UJean Coven, UJean Calvin (1509-1564) - Isazi semfundiso yenkolo esingumFulentshi, umvuseleli wesonto kanye nomsunguli wenkolo kaCalvinism. Umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu yi-Instruction in the Christian Faith.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaCalvin, esizoxoxa ngayo kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, nayi i-biography emfushane kaJohn Calvin.
Umlando kaCalvin
UJean Calvin wazalwa ngoJulayi 10, 1509 edolobheni laseFrance iNoyon. Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini wommeli uGerard Coven. Umama wenguquko yesikhathi esizayo washona esemncane.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Cishe akukho okwaziwayo ngobuntwana bukaJohn Calvin. Kwamukelwa ngokuvamile ukuthi lapho efika eminyakeni eyi-14, wafunda kwelinye lamanyuvesi aseParis. Ngaleso sikhathi, yena kakade waba isikhundla umfundisi.
Ubaba wenza konke okusemandleni ukuze indodana yakhe ikhuphuke ibanga lomsebenzi wesonto futhi ibe umuntu ophephile ngokwezezimali. Ngaleso sikhathi se-biography yakhe, uJean wafunda imiqondo, imfundiso yenkolo, umthetho, i-dialectics kanye nezinye izayensi.
UCalvin wazithanda izifundo zakhe, ngenxa yalokho wasebenzisa sonke isikhathi sakhe sokuphumula efunda izincwadi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayebamba iqhaza ezingxoxweni ezinengqondo nezefilosofi, ezibonisa njengesikhulumi esinekhono. Kamuva wanikeza izintshumayelo isikhashana kwelinye lamasonto amaKatolika.
Lapho esemdala, uJohn Calvin waqhubeka nokufundela ezomthetho ngokugcizelela kukayise. Lokhu kudalwe ukuthi abameli bebenza imali enhle. Futhi yize le nsizwa yayithuthuka ekutadisheni umthetho, ngokushesha ngemuva kokushona kukayise, yashiya kwesokudla, yanquma ukuxhumanisa impilo yayo nemfundiso yenkolo.
UCalvin wafunda imisebenzi yezazi ezahlukahlukene zezenkolo, wafunda neBhayibheli nezincazelo zalo. Lapho efunda imiBhalo isikhathi eside, kulapho angabaza khona iqiniso lenkolo yamaKhatholika. Kodwa-ke, ekuqaleni akazange aphikise amaKhatholika, kepha kunalokho wacela izinguquko "ezincane".
Ngo-1532, kwenzeka izehlakalo ezimbili ezibalulekile kwi-biography kaJohn Calvin: wathola iziqu zobudokotela futhi washicilela incwadi yakhe yokuqala yesayensi ethi "On Meekness", okwakuyincazelo ngomsebenzi womcabangi uSeneca.
Ukufundisa
Njengoba ayesefundile, uJean waqala ukuzwelana nemibono yamaProthestani. Ngokukhethekile, wamhlaba umxhwele ngokujulile umsebenzi kaMartin Luther, owavukela abefundisi bamaKatolika.
Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni uCalvin ajoyine inhlangano esanda kusungulwa yabasekeli bemibono yeNguquko, futhi kungekudala, ngenxa yethalente lakhe lokucula, waba ngumholi walo mphakathi.
Ngokusho kwale ndoda, umsebenzi obalulekile emhlabeni wamaKristu ukuqeda ukusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya ngabapristi, okwenzeka kaningi. Izisekelo eziyinhloko zezimfundiso zikaCalvin kwakuwukulingana kwabo bonke abantu nezinhlanga phambi kukaNkulunkulu.
Ngokushesha, uJean ukuveza obala ukulahla kwakhe ubuKatolika. Ubuye athi oPhezukonke uqobo ubize inkonzo yakhe ekusabalaliseni ukholo lweqiniso. Ngaleso sikhathi, wayesevele esengumbhali wenkulumo yakhe edumile ethi "On Christian Philosophy", eyayithunyelwe ukuyophrinta.
Uhulumeni nabefundisi, abebengafuni ukushintsha noma yini, baphazanyiswe yizinkulumo ezikhohlakele zikaCalvin. Ngenxa yalokhu, uguquko waqala ukushushiswa ngenxa yezinkolelo zakhe "ezimelene nobuKrestu", ecashela iziphathimandla nabangane bakhe.
Ngo-1535, uJean wabhala umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu, i-Instruction in the Christian Faith, lapho avikela khona abavangeli baseFrance. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ngokwesaba impilo yakhe, isazi semfundiso yenkolo sakhetha ukugcina ukubhala kwakhe kuyimfihlo, ngakho-ke incwadi yokuqala yencwadi yayingaziwa.
Njengoba ushushiso lwaluqala ukusebenza, uJohn Calvin wanquma ukulishiya izwe. Waya eStrasbourg ngendlela ezungezayo, ehlela ukuchitha ubusuku eGeneva usuku olulodwa. Lapho-ke wayengazi ukuthi kulo muzi uzohlala isikhathi eside kakhulu.
