHoover ayephethe khona. Ngaphandle kokuthi ngemuva kwezinguquko kuphrojekthi, kwakwaziwa ukuthi isiza sokwakha esisha sitholakalaphi, kuze kube ngo-1947 saqanjwa ngokuthi iBoulder Canyon Project. Kwakuyiminyaka emibili kuphela ngemuva kokushona kukaHoover ngo-1949 lapho iSenate yathatha isinqumo sokugcina ngalolu daba. Kusukela ngalowo mzuzu kuqhubeke, leli damu laqanjwa ngokusemthethweni ngabaongameli abangama-31 base-US.
Lakhiwa kanjani iDamu leHoover
Inkontileka yokwenziwa kwemisebenzi ekwakhiweni kwedamu ngenxa yokukhethwa kokuncintisana iye eqenjini lezinkampani iSix Companies, Inc, ezivame ukubizwa ngeBig Six. Ukwakhiwa kwaqala ngo-May 1931, futhi kwaqedwa ngo-Ephreli 1936, ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Iphrojekthi ihlinzekele ukusetshenziswa kwezixazululo zobunjiniyela ezingajwayelekile nenhlangano enhle yenqubo yokwakha:
- Izindonga kanye nezinqe zomhosha zahlanzwa futhi zalinganiswa kusenesikhathi. Abagibeli kanye nababhidlizi ababeka impilo yabo engcupheni nsuku zonke bakhiwe emnyango weDamu leHoover.
- Amanzi asuka lapho asebenza khona adluliswa ngemigudu, esesekhona, enza ukunikezwa kwamanzi ngokwengxenye kogesi bama-turbine noma abakhipha kuwo. Lolu hlelo lwehlisa umthwalo edamini futhi lube nomthelela ekusimeni kwalo.
- Idamu lenzelwe njengochungechunge lwamakholomu axhunyiwe. Uhlelo lokupholisa lwezakhiwo zikakhonkolo lwakhiwa kusetshenziswa amanzi ahambayo ukusheshisa ukuqina kokhonkolo. Ucwaningo lwango-1995 lwakhombisa ukuthi isakhiwo sikakhonkolo sedamu sisathola amandla.
- Sekukonke, ukuphonswa kwedamu kukodwa kudinga amathani kasimende angaphezu kwamakhulu ayizinkulungwane ezingama-600 nama-cubic metres ayizigidi ezingama-3.44. amamitha wokugcwalisa. Ngesikhathi sokuqedwa kokwakhiwa, iDamu leHoover lalithathwa njengelikhulu kakhulu elenziwe ngabantu selokhu kwaba nemibhoshongo yaseGibhithe. Ukuxazulula umsebenzi omkhulu kangaka, kwakhiwa amafektri amabili kakhonkolo.
I-feat yabakhi
Ukwakhiwa kwenzeka ngesikhathi esinzima, lapho kwakukhona abantu abaningi ezweni bengenamsebenzi nendawo yokuhlala. Ukwakhiwa kusindise imindeni eminingi ngokoqobo ngokwakha izinkulungwane zemisebenzi. Ngaphandle kwezimo ezinzima nokuntuleka kwezinto ezisezingeni eliphansi esikhathini sokuqala, ukusakazwa kwalabo abadinga umsebenzi akuzange kumiswe. Abantu beza njengemindeni futhi bahlala ematendeni aseduze nendawo okwakhiwa kuyo.
Amaholo ayeba ngehora futhi aqala kumasenti angama-50. Ukubheja okuphezulu kusethwe ku- $ 1.25. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakuyimali ehloniphekile eyayifunwa yizinkulungwane zabantu baseMelika ababengasebenzi. Ngokwesilinganiso abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyi-3-4 basebenza ezindaweni nsuku zonke, kepha ngaphezu kwalokhu, umsebenzi owengeziwe wavela ezimbonini ezihlobene. Lokhu kuphakama kuzwakale emazweni angomakhelwane, lapho kwakukhona izigayo zensimbi, izimayini, izimboni.
Ngaphansi kwemigomo yenkontileka, kwaxoxiswana ngemithetho phakathi kwabamele osonkontileka kanye nohulumeni ukunqanda ukuqashwa ngokobuhlanga. Umqashi wabeka phambili ochwepheshe, omakadebona bempi, abesilisa nabesifazane abamhlophe. Isilinganiso esincane sabekelwa abaseMexico nabase-Afrika baseMelika ababesetshenziswa njengomsebenzi oshibhile. Kwakungavunyelwe neze ukwamukela abantu abavela e-Asia, ikakhulukazi abaseChina, ukuthi bakhe. Uhulumeni wayenerekhodi elibi lokwakha nokwakha kabusha iSan Francisco, lapho ukuhlakazeka kwabasebenzi baseChina sekukhule kwaba ngobukhulu e-United States.
