Ezalwe ngumoya ovutha amalangabi futhi eboshwe ngamandla eqhwa amadala enyakatho-mpumalanga yeTanzania, edabula amafu, iphakama intaba-mlilo yaseKilimanjaro - intaba ephakeme kakhulu e-Afrika - uphawu lobuhle nezimangaliso ezingakacwaningwa.
Abantu baseSwahili, abake bahlala ezindaweni eziluhlaza ezingapheli zase-Afrika, babengakaze bazi ngokuba khona kweqhwa, ngakho-ke babebheka ikepisi elimhlophe njengeqhwa elibiyela phezulu kwentaba njengesiliva elimsulwa, elicwebezelayo ngaphansi kwemisebe yelanga lasenkabazwe. Inganekwane incibilikile ezintendeni zomholi onesibindi, onqume ukukhuphuka eKilimanjaro ayohlola umsele wale ngqungquthela. Abomdabu, bebhekene nomoya obandayo weqhwa lentaba-mlilo, baqala ukulibiza ngokuthi "Indlu KaNkulunkulu Wabandayo".
Intaba-mlilo iKilimanjaro - intaba ephakeme kunazo zonke e-Afrika
Le ntaba inkulu kangangoba, ngobude bayo obungamamitha angama-5895, ihlala endaweni ehamba phambili kulo lonke izwekazi lase-Afrika. Intaba-mlilo ungayithola ebalazweni ngezixhumanisi ezindawo ezilandelayo:
- Ububanzi beningizimu - 3 ° 4 ’32 ″ (3 ° 4 ’54).
- I-longitude eseMpumalanga - 37 ° 21 ’11 ″ (37 ° 21 ’19).
Intaba yase-Afrika (ebizwa nangokuthi intaba-mlilo), ngenxa yomsebenzi wentaba-mlilo, inezinhlu ezivelele zemithambeka emnene egijimela engqungqutheleni enkulu, equkethe izintaba-mlilo ezintathu ezihlukene, ezihlanganiswe zaba yinto eyodwa:
Umlando wentaba-mlilo i-Kilimanjaro
Ukuze ufunde umlando wemvelaphi yentaba-mlilo yaseKilimanjaro nemvelaphi yokuthuthuka kwayo ngumuntu, udinga ukungena ujule emakhulwini eminyaka lapho ipuleti le-tectonic lase-Afrika liqhekeka khona. Kukhuphuka uketshezi olushisayo ngaphansi komgodi womhlaba lwangena phakathi esikhaleni. Intaba eyakheka phakathi nethafa, lapho phezulu kwaqubuka udaka. Ububanzi bentaba-mlilo baqala ukwanda ngenxa yokuphola okusheshayo komfudlana ovuthayo, phezu kwegobolondo eliqinile okwakugeleza kulo imifula emisha. Ngemuva kweminyaka eminingi, imithambeka yeKilimanjaro yagcwala uhlaza futhi yathola izinhlobo zezilwane ezahlukahlukene, kwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi abantu bahlala eduze.
Ngenxa yezinto ezitholakele, kulandelwa isikhathi sokuhlala kwabantu baseHuachagga, ababehlala "enhliziyweni" yase-Afrika eminyakeni engaba ngu-400 eyedlule. Futhi ezinye izinto zasendlini zineminyaka engu-2000 ubudala.
Ngokusho kwenganekwane, umuntu wokuqala owayekwazi ukubhekana nesimo sezulu kanye nezinto ezikhethekile ze-volcano yaseKilimanjaro kwakuyindodana yeNdlovukazi yaseSheba - uTsar Menelik I, owayefisa ukuya kwelinye izwe nazo zonke izihlonipho esiqongweni sentaba. Kamuva, enye yezindlalifa eziqondile zenkosi yabuyela phezulu yayofuna ingcebo, kubandakanya nendandatho kaSolomoni, enikeza umgcini ukuhlakanipha okukhulu.