EGeneva, uJean wahlangana nabalandeli bakhe, waphinde wathola umuntu onomqondo ofanayo ebusweni bomshumayeli nesazi sezenkolo uGuillaume Farel. Ngenxa yokwesekwa nguFarel, wathola ukuthandwa okukhulu edolobheni, futhi kamuva wenza izinguquko eziningana eziphumelele.
Ekwindla ka-1536, kwahlelwa ingxoxo yomphakathi eLausanne, lapho kwakukhona noFarel noCalvin. Ixoxe ngezindaba eziyi-10 ezazimele izimiso ezisemqoka zenguquko. Ngenkathi amaKhatholika eqala ukusho ukuthi abavangeli abayamukeli imibono yokhokho besonto, uJean wangenelela.
Le ndoda imemezele ukuthi abavangeli abagcini ngokubaluleka komsebenzi wobaba besonto ngaphezu kwamaKatolika, kodwa futhi babazi kangcono kakhulu. Ukufakazela lokhu, uCalvin wakha uchungechunge olunengqondo ngesisekelo sezifundo zenkolo, ecaphuna izindinyana eziningi ezivela kubo ngekhanda.
Inkulumo yakhe yathinta wonke umuntu owayekhona, yanikeza amaProthestani ukunqoba okungenamibandela empikiswaneni. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abantu abaningi ngokwengeziwe, bobabili eGeneva nangaphezulu kwemingcele yayo, bafunda ngemfundiso entsha, eyayivele yaziwa ngaleso sikhathi ngokuthi "yiCalvinism".
Kamuva, uJean waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye leli dolobha, ngenxa yokushushiswa kweziphathimandla zendawo. Ekupheleni kuka-1538 wathuthela eStrasbourg, lapho kwakuhlala khona amaProthestani amaningi. Lapha waba ngumfundisi webandla lezinguquko lapho izintshumayelo zakhe zazigcwele khona.
Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu, uCalvin wabuyela eGeneva. Lapha waqeda ukubhala incwadi yakhe enkulu ethi "Catechism" - iqoqo lemithetho kanye nezitatimende "zikaCalvinism" ezibhekiswe kubantu bonke.
Le mithetho yayiqine kakhulu futhi idinga ukuhlelwa kabusha kwemiyalo namasiko asunguliwe. Yize kunjalo, iziphathimandla zedolobha zasekela izinkambiso ze "Catechism", beyivuma emhlanganweni. Kodwa umsebenzi, owawubonakala muhle, ngokushesha waphenduka umbuso wobushiqela ophelele.
Ngaleso sikhathi, iGeneva yayiphethwe nguJohn Calvin uqobo kanye nabalandeli bakhe. Ngenxa yalokho, isigwebo sentambo sanda, futhi izakhamizi eziningi zaxoshwa edolobheni. Abantu abaningi besabela izimpilo zabo, njengoba ukuhlukunyezwa kweziboshwa kwaba umkhuba ovamile.
UJean wabhalela uMiguel Servetus owayemazi isikhathi eside, owayemelene nemfundiso kaZiqu-zintathu futhi egxeka abaningi ababethunyelwe nguCalvin, esekela amazwi akhe ngamaqiniso amaningi. UServetus washushiswa futhi ekugcineni wabanjwa yiziphathimandla eGeneva, kulandela ukugxekwa kukaCalvin. Ugwetshelwe ukushiswa esigxotsheni.
UJohn Calvin uqhubeke nokubhala izivumelwano ezintsha zenkolo, kufaka phakathi iqoqo elikhulu lezincwadi, izinkulumo, izinkulumo, njll. Kuyo yonke iminyaka yomlando wakhe, waba umbhali wamavolumu angama-57.
I-leitmotif yemfundiso yesazi semfundiso yenkolo kwakuyisisekelo esiphelele sezimfundiso eziseBhayibhelini kanye nokwamukelwa kobukhosi bukaNkulunkulu, okungukuthi, amandla aphakeme oMdali phezu kwakho konke. Esinye sezici eziyinhloko zenkolo kaCalvin kwakuyimfundiso yokunqunyelwa kusengaphambili komuntu, noma, ngamagama alula, yokudalelwa.
Ngakho-ke, umuntu ngokwakhe akanqumi lutho, futhi konke sekuvele kunqunywe ngaphambili nguSomandla. Ngokukhula, uJean waba ozinikele kakhulu, oqinile futhi ongabekezeleli bonke labo abangavumelani nombono wakhe.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
UCalvin wayeshade nentombazane egama lingu-Idelette de Boer. Izingane ezintathu zazalwa kulo mshado, kodwa zonke zafa zisencane. Kuyaziwa ukuthi umvuseleli wayedlula isikhathi somkakhe.
Ukufa
UJohn Calvin ushone ngoMeyi 27, 1564 eneminyaka engama-54. Ngokucela kwesazi semfundiso yenkolo uqobo, wangcwatshwa ethuneni elijwayelekile ngaphandle kokwakha itshe lesikhumbuzo. Lokhu kwakwenziwa ukuthi wayengafuni ukuzikhonza nokubukeka kwanoma iyiphi inhlonipho endaweni yokungcwatshwa kwakhe.
Izithombe zikaCalvin