Kwakuhlelwe ukuthi kube nekamu lesikhashana labakhi, kepha osonkontileka balushintshe uhlelo ngomzamo wokunyusa isivinini sokwakha nemisebenzi. Lesi sakhiwo sakhiwa kuphela ngonyaka. Abasebenzi beBig Six bahlalise kabusha izindlu ezindlunkulu, bebeka imigoqo eminingi kubahlali. Ngenkathi kwakhiwa idamu, idolobha likwazile ukuthola isikhundla esisemthethweni.
Kwakungelula isinkwa kubakhi. Ezinyangeni zasehlobo, izinga lokushisa lingahlala kuma-40-50 degrees isikhathi eside. Abashayeli nabagibeli babeka izimpilo zabo engcupheni cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi. Bangu-114 abashonile ababhaliswe ngokusemthethweni, kodwa empeleni bebebaningi kakhulu.
Inani lephrojekthi
Ukwakhiwa kweDamu leHoover kwabiza iMelika isamba esikhulu ngaleso sikhathi - ama-dollar ayizigidi ezingama-49. Eminyakeni emihlanu nje kuphela, umsebenzi wokwakha wesilinganiso esiyingqayizivele waqedwa. Ngenxa yedamu, amapulazi aseNevada, eCalifornia nase-Arizona namuhla anamanzi adingekayo futhi angathuthukisa ngokugcwele ezolimo eziniselwa. Amadolobha esifundeni sonke athola umthombo oshibhile kagesi, okhuthaza intuthuko yezimboni nokukhula kwabantu. Ngokusho kwezazi-mlando, ukwakhiwa kweDamu iHoover kuhlotshaniswa nokwakhiwa okusheshayo kweLas Vegas, inhlokodolobha yokugembula yaseMelika, okuthe esikhathini esifushane yaphenduka idolobha elincane lesifundazwe laba yidolobha elikhulu.
Kuze kube ngo-1949, isitshalo samandla nedamu lalithathwa njengelikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Idamu iHoover liphethwe uhulumeni wase-US futhi lidlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni ukulinganiselwa kokusetshenziswa kukagesi ezifundeni ezisentshonalanga yezwe. Uhlelo lokulawula oluzenzakalelayo lwesiteshi lwethulwa ngo-1991 futhi lusebenza ngokuphelele ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza komqhubi.
Idamu leHoover alihehi nje kuphela njengesakhiwo esiyingqayizivele sobunjiniyela. Kubuye kuphawulwe inani laso lokwakha, elihlotshaniswa negama lomakhi odumile waseMelika uGordon Kaufman. Umklamo wangaphandle wedamu, imibhoshongo yokufaka amanzi, imnyuziyamu kanye nesakhiwo esiyisikhumbuzo kwavumela isakhiwo esenziwe ngabantu ukuba sivumelane ngokuvumelanayo panorama yomhosha. Idamu yinto edume ngokwedlulele futhi ebonakalayo. Kunzima ukucabanga ngomuntu onqabe ukuthatha isithombe ngemuva kwesizinda sobuhle obumangalisayo.
Kungakho izinkampani nezinhlangano zomphakathi zithanda ukwenza ukukhushulwa noma imibhikisho ezungeze iDamu leHoover. IHoover Dam ithandwa kakhulu ngabenzi bamafilimu. Utakulwe nguSuperman neqhawe le-movie ethi "Universal Soldier", wazama ukubhubhisa izigebenga uBeavis noButthet. UHomer Simpson othintayo nebutho elinamandla lamaTransformers bangena ebuqothweni bodonga lukakhonkolo. Futhi abasunguli bemidlalo yamakhompiyutha babheka ikusasa leDamu leHoover beza nohlobo olusha lokuphila ngalo ngemuva kwempi yenuzi kanye ne-apocalypse yomhlaba wonke.
Ngisho nangemva kwamashumi eminyaka, ngokufika kwamaphrojekthi amahle kakhulu, idamu liyaqhubeka nokumangala. Kuthathe ukubekezela okungakanani nesibindi ukudala nokwakha isakhiwo sobunjiniyela esiyingqayizivele.
