URudolf Walter Richard Hess (1894-1987) - isikhulu sezombusazwe kanye nosopolitiki waseJalimane, iphini likaFuhrer ku-NSDAP naseReichsminister.
Ngo-1941 wabalekela yedwa eGreat Britain, ezama ukukholisa abaseBrithani ukuthi benze isivumelwano neJalimane lamaNazi, kepha wehluleka.
UHess waboshwa ngamaNgisi futhi waboshwa kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwempi, ngemuva kwalokho wadluliselwa kwi-International Military Tribunal, eyamgweba udilikajele. Kuze kube sekufeni kwakhe, wahlala ethembekile kuHitler nakumaNazi. Ngemuva kokuzibulala, waba yisithixo samaNazi amaNazi amphakamisela esigabeni sabafel 'ukholo.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaRudolf Hess, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, nayi i-biography emfushane kaHess.
Umlando kaRudolf Hess
URudolf Hess wazalwa ngo-Ephreli 26, 1894 e-Alexandria yaseGibhithe. Wakhulela emndenini kasomabhizinisi ocebile waseBavaria uJohann Fritz nomkakhe uClara Münch. Ngaphandle kukaRudolph, umndeni wakwaHess wazalelwa umfana nentombazane uMargarita.
Ubuntwana nentsha
AbaseHessian babehlala esithabathabeni somuzi kanokusho esakhiwe ngasolwandle. Isikhathi sobuntwana seNazi esizayo sachithwa emphakathini waseJalimane i-Alexandria, okwaphumela ekubeni yena nomfowabo nodadewabo bangaxhumani nabaseGibhithe nabantu bezinye izizwe.
Inhloko yomndeni ibingumuntu onokhahlo nocindezelayo owayefuna ukulalelwa ngokungangabazeki. Izingane zikhuliswe ngesiyalo esiqinile, sinamathela esimisweni esithile sosuku. Ngo-1900, ubaba wathenga isiza endaweni yaseBavaria iReicholdsgrün, lapho akha khona indlu enezitezi ezimbili.
Lapha amaHessian ayephumula minyaka yonke ehlobo, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ayengashiyi isigodi izinyanga eziyisithupha. Lapho uRudolph eneminyaka engaba ngu-6, abazali bakhe bamthumela esikoleni samaProthestani sendawo, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ubaba wakhe wanquma ukufundisa amadodana womabili ekhaya.
Lapho eneminyaka engu-14, uRudolf Hess waqhubeka nemfundo yakhe eJalimane House boarding school for boys. Lapha banikeze imfundo enhle kakhulu, futhi bafundisa nemisebenzi yezandla ehlukahlukene futhi bafundisa nemidlalo. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-biography yale nsizwa yahlukaniswa ngobumnene bayo nokuzihlukanisa.
Ngokushesha uHess waba omunye wabafundi abenza kahle kakhulu. Ngemuva kokuphothula esikoleni okuhlalwa kuso, wangena eSwitzerland Higher Business School. Lapha wayeqeqeshelwe ukuhweba, ukufingqa nokuthayipha. Kodwa-ke, kulesi sikhungo wafunda kabanzi ngokuyalelwa nguyise, owayefuna ukudlulisela ibhizinisi kuye, hhayi yedwa.
Impi Yomhlaba Yokuqala (1914-1918) yasiza uRudolph ukuthi azikhulule "kuma-bond bonds". Wayengomunye wamavolontiya okuqala ukuya phambili. Yize ubaba wayephikisana nesinqumo esinjalo sendodana yakhe, kulokhu le nsizwa ikhombise ukuqina futhi ayizange iyekethise ezinkolelweni zayo.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi uHess wabe esetshela uyise le nkulumo elandelayo: "Namuhla, ama-oda anikezwa osomabhizinisi, kepha amasosha." Ngaphambili, wazibonakalisa njengomuntu onamaqhawe wokudubula nomuntu ohamba ngezinyawo. Wabamba iqhaza ezimpini ezinzima kakhulu, ephindaphinda ethola ukulimala kanzima.
