UNiccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) - Usolwazi wase-Italiya, usopolitiki, isazi sefilosofi, umbhali nombhali wemisebenzi yethiyori yezempi. UNobhala weChancellery Yesibili, ophethe ubudlelwano bezokuxhumana ezweni. Omunye wemisebenzi yakhe ebaluleke kakhulu nguMbusi.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaMachiavelli, esizokhuluma ngayo kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, nayi i-biography emfushane kaNiccolo Machiavelli.
UMacavavelli biography
UNiccolo Machiavelli wazalwa ngoMeyi 3, 1469 eFlorence. Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini wommeli uBernardo di Niccolo noBartolomei di Stefano. Ngaphezu kwakhe, abazali bakaMacavavelli babenezinye izingane ezintathu.
Ngokusho kukaNiccolo, iminyaka yakhe yobuntwana wayichitha ebuphofini. Futhi, abazali bakhe bakwazi ukumnika imfundo enhle, ngenxa yalokho azi kahle ama-classics ase-Italy naseLatin, futhi wayemthanda nemisebenzi kaJosephus, uPlutarch, uCicero nabanye abalobi.
Ngisho nasebusheni bakhe, uMachiavelli wakhombisa ukuba nentshisekelo kwezombusazwe. Lapho uSavonarola eqala ukubusa eFlorence ngezinkolelo zakhe zase-republican, lo mfana wayegxeka inkambo yakhe yezepolitiki.
Izincwadi
Impilo nomsebenzi kaNiccolo wawela ku-Renaissance enesiphithiphithi. Ngalesi sikhathi, uPapa wayenempi enkulu, futhi amadolobha amakhulu ase-Italy ayengaphansi kwamazwe ahlukene. Ngasikhathi sinye, omunye umbuso wathathelwa indawo omunye, ngenxa yalokho umbuso wahlukaniswa yiziyaluyalu nokuhilizisana kuhlonyiwe.
Ngo-1494, uMachiavelli wajoyina iShansela Lesibili LeRiphabliki yaseFlorentine. Eminyakeni emine kamuva, wakhethwa eMkhandlwini wama-Eighty, owawuqondisa izingxoxo nezindaba zezempi.
Ngasikhathi sinye, uNiccolo wathatha isikhundla sokuba unobhala nenxusa, ejabulela igunya elikhulu ngemuva kokubulawa kukaSavonarola. Kusukela ngo-1502 wayilandela eduze impumelelo yezepolitiki kaCesare Borgia, owayefuna ukudala izwe lakhe enkabeni ye-Italy.
Futhi yize uBorgia engakwazanga ukufeza inhloso yakhe, uMachiavelli wakhuluma ngentshiseko ngezenzo zakhe. Njengombusazwe onobushiqela futhi onzima, uCesare wathola izinzuzo kuzo zonke izimo. Kungakho uNiccolo wayenozwela ngezenzo zakhe ezinqala.
Ngokusho kwezinye izinkomba ezikhona, phakathi nonyaka wokuxhumana okusondelene noCesare Borgia, uMachivavelli wayenombono wokuphatha umbuso. Ngakho-ke, kungaleso sikhathi lapho kuthiwa waqala khona ukuthuthukisa umbono wakhe wokuthuthuka kombuso, obekwe emsebenzini wakhe "Wobukhosi".
Kulesi sivumelwano, umbhali uchaze izindlela zokubamba amandla nokubusa, kanye namakhono amaningi adingekayo kumbusi ofanele. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi le ncwadi yakhishwa eminyakeni eyi-5 kuphela ngemuva kokushona kukaMachivavelli. Ngenxa yalokhu, "uMbusi" waba ngumsebenzi obalulekile ngesikhathi sakhe, maqondana nokuhlelwa kwemininingwane mayelana nombuso nokuphathwa kwawo.
Ngesikhathi se-Renaissance, ifilosofi yemvelo yathola ukuthandwa okuthile. Mayelana nalokhu, kwaqala ukuvela izimfundiso ezintsha, ezahluke kakhulu emibonweni nasemasikweni eNkathi Ephakathi. Abacwaningi abadumile abanjengoLeonardo da Vinci, uCopernicus noCusan baveze imibono eminingi emisha.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, uNkulunkulu waqala ukuzihlanganisa nemvelo. Imibango yezepolitiki kanye nokutholwa kwesayensi kwaba nomthelela omkhulu emsebenzini olandelayo kaNiccolo Machiavelli.
