UVarlam Tikhonovich Shalamov (1907-1982) - Umbhali wephrozi waseSoviet waseSoviet kanye nembongi, owaziwa kakhulu njengombhali womjikelezo wemisebenzi "Kolyma Tales", elandisa ngempilo yeziboshwa zamakamu okufukuzwa kuwo aseSoviet esikhathini sowe-1930-1950.
Sekukonke, wachitha iminyaka eyi-16 emakamu aseKolyma: iminyaka eyi-14 ejwayelekile futhi njengesiboshwa sabahlengikazi kanye neminye emi-2 ngemuva kwenkululeko.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-Shalamov biography, esizokhuluma ngayo kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane kaVarlam Shalamov.
Biography Shalamov
UVarlam Shalamov wazalwa ngoJuni 5 (18), 1907 eVologda. Wakhulela emndenini wompristi wama-Orthodox uTikhon Nikolaevich nomkakhe uNadezhda Alexandrovna. Wayenguthunjana ezinganeni ze-5 ezazisaphila zabazali bakhe.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Umbhali wakusasa kusukela esemncane wayehlukaniswa nelukuluku. Lapho eneminyaka engu-3 kuphela, umama wakhe wamfundisa ukufunda. Ngemuva kwalokho, ingane inikeze isikhathi esiningi ezincwadini kuphela.
Ngokushesha Shalamov waqala ukubhala izinkondlo zakhe zokuqala. Lapho eneminyaka engu-7, abazali bakhe bamthumela esikhungweni sokuzivocavoca sabesilisa. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokugqashuka kwenguquko kanye neMpi Yombango, wakwazi ukuphothula esikoleni ngo-1923 kuphela.
Ngokufika kwamandla amaBolsheviks ekhulisa ukungakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu, umndeni wakwaShalamov kwakudingeka ubekezelele izinkinga eziningi. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi enye yamadodana kaTikhon Nikolaevich, uValery, waphika obala ubaba wakhe, umpristi.
Kusukela ngo-1918, uSr. Shalamov wayeka ukuthola izinkokhelo ngenxa yakhe. Indlu yakhe yayibanjwa inkunzi futhi kamuva yahlanganiswa. Ukusiza abazali bakhe, uVarlam wathengisa ophaya ababhakwa ngunina emakethe. Ngaphandle koshushiso olunzima, inhloko yomndeni yaqhubeka nokushumayela ngisho nalapho yaba impumputhe ekuqaleni kwawo-1920.
Ngemva kokuphothula esikoleni, uVarlam wayefuna ukuthola imfundo ephakeme, kodwa njengoba wayeyindodana yomfundisi, le nsizwa yayingavunyelwe ukufunda eyunivesithi. Ngo-1924 wasuka waya eMoscow, lapho asebenza khona efektri yokulungisa isikhumba.
Ngesikhathi se-biography ka-1926-1928. Varlam Shalamov wafunda eMoscow State University e-Faculty of Law. Waxoshwa eyunivesithi "ngenxa yokufihla imvelaphi yakhe emphakathini."
Iqiniso ngukuthi lapho egcwalisa amadokhumende, umfakisicelo waqoka ubaba wakhe "njengomuntu okhubazekile, umsebenzi," hhayi "umfundisi," njengoba omunye umfundi akhombisa ekulahlweni. Lokhu kwakungukuqala kokucindezelwa, okuzayo ngokuzayo kuzodlula yonke impilo kaShalamov.
Ukuboshwa nokuboshwa
Eminyakeni yakhe yokufunda, uVarlam wayeyilungu lombuthano wezingxoxo, lapho bagxeka khona ukuqoqwa okuphelele kwamandla ezandleni zikaStalin nokushiya kwakhe emigomeni kaLenin.
Ngo-1927 uShalamov wabamba iqhaza embhikishweni wokuhlonipha iminyaka eyishumi ye-Revolution ka-Okthoba. Kanye nabantu ababenomqondo ofanayo, wacela ukwesula kukaStalin futhi abuyele emiyalweni ka-Ilyich. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, waboshwa okokuqala njengomuntu owayehlanganyela neqembu laseTrotskyist, ngemuva kwalokho wathunyelwa ekamu iminyaka emithathu.