Ngo-Okthoba 1917, uRudolf Hess wakhushulelwa esikhundleni sokuba ngu-lieutenant, ngemuva kwalokho wadlulela embuthweni wezempi waseJalimane. Usebenze ebuthweni lezempi futhi wanikezwa iziqu zesibili i-Iron Cross.
Impi yaba nomthelela omubi enhlalakahleni yezinto ezibonakalayo zomkhaya. Kuthathwe ibhizinisi likaHess Sr, okwenza kwaba nzima ukuthi akwazi ukunakekela umkakhe nezingane. Omakadebona bempi babenelungelo lokuthola imfundo yamahhala. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, uRudolph wangena eNyuvesi yaseMunich njengesazi sezomnotho, lapho aba ngumngane noHermann Goering.
Umsebenzi wezepolitiki
Ngo-1919, uHess waya emhlanganweni weThule Society, umphakathi wezomlingo nowezombangazwe waseJalimane. Lapha ukuphakanyiswa komjaho wama-Aryan ngaphezu kwabanye kwaxoxwa futhi kwathethelelwa, kanye nokulwa nobuJuda nobuzwe. Lokho akuzwa emihlanganweni kwabuthonya ngokungathi sína ubuntu bakhe.
Emva kwesikhathi esithile, uRudolph wahlangana no-Adolf Hitler onekhono, owenza into engacimeki kuye. Ngokushesha la madoda athola ulimi olufanayo phakathi kwawo.
UHess wakhuthazeka kakhulu ngezinkulumo zikaHitler ezazinolaka kangangokuba walandela ngokoqobo ezithendeni zakhe futhi wayekulungele ukunikela ngokuphila kwakhe ngenxa yakhe. NgoNovemba 1923, amaNazi azama ukuthatha amandla, okwangena emlandweni njengeBeer Putsch.
Kodwa-ke, ukuvukela umbuso kwacindezelwa, futhi abaningi babahleli bawo nabahlanganyeli baboshwa. Ngenxa yalokho, uHitler noHess baboshwa ejele laseLandsberg. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi kwakulapha lapho inhloko yesikhathi esizayo yoMbuso Wesithathu yabhala iningi lencwadi yakhe ethi "Ukulwa Kwami".
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi iziboshwa zigcinwe ezimweni eziphansi kakhulu. Isibonelo, babengahlangana etafuleni baxoxe ngezihloko zepolitiki. Phakathi nalezi zingxoxo, uRudolph waqala ukuthanda uHitler nakakhulu. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi nguHess owabhala phansi izahluko eziningi zeMy Struggle, waphinde waba ngumhleli wencwadi.
NgoJanuwari 1925, iziboshwa zadedelwa. URudolph wanxusa u-Adolf ukuba abe unobhala wakhe. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela, ngaphezu kwemisebenzi yakhe eqondile, uHess futhi wanakekela ukudla komphathi wakhe kanye nenqubo ejwayelekile. Ababhali bomlando womuntu bathi ngokuyinhloko kwaba ngenxa yakhe ukuthi ngo-1933 uFuhrer waba yinhloko yezwe.
Lapho amaNazi eqala ukubusa, uHitler wabeka uRudolf isekela lakhe lokuqala. UHess ufundise amalungu eqembu lakhe ukuthi aqondise ubukhali, waphinde wanxusa ukuthi kuliwe nokubhema nokuphuza. Wabuye wanqabela amaNazi ukuba nobudlelwano obusondele namaJuda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wabashushisa laba bantu, okwaholela ekuveleni kwemithetho yezinhlanga zaseNuremberg (1935).
Minyaka yonke, i-Third Reich yaphenduka izwe eliya ngokulwa futhi linamandla kwezomnotho. UFuehrer wamemezela isidingo sokunqoba izindawo ezintsha, yingakho amaNazi aqala ukulungiselela iMpi Yezwe II (1939-1945).
Umholi waseJalimane wayebheke iBrithani njengomlingani onokwethenjelwa, ngakho-ke wanikela abaseBrithani ukuthi basayine isivumelwano: IJalimane kufanele ithole ukubusa eYurophu, futhi iBrithani kufanele ibuyise amakoloni aseJalimane. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi amaNazi abheka izakhamizi zase-United Kingdom njengabantu abathandanayo "base-Aryan".