Ngo-1513, lo someli waboshwa ngamacala okuba yingxenye yetulo elakhiwa noMedici. Lokhu kuholele ekutheni ahlushwe emshinini. Ukuphikile ukuthi kukhona okubandakanyekayo kuleli zungu, kodwa wagwetshwa intambo.
Kwakungenxa yokuxolelwa kuphela lapho uMachiavelli akhululwa khona. Ngemuva kwalokho, wabaleka eFlorence waqala ukubhala imisebenzi emisha. Imisebenzi eyalandela yamlethela udumo lwesazi sefilosofi esinethalente.
Kodwa-ke, le ndoda ayibhalanga ngezombusazwe kuphela. Ungumbhali wemidlalo eminingi, kanye nencwadi ethi On the Art of War. Embhalweni wokugcina, wethule imininingwane eningiliziwe yezimpi ezinkulu emlandweni wezwe, waphinde wahlaziya ukwakheka okuhlukile kwamabutho.
UNiccolo Machiavelli umemezele ukungathembeki kwamafomu amasosha, ebabaza impumelelo yezempi yamaRoma. Ngo-1520 wabuyela ezweni lakhe, ethola isikhundla sokuba ngumbhali wembali.
Emibhalweni yakhe, umbhali wazindla ngencazelo yempilo, ngendima yobuntu bombusi, inkonzo yezempi yendawo yonke, njll. Uhlukanise zonke izinhlobo zombuso ngezinhlobo ezi-6 - ezi-3 ezimbi (i-oligarchy, ubushiqela, isiphithiphithi) nezintathu ezinhle (ubukhosi, intando yeningi, ubukhosi).
Ngo-1559, imisebenzi kaNiccolo Machiavelli yafakwa uPapa Paul 4 ku-Index of Forbidden Books. Ama-Italian aphethe ama-aphorism amaningi, kufaka phakathi okulandelayo:
- Uma ushaya ngempela, ukuze ungesabi ukuziphindiselela.
- Noma ngubani ongumngane omuhle uqobo unabangane abahle.
- Ophumelele unabangane abaningi, futhi owehlulwayo kuphela onabangane beqiniso.
- Okuhle kunakho konke izinqaba zombusi akumele kuzondwa ngabantu: noma yiziphi izinqaba ezakhiwe, ngeke zisindise uma uzondwa ngabantu.
- Abantu bathanda njengokuthanda kwabo, kepha bayesaba ngokwesifiso sikaMbusi.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Unkosikazi kaMachivavelli kwakunguMarietta Di Luigi Corsini, owayevela emndenini ompofu. Le nyunyana yaphothulwa ngokubalwa, futhi yayihlose ikakhulukazi ekwenzeni ngcono inhlalakahle yayo yomibili imindeni.
Noma kunjalo, lo mbhangqwana wakwazi ukuthola ulimi olufanayo futhi wafunda konke okujabulisayo komshado ojabulisayo. Sekukonke, lo mbhangqwana wawunezingane ezi-5. Ababhali bama-biography womcabangi bathi phakathi nohambo lwakhe lokubonisana, uNiccolo wayevame ukuba nobudlelwano bezothando namantombazane ahlukahlukene.
Ukufa
Kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe, le ndoda yayiphupha ngokuchuma kukaFlorence, kodwa lokhu akukaze kwenzeke. Ngo-1527 ibutho laseSpain laphanga iRoma, futhi uhulumeni owayesanda kwakhiwa wayengasayidingi iNiccolo.
Lezi kanye nezinye izehlakalo zithinte kabi impilo yefilosofi. UNiccolo Machiavelli ushone ngoJuni 21, 1527 eneminyaka engama-58. Akwaziwa ukuthi ungcwatshwe kuphi ngqo. Kodwa-ke, e-Florentine Church of the Holy Cross, ungabona itshe lethuna lokukhumbula uMacavelli.
Isithombe nguNiccolo Machiavelli