Kusukela kulo mzuzu ku-biography, kuqala izinhlupheko zesikhathi eside zasejele zaseVarlam, ezizoqhubeka iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20. Wasebenza ihlandla lakhe lokuqala enkanjini yaseVishersky, lapho entwasahlobo ka-1929 wadluliselwa ejele laseButyrka.
Enyakatho yeUral, uShalamov nezinye iziboshwa bakha isitshalo esikhulu samakhemikhali. Ekwindla ka-1931, wakhululwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ngenxa yalokho angabuyela eMoscow futhi.
Enhlokodolobha, uVarlam Tikhonovich wayebandakanyekile ekubhaleni, esebenzisana nezindlu zokushicilela zokukhiqiza. Cishe eminyakeni eyi-5 kamuva, waphinde wakhunjuzwa "ngemibono yamaTrotskyist" futhi wasolwa ngemisebenzi yokulwa nenguquko.
Ngalesi sikhathi lo muntu wagwetshwa iminyaka emi-5, emthumele eMagadan ngo-1937. Lapha wabelwa izinhlobo zomsebenzi ezinzima kakhulu - izimayini zobuso ezimayini zegolide. UShalamov wayezodedelwa ngo-1942, kodwa ngokwesinqumo sikahulumeni, iziboshwa zazingavunyelwe ukudedelwa kuze kuphele iMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe (1941-1945).
Ngasikhathi sinye, uVarlam wayeqhubeka "ebekwa" imigomo emisha ngaphansi kwezihloko ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi "icala labameli" kanye "nemizwa elwa neSoviet." Ngenxa yalokho, isikhathi salo sakhula saba yiminyaka eyi-10.
Phakathi neminyaka yokuphila kwakhe, uShalamov wakwazi ukuvakashela izimayini ezinhlanu zeKolyma, esebenza ezimayini, ukumba imisele, ukugawula izinkuni, njll. Ngokugqashuka kwempi, isimo sezinto sonakala ngendlela ekhethekile. Uhulumeni waseSoviet wehlise kakhulu isabelo esivele sincane, ngenxa yalokho iziboshwa zazibukeka njengabafileyo abaphilayo.
Isiboshwa ngasinye sasicabanga kuphela ukuthi sizositholaphi okungenani isinkwa esincane. Abanebhadi baphuza umhluzi wezinaliti zikaphayini ukuvimbela ukuvela kwescurvy. UVarlamov walala ephindelela ezibhedlela zasekamu, elinganisa phakathi kokuphila nokufa. Ekhathele yindlala, ukusebenza kanzima nokungalali, wanquma ukubaleka nezinye iziboshwa.
Ukuphunyuka okungaphumelelanga kwenza isimo saba sibi kakhulu. Njengesijeziso, uShalamov wathunyelwa endaweni yokujeziswa. Ngo-1946 eSusuman, wakwazi ukudlulisela inothi kudokotela ayemazi, u-Andrei Pantyukhov, owenza yonke imizamo yokubeka isiboshwa esigulayo ophikweni lwezokwelapha.
Kamuva, uVarlamov wavunyelwa ukuthatha izifundo zezinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili zabezimo eziphuthumayo. Izimo zokuhlala kulezi zifundo zazingenakuqhathaniswa nombuso wekamu. Ngenxa yalokho, kuze kube sekupheleni kwesikhathi sakhe, wayesebenza njengomsizi wezokwelapha. Ngokusho kukaShalamov, impilo yakhe uyikweleta uPantyukhov.
Ngemuva kokuthola ukukhululwa kwakhe, kepha ephula amalungelo akhe, uVarlam Tikhonovich wasebenza eminye iminyaka eyi-1.5 eYakutia, eqoqa imali yetikiti lokuya ekhaya. Wakwazi ukuza eMoscow kuphela ngo-1953.
Ukudalwa
Ngemuva kokuphela kwekota yokuqala, uShalamov wasebenza njengentatheli emaphephabhukwini nakumaphephandaba. Ngo-1936, indaba yakhe yokuqala yashicilelwa emakhasini ka-Okthoba.