Izingxoxo zifinyelele kwangqingetshe, ngemuva kwalokho uRudolf Hess wakhulelwa "Umsebenzi Wokuthula". NgoMeyi 10, 1941, wandizela ngasese eScotland, ngenhloso yokucela ukusekelwa abaseBrithani. Ngabasizi bakhe, wacela ukwazisa uHitler ngesenzo sakhe ngemuva kokushiya kwakhe iGerman.
Lapho efika ogwini olusentshonalanga yeScotland, waqala ukubheka umugqa wokufika, owawumakwe ebalazweni. Kodwa-ke, lapho engamtholi, wanquma ukukhipha.
Ngesikhathi seqa ngeparachute, uRudolf Hess washaya iqakala lakhe kanzima emsileni wendiza, ngenxa yalokho waquleka. Wafika kuye ngemuva kokufika, ezungezwe amasosha.
Lapho uFuehrer etshelwa ngokwenzekile, kwamthukuthelisa kakhulu. Isenzo sikaHess sokunganaki sabeka engcupheni ukuxhumana okusungulwe nabalingani. UHitler owayethukuthele wabiza uRudolph ngokuthi uhlanya futhi uyimbuka eJalimane.
"Umsebenzi wokuthula" womshayeli wendiza kwakungukuncenga uChurchill ukuthi enze isivumelwano noMbuso Wesithathu, kodwa lutho. Ngenxa yalokho, izenzo zikaHess zazingasizi ngalutho ngokuphelele.
Isiphetho nokulingwa
Ngemuva kokuboshwa kwakhe, uRudolph waphenywa ngemibuzo cishe iminyaka engu-4. Ngalesi sikhathi somlando wakhe, isiboshwa sazama ukuzibulala amahlandla amathathu futhi saqala ukukhombisa izimpawu zokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ngenkathi eyiswa enkantolo eNuremberg, wayese-amnesia.
Ngo-Okthoba 1946, amajaji agweba uHess udilikajele, emsola ngamacala amaningi abucayi. Ngemuva konyaka, waboshwa ejele laseSpandau.
Eminyakeni yama-60s, izihlobo zikaRudolf zaphikelela ukuthi akhululwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Baphikisana nokuthi uyisisulu sezimo nokuthi uboshwe ezimweni ezinzima.
Inkantolo yenqabile ukudedela uHess. Kodwa-ke, isiboshwa uqobo asizange silwele ukukhululwa ngale ndlela, sithi: "Ukuhlonishwa kwami kungaphezulu kwenkululeko yami." Kuze kube sekupheleni kwempilo yakhe, wahlala ethembekile kuHitler futhi akazange avume icala lakhe.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ekupheleni kuka-1927, uRudolf Hess washada no-Ilse Prel. Wayemthanda kakhulu umkakhe waze wambhalela nezinkondlo. Yize kunjalo, encwadini ayibhalela umngani wakhe, u-Ilsa wathi umyeni wakhe wayenza kabi emishadweni yakhe.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi kulo mshado ingane yokuqala nokuwukuphela kwayo, uWolf Rüdiger Hess, yazalwa eminyakeni eyi-10 kuphela ngemuva komshado wabashadikazi. Abantu besikhathi sikaHess basola amaNazi ngokuba yisitabane. Kodwa-ke, ngabe bekunzima ngempela ukusho lokho.
Ukufa
URudolf Hess wazibulala ngomhlaka 17 Agasti 1987 ngokuzilengisa esitokisini sejele. Ngesikhathi sokushona kwakhe, wayeneminyaka engama-93 ubudala. Kuze kube ngu-2011, isidumbu samaNazi sasiphume emathuneni amaLuthela, kodwa ngemuva kokuphela kokuqashwa kwesiza somhlaba, izinsalela zikaHess zashiswa, nomlotha wasakazeka phezu kolwandle.
Isithombe nguRudolf Hess
