Izimpi ZasePunic - Izimpi ezi-3 phakathi kweRoma lasendulo neCarthage ("iPunami", okungukuthi, abaseFenike), ezaqhubeka ngezikhathi ezithile ngo-264-146 BC. IRoma yanqoba izimpi, kuyilapho iCarthage yacekelwa phansi.
Ukulwa phakathi kweRoma neCarthage
Ngemuva kokuthi iRiphabhulikhi yaseRoma ibe namandla amakhulu, ilawula yonke iPeninsula yase-Apennine, wayengasakwazi ukubheka ngokuthula umthetho waseCarthage eNtshonalanga yeMedithera.
I-Italy yazama ukuvimba iSicily, lapho umzabalazo phakathi kwamaGrikhi kanye nabaseCarthagee wawusukade uqhubeka isikhathi eside, ekubeni kubuswe yiwo. Ngaphandle kwalokho, amaRoma awakwazanga ukunikeza ukuhweba okuphephile, kanye nokuthola amanye amalungelo amaningi abalulekile.
Okokuqala, amaNtaliyane ayenesifiso sokuphatha iMessana Strait. Ithuba lokudla lo msele ngokushesha lavela: ababizwa ngokuthi "amaMamertine" babamba uMessana, kwathi lapho uHieron II waseSirakuse ephuma eza kulwa nabo, abakwaMamertine baphendukela eRoma beyofuna usizo, eyabamukela kwinhlangano yayo.
Lezi nezinye izizathu zaholela ekugqashukeni kweMpi Yokuqala YamaPunic (264-241 BC). Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngokwamandla abo, iRoma neCarthage zazicishe zilingane.
Uhlangothi olubuthakathaka lwabantu baseCarthaginians ukuthi ibutho labo lalinamasosha aqashiwe kakhulu, kepha lokhu kwahlawuliswa ukuthi iCarthage yayinemali ethe xaxa futhi babene-flotilla enamandla.
Impi yokuqala yePunic
Impi yaqala eSicily ngokuhlaselwa kwabantu baseCarthage eMessana, eyayicindezelwe amaRoma. Ngemuva kwalokho, amaNtaliyane alwa uchungechunge lwezimpi ezaphumelela, athumba iningi lamadolobha endawo.
Ukuze aqhubeke nokuwina amaCarthaginians, amaRoma ayedinga imikhumbi ephumelelayo. Ukuze benze lokhu, bafuna iqhinga elilodwa lobuhlakani. Bakwazi ukwakha amabhuloho okudonsa imikhumbi anezingwegwe ezikhethekile ezenza bakwazi ukugibela umkhumbi wesitha.
Ngenxa yalokho, ngamabhuloho anjalo, amasosha aseRoma, ayedume ngokulungela ukulwa, ngokushesha angena emikhunjini yaseCarthage futhi angena ebambene ngezihluthu nesitha. Futhi yize amaNtaliyane ahlulekile ekuqaleni, kamuva leli qhinga labalethela ukunqoba okuningi.
Entwasahlobo ka-256 BC. e. Amasosha amaRoma ayengaphansi kukaMarcus Regulus noLucius Long afika e-Afrika. Bathathe kalula izinto eziningi zamasu kangangokuthi iSenate yanquma ukushiya isigamu samasosha eRegula.
Lesi sinqumo kuvele ukuthi sizobulala amaRoma. URegulus wehlulwa ngokuphelele ngabaseCarthage base bethunjwa, lapho ashonela khona kamuva. Kodwa-ke, eSicily, amaNtaliyane ayenenzuzo enkulu. Nsuku zonke banqoba izindawo ezingaphezulu nangaphezulu, ngokuwina ukunqoba okubalulekile eziQhingini zase-Aegat, okwabiza imikhumbi yempi eyi-120 yaseCarthaginians.
Ngenkathi iRiphabhliki yaseRoma ithatha yonke imizila yasolwandle, iCarthage yavumelana ne-armistice, lapho yonke iCarthaginian Sicily nezinye iziqhingi zadlulela kumaRoma. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlangothi olunqotshiwe bekufanele lukhokhele iRoma isizumbulu semali njengesibambiso.
Ukuvukelwa kwabasebenzi baseMartha eCarthage
Ngokushesha ngemuva kokuphela kokuthula, iCarthage kwadingeka ibambe iqhaza emzabalazweni onzima namabutho empi, ahlala iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-3. Ngesikhathi sokuvukela umbuso, amasosha aseSardinia awela ohlangothini lweRoma, okwathi ngawo amaRoma ahlanganisa iSardinia neCorsica kwabaseCarthaginians.