Isixhumanisi samakamu okuqondiswa kwezigwegwe siguqule kakhulu umsebenzi wakhe. Ngenkathi edonsa isigwebo sakhe, uVarlam uqhubeke nokubhala izinkondlo nokwenza imidwebo yemisebenzi yakhe yesikhathi esizayo. Noma kunjalo, wazimisela ukutshela umhlaba wonke iqiniso ngokwenzeka emakamu aseSoviet.
Ebuyela ekhaya, uShalamov wazinikela ngokuphelele ekubhaleni. Okuthandwa kakhulu umjikelezo wakhe odumile "Kolyma Tales", owabhalwa ngo-1954-1973.
Kule misebenzi, uVarlam uchaze hhayi kuphela izimo zokuboshwa kweziboshwa, kodwa futhi nesiphetho sabantu abaphulwe uhlelo. Ephucwe konke okudingekayo empilweni ephelele, umuntu wayeka ukuba ngumuntu. Ngokusho kombhali, amandla ozwelo nokuhloniphana atrophies kwesiboshwa lapho udaba lokusinda luza phambili.
Umbhali wayephikisana nokushicilelwa kwe- "Kolyma stories" njengokushicilelwa okuhlukile, ngakho-ke, iqoqo eligcwele, zashicilelwa eRussia ngemuva kokufa kwakhe. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ifilimu yathathwa ngokususelwa kulo msebenzi ngo-2005.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi uShalamov wayegxeka u-Alexander Solzhenitsyn, umbhali wenkolo ethi "Gulag Archipelago". Ngokubona kwakhe, wazakhela igama ngokuqagela ngendaba yekhempu.
Eminyakeni eminingi yobuciko bakhe bokudala, uVarlam Shalamov washicilela inqwaba yamaqoqo ezinkondlo, wabhala imidlalo emibili kanye nezindaba ezi-5 zokuphila kwakhe kanye nama-eseyi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-eseyi akhe, izincwadi zokubhalela kanye nezincwadi kudinga ukunakwa okukhethekile.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Unkosikazi wokuqala kaVarlam kwakunguGalina Gudz, ahlangana naye eVishlager. Ngokusho kwakhe, “wasintshontsha” kwesinye isiboshwa, intombazane eza naye ngosuku. Lo mshado, lapho wazalelwa khona intombazane Elena, kwaqala ngo-1934 kuya ku-1956.
Ngesikhathi sokuboshwa kwesibili kombhali, uGalina naye wacindezelwa futhi wadingiselwa esigodini esikude saseTurkmenistan. Wahlala lapho kwaze kwaba ngu-1946. Lo mbhangqwana wakwazi ukuhlangana kuphela ngo-1953, kodwa kungekudala banquma ukuhamba.
Emva kwalokho, uShalamov washada nomlobi wezingane u-Olga Neklyudova. Lo mbhangqwana wahlala ndawonye iminyaka engu-10 - kwakungekho izingane ezivamile. Ngemuva kwesehlukaniso ngo-1966 kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwempilo yakhe, le ndoda yahlala yodwa.
Ukufa
Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, uVarlam Tikhonovich wayenezimo ezinzima kakhulu. Iminyaka eyishumi yomsebenzi okhandlayo emkhawulweni wamakhono abantu izenze zazwakala.
Emuva ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1950, umbhali wathola ukukhubazeka ngenxa yesifo sikaMeniere - isifo sendlebe yangaphakathi, esibonakala ngokuhlaselwa okuphindaphindiwe kokungezwa okuqhubekayo, i-tinnitus, isiyezi, ukungalingani kanye nokuphazamiseka kokuzimela. Ngeminyaka yama-70s, walahlekelwa ukubona nokubona.
UShalamov wayengasakwazi ukuhlela ukunyakaza kwakhe futhi wahamba kanzima. Ngo-1979 wabekwa e-House of Invalids. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, wahlaselwa isifo sohlangothi, ngenxa yalokho banquma ukumthumela esikoleni se-psychoneurological boarding.
Ngesikhathi sokuhamba, ikhehla labanjwa umkhuhlane futhi lahlaselwa yinyumoniya, okwaholela ekufeni kwalo. UVarlam Shalamov ushone ngoJanuwari 17, 1982 eneminyaka engama-74. Yize ayengakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu, udokotela wakhe, u-Elena Zakharova, wagcizelela ukuthi angcwatshwe ngokwesiko lama-Orthodox.
Izithombe zeShalamov