Kuke kwaba nempikiswano engakaze ibonwe phakathi kwezazi-mlando zaseYurophu hhayi kuphela ngokuba khona kweqhwa phezulu, kodwa nangokuba khona kwentaba-mlilo uqobo. Isithunywa sevangeli uCharles New waba ngowokuqala ukubhala ngokusemthethweni ukukhuphuka kwakhe ngo-1871 endaweni ephakeme cishe ngama-4000 m. Futhi ukunqotshwa kwendawo ephakeme kunazo zonke e-Afrika (5895 m) kwenzeka ngo-1889 nguLudwig Purtsheller noHans Meyer, ngenxa yalokho kwafakwa imizila yokukhuphuka. Kodwa-ke, ngaphambi kokwenyuka, kwakukhulunywa ngaphambili ngentaba embozwe yiqhwa ebalazweni likaPtolemy, eyaqala ngekhulu lesibili leminyaka AD, futhi usuku lokutholwa kwale ntaba-mlilo ngokusemthethweni ngo-1848 sibonga umfundisi waseJalimane uJohannes Rebman.
Kuyasebenza noma kuphelile
Abaningi banesithakazelo kulo mbuzo: ingabe intaba-mlilo yaseKilimanjaro iyasebenza noma ayisebenzi? Ngemuva kwakho konke, eminye imishayo ngezikhathi ezithile ikhipha inqwaba yamagesi ngaphandle. Ochwepheshe, bephendula umbuzo wokuthi kungenzeka yini ukuqhuma, bathi: "Ngisho nokuwa okuncane kungathinta ukuvuka kwentaba-mlilo, ngenxa yalokho amadwala azobuthaka."
Ngo-2003, ososayensi bafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi isisindo esincibilikisiwe sijule ngamamitha angama-400 ukusuka ebusweni beKibo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-anomaly ehambisana nokuncibilika okusheshayo kweqhwa idonsela ukunakwa okukhulu. Isembozo seqhwa siyancipha, ngakho-ke kungekudala ochwepheshe bacabanga ukunyamalala ngokuphelele kweqhwa esiqongweni seKilimanjaro. Ngo-2005, ngokokuqala ngqá, isiqongo sentaba sakhululwa esembozweni esimhlophe njengeqhwa ngenxa yenani elincane eliyinhlekelele leqhwa.
Sikukwazisa ukuthi ubheke intaba-mlilo iVesuvius.
Akunakwenzeka ukwazi ukuthi intaba-mlilo iqhume kangaki, kodwa ngokwencazelo yesazi sokuma komhlaba uHans Mayer, owabona umgodi ogcwele iqhwa ngokuphelele, awukho umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo.
Izimbali nezilwane
Isimo sezulu esizungeze intaba-mlilo iKilimanjaro siyingqayizivele: ukushisa kwasezindaweni ezishisayo nombuso wemimoya ebandayo kwehlukaniswe komunye nomunye ngamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa kuphela. Lapho ukhuphuka intaba, isihambi sinqoba izindawo ezahlukahlukene zezulu ezinesimo sezulu ngasinye kanye nohlaza.
IBushland - 800-1800 m... Unyawo lwentaba-mlilo i-Kilimanjaro luzungeza indawo enezimila ezinotshani, ngezikhathi ezithile kusakazeka izihlahla nezihlahlana. Uquqaba emoyeni zihlukaniswe zonyaka: ebusika - tropical, ehlobo - enkabazwe. Ngokwesilinganiso, izinga lokushisa alikho ngaphezu kuka-32 ° C. Ngenxa yendawo okuqhuma kuyo intaba-mlilo eduze nenkabazwe, imvula eningi ibonwa kakhulu kunezindawo ezikude kakhulu zesimo sezulu esingaphansi komhlaba. Umsebenzi omkhulu wabantu bendawo ezolimo. Abantu batshala ubhontshisi, amakinati, ummbila, ikhofi, irayisi. Amasimu kashukela atholakala phansi kwentaba. Phakathi kwezilwane ezikulesi simo sezulu kunezinkawu, ama-honey badgers, ama-servals nezingwe. Le ndawo etshaliwe enenethiwekhi yemisele yokunisela iyindawo enabantu abaningi kakhulu eKilimanjaro. Izakhamizi zakule ndawo aziyigodli imithombo yemvelo, zigawula ngokungenasihawu izimila ukuze zithole izidingo zasekhaya.