Lapho iCarthage ithatha isinqumo sokubuyisa izindawo zayo, amaNtaliyane asongela ngokuqala impi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uHamilcar Barca, umholi weCarthaginian Patriotic Party, owayecabanga ukuthi impi neRome ayinakugwenywa, wathatha izwe laseningizimu nasempumalanga yeSpain, ezama ukuvala isikhala sokulahleka kweSicily neSardinia.
Lapha kwakhiwa ibutho elilungele ukulwa, okwadala inhlabamkhosi eMbusweni WaseRoma. Ngenxa yalokho, amaRoma afuna abantu baseCarthage ukuthi bangaweli uMfula i-Ebro, baphinde benza umfelandawonye namanye amadolobha aseGrisi.
Impi Yesibili YamaPunic
Ngo-221 BC. UHasdrubal ushone, okwaholela esikhundleni sakhe uHannibal, omunye wezitha ezingenamandla eRoma. Esebenzisa isimo esihle, uHannibal wahlasela idolobha laseSagunta, wahlangana namaNtaliyane, walithatha ngemuva kokuvinjezelwa izinyanga eziyi-8.
Ngenkathi iSenate yenqatshelwa ukukhipha uHannibal, iMpi Yesibili YamaPunic yamenyezelwa (218 BC). Umholi waseCarthage wenqaba ukulwa eSpain nase-Afrika, njengoba amaRoma ayelindele.
Esikhundleni salokho, i-Italy yayizoba yisizinda sezimpi, ngokohlelo lukaHannibal. Umkhuzi wamasosha wazibekela umgomo wokufika eRoma futhi ayibhubhise ngazo zonke izindlela. Ngalokhu wathembela ekusekelweni yizizwe zamaGallic.
Ebutha ibutho elikhulu, uHannibal waqala umkhankaso wakhe odumile wamasosha wokulwa neRoma. Wawela ngempumelelo iPyrenees enabasizi abangama-50 000 nabagibeli bamahhashi abangu-9 000. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayenezindlovu eziningi zempi, ezazinzima kakhulu ukubekezelela bonke ubunzima bomkhankaso.
Kamuva, Hannibal wafika e-Alps, lapho le ndima kwaba nzima kakhulu. Ngesikhathi soguquko, ulahlekelwe cishe isigamu sabasosha. Ngemuva kwalokho, ibutho lakhe lalilindelwe yimashi enzima ngokulinganayo idlula kuma-Apennines. Noma kunjalo, abaseCarthage bakwazile ukuya phambili futhi banqoba izimpi namaNtaliyane.
Futhi, esondela eRoma, umlawuli wamasosha wabona ukuthi ngeke akwazi ukuthatha idolobha. Isimo senziwa saba sibi kakhulu ukuthi ababambisene bahlala bethembekile eRoma, bengafuni ukuya ohlangothini lukaHannibal.
Ngenxa yalokho, abaseCarthage baya empumalanga, lapho bacekela khona phansi kakhulu izindawo eziseningizimu. AmaRoma ayegwema izimpi ezivulelekile nebutho likaHannibal. Esikhundleni salokho, babenethemba lokuqeda phansi isitha, esasincipha ngokudla nsuku zonke.
Ngemuva kobusika ngaseGeronius, uHannibal wathuthela e-Apulia, lapho kwaba khona impi edumile yaseCannes. Kule mpi, amaRoma anqotshwa kanzima, alahlekelwa amasosha amaningi. Ngemuva kwalokho, iSirakhuse neziningi zabasizi baseRoma base-Italy abaseningizimu bathembisa ukujoyina umkhuzi.
I-Italy yehlulekile ukulawula idolobha elibaluleke kakhulu eCapua. Noma kunjalo, ukuqiniswa okubalulekile akuzange kufike kuHannibal. Lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi amaRoma aqala kancane kancane ukuthatha isinyathelo ezandleni zawo. Ngo-212, iRoma yathatha iSirakhuse, kwathi eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, yonke iSicily yayisezandleni zamaNtaliyane.
Kamuva, ngemuva kokuvinjezelwa isikhathi eside, uHannibal waphoqeleka ukuba ahambe eCapua, okwakhuthaza kakhulu ama-allies aseRoma. Futhi yize abaseCarthage ngezikhathi ezithile bethola ukunqoba isitha, amandla abo ayephela nsuku zonke.
Ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile, amaRoma athumba lonke elaseSpain, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho izinsalela zebutho laseCarthage zathuthela e-Italy; idolobha lokugcina laseCarthage, iHayidese, lazinikela eRoma.
UHannibal wayeqonda ukuthi wayengeke akwazi ukunqoba le mpi. Abasekeli bokuthula eCarthage bangena ezingxoxweni neRome, okungazange kube nemiphumela. Iziphathimandla zaseCarthage zabizela uHannibal e-Afrika. Impi eyalandela kaZama yaphuca abaseCarthage amathemba abo okugcina okunqoba futhi yaholela ekuphethweni kokuthula.
IRoma yayalela iCarthage ukuba icekele phansi imikhumbi yempi, yashiya iziqhingi ezithile oLwandle iMedithera, ingalwi izimpi ngaphandle kwe-Afrika, futhi ingalwi e-Afrika uqobo ngaphandle kwemvume yaseRoma. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlangothi olwehlulwayo beluphoqelekile ukuthi lukhokhe izizumbulu zemali kumnqobi.
Impi Yesithathu YamaPunic
Ngemuva kokuphela kweMpi Yesibili YamaPunic, amandla oMbuso WaseRoma anda kakhulu. Ngokulandelayo, iCarthage yathuthuka kakhulu ngokomnotho, ngenxa yokuhwebelana namanye amazwe. Khonamanjalo, kwavela iqembu elinethonya eRome, lafuna ukubhujiswa kweCarthage.
Kwakungekho nzima ukuthola isizathu sokuqala kwempi. Inkosi yaseNumidian uMasinissa, ezwa ukusekelwa amaRoma, waziphatha ngodlame kakhulu futhi wafuna ukuthatha ingxenye yamazwe aseCarthage. Lokhu kwaholela ekulweni kwempi, futhi yize abaseCarthage bahlulwa, uhulumeni waseRoma wabheka izenzo zabo njengokwephula imigomo yesivumelwano futhi wamemezela impi.
Ngakho-ke iMpi yesiThathu yamaPunic yaqala (iminyaka eyi-149 kuya ku-146. ICarthage yayingafuni impi futhi yavuma ukujabulisa amaRoma ngayo yonke indlela, kepha benza ngokungathembeki okukhulu: babeka izidingo ezithile, kwathi lapho abaseCarthage bezigcwalisa, babeka imibandela emisha.
Kwafika eqophelweni lokuthi amaNtaliyane ayalela abaseCarthage ukuba bashiye idolobha lakubo bayohlala endaweni ehlukile futhi kude nolwandle. Lokhu bekungumhlanga wokugcina wokubekezela kwabaseCarthage, abenqaba ukulalela lowo myalo.
Ngenxa yalokho, amaRoma aqala ukuvimbezela lo muzi, izakhamuzi zawo zaqala ukwakha imikhumbi zaqinisa izindonga. U-Hasdrubal uthathe umyalo oyinhloko phezu kwabo. Izakhamizi ezivinjezelwe zaqala ukubhekana nokusweleka kokudla, njengoba zangeniswa eringini.
Kamuva lokhu kwaholela ekubalekeni kwabahlali nasekuzinikeleni kwengxenye ebalulekile yamazwe aseCarthage. Entwasahlobo ka-146 BC. Amasosha amaRoma angena edolobheni, elaphathwa ngokugcwele ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-7. AmaRoma aphanga iCarthage base beyishisa. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi bafafaza umhlabathi edolobheni ngosawoti ukuze kungakhuli lutho kuwo.
Umphumela
Ukubhujiswa kweCarthage kwavumela iRoma ukuthi ikhulise ukubusa kwayo kulo lonke ugu lwaseMedithera. Isibe umbuso omkhulu kunawo wonke waseMedithera, ongumnikazi wamazwe aseNtshonalanga neNyakatho Afrika naseSpain.
Izindawo ezazithathiwe zaguqulwa zaba izifundazwe zaseRoma. Ukutheleka kwesiliva okuvela emazweni aleli dolobha elibhujisiwe kwaba nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni umnotho futhi ngaleyo ndlela lenza iRoma laba ngumbuso onamandla kunawo wonke emhlabeni wasendulo.
Izithombe zePunic Wars