Ihlathi lemvula - 1800-2800 m... Ngenxa yesilinganiso semvula (2000 mm), izimbali ezahlukahlukene ziyabonakala kuleli zinga lokuphakama, ngisho nezinhlobo ezingavamile zingatholakala lapha. Isici sesici sebhande ukwehla okushisayo kokushisa komoya ebusuku, kepha imvamisa kuyashisa kule ndawo unyaka wonke.
Heather izimfunda - 2800-4000 m... Kule ndawo ephakeme, imithambeka yeKilimanjaro ihlanganiswe yinkungu eminyene, ngakho-ke izitshalo zigcwele umswakama, ozivumela ukuba zikhule esimweni sezulu esomile. Lapha kukhona amasimu kagamthilini, izihlahla zomsayipuresi, futhi izakhamuzi zendawo zikhuphuka emthambekeni ziyotshala imifino ezindaweni ezinomthunzi. Abavakashi banethuba lokubheka izinkambu lapho iLanurian lobelia ikhula khona, ifinyelela ekuphakameni kwamamitha ayi-10. Kukhona ne-rose lasendle, kodwa hhayi elejwayelekile, kodwa elikhulu. Ukuze uqonde kangcono ubukhulu nobuhle behlathi elinamandla, kufanelekile ukubuka izithombe zabavakashi. Inhlabathi ene-porous enomoya-mpilo ivumela inani elikhulu lezitshalo ukuthi likhule.
Indawo eyihlane ye-Alpine - 4000-5000 m... Indawo yomehluko wokushisa okuphezulu. Emini, umoya ufudumala uze ufike ku-35 ° C, kuthi ebusuku umaki wehle ngaphansi kuka-0 ° C. Ukushoda kwezimila kuthinteka yimvula encane. Kule ndawo ephakeme, abagibeli bezwa ukwehla kwengcindezi yasemkhathini kanye nokwehla okubukhali kwezinga lokushisa lomoya. Ezimweni ezinjalo, kungaba nzima ukuphefumula ngokujulile.
Indawo ye-Arctic - 5000-5895 m... Leli bhande limbozwe ungqimba lweqhwa elijiyile nomhlabathi onamadwala. Izimbali nezilwane phezulu azikho nhlobo. Izinga lokushisa lomoya lehlela ku -9 ° C.
Amaqiniso Athandekayo
- Ukukhuphukela phezulu eKibo, akudingeki ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile kwezintaba, ukuma okuhle komzimba kwanele. Imithambeka yentaba-mlilo iphakathi kweziqongo eziyisikhombisa abagibeli nabavakashi abathanda ukuzinqoba. Ukukhuphukela eKilimanjaro kubhekwa njengokulula, kepha kuphela u-40% walabo abafisa ukunqoba abaphezulu abafinyelela umgomo wokugcina.
- Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi ikuphi izwekazi elinentaba-mlilo esebenzayo, kepha bambalwa abantu abazi ukuthi itholakala emngceleni wamazwe amabili - iTanzania neKenya.
- Ngo-2009, njengengxenye yomcimbi wesisa, abagibeli abayi-8 abangaboni benyuka kule ngqungquthela. Futhi ngo-2003 nango-2007, isihambi uBernard Gusen wanqoba intaba ngesihlalo esinamasondo.
- Njalo ngonyaka kubulawa abantu abayishumi emithambekeni yale ntaba.
- Ezimweni ezinomswakama, lapho inkungu izungeza isisekelo sentaba, kuba khona umuzwa wokundiza, sengathi iKilimanjaro iyisiqongo esingenasisindo, esigcwele amathafa aluhlaza angapheli.
- Indawo ehlala intabamlilo iyakwazi ukuqukatha izindimbane zomoya eziqhamuka e-Indian Ocean.
- "INtaba Ekhazimulayo" inkulu kangangoba uma ingqungquthela eneqhwa iyeka ukukhiqiza imifula nemifudlana, izimfunda ziyoma, amahlathi aminyene azobhubha. Abantu bendawo bazoshiya izindlu zabo bahambe, bashiye ugwadule lapho nezilwane zingakwazi ukuba khona.
