UBobby Fischer

URobert James (UBobby) Fisher (1943-2008) - Ugogo omkhulu waseMelika nompetha we-chess emhlabeni we-11. Ngokusho kwe-informator ye-Šahovski, ungumdlali we-chess onamandla kunabo bonke bekhulu lama-20.

Lapho eneminyaka engu-13 waba ngumqhudelwano we-chess wase-US, eneminyaka engu-14 wawina ubuqhawe babantu abadala, eneminyaka engu-15 waba ngugogo omkhulu kunabo bonke ngesikhathi sakhe futhi walwela ubuqhawe bomhlaba wonke.

Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaBobby Fischer, esizokhuluma ngayo kulesi sihloko.

Ngakho-ke, nayi i-biography emfushane kaRobert James Fisher.

UBobby Fischer biography

UBobby Fischer wazalwa ngoMashi 9, 1943 eChicago. Unina, uRegina Wender, wayengumJuda waseSwitzerland. Ubaba kakhokho omkhulu ngokusemthethweni yisazi sezinto eziphilayo esingumJuda kanye nomKhomanisi uHans-Gerhard Fischer, owathuthela e-USSR.

Kukhona inguqulo yokuthi ubaba wangempela kaBobby wayengusolwazi wezibalo ongumJuda uPaul Nemenyi, owadlala indima enkulu ekukhuliseni umfana.

Ubuntwana nentsha

Ngemuva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe II (1939-1945), umama nezingane zakhe, uBobby noJoan, bahlala edolobheni laseMelika iBrooklyn. Lapho umfana eneminyaka engu-6 ubudala, udadewabo wamfundisa ukudlala i-chess.

UFischer wasungula ngokushesha isipho semvelo salo mdlalo webhodi, aqhubeka nokuthuthukisa. Ingane yayikhathazeka ngokweqile nge-chess, ngakho-ke yayeka ukuxhumana nabafana. Wayekwazi ukuxhumana kuphela nalabo abakwaziyo ukudlala i-chess, futhi kwakungekho okunjalo phakathi kontanga yakhe.

Umama wethuka kakhulu ngokuziphatha kwendodana yakhe, eyayichitha sonke isikhathi ebhodini. Owesifazane uze wakhangisa ephephandabeni, ezama ukuthola abaphikisi bendodana yakhe, kodwa akekho oyiphendulile.

UBobby Fischer washeshe wajoyina iklabhu ye-chess. Lapho eneminyaka engu-10, wabamba iqhaza emqhudelwaneni wakhe wokuqala, ekwazile ukunqoba zonke izimbangi.

UBobby wayenenkumbulo emangazayo eyamsiza ukuthi afunde i-chess theory futhi aqhamuke nezinhlanganisela zakhe. Wayengakuthandi ukuya esikoleni ngoba wamemezela ukuthi akukho okufundiswa lapho. Lona osemusha uthe othisha bayiziphukuphuku nokuthi ngabantu besilisa kuphela abangaba othisha.

Ukuphela kwegunya esikhungweni semfundo sikaFischer kwakunguthisha wezemfundo yomzimba, ayedlala naye i-chess ngezikhathi ezithile.

Eminyakeni engu-15, wanquma ukushiya isikole, ngenxa yalokho waba nehlazo elibi nonina. Ngenxa yalokho, umama wamshiyela ifulethi futhi wayohlala kwenye indawo.

Ngenxa yalokho, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, uBobby Fischer waqala ukuhlala yedwa. Uqhubekile nokufunda izincwadi ze-chess, ethanda lo mdlalo kuphela.

Chess

Lapho uBobby Fischer eneminyaka engu-13 ubudala, waba yi-US Junior Chess Champion. Ngemuva konyaka, wawina umpetha wabadala, waba ngumpetha omncane kunabo bonke emlandweni wezwe.

Ngokushesha uBobby wabona ukuthi kwakudingeka azigcine ephilile. Ngalesi sizathu, waqala ukudlala ithenisi nokubhukuda, kanye nokushibilika eqhweni nokushushuluza eqhweni. Ngemuva kokuphumelela okukhulu kobuqhawe baseMelika, i-American Chess Federation yavuma ukuthi le nsizwa yaya kulo mqhudelwano eYugoslavia.

Lapha uFischer uthathe izindawo ezingama-5-6 kokuma, okwamvumela ukuthi afeze okujwayelekile kwe-GM. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngale ndlela waba ugogo omkhulu kunabo bonke emlandweni we-chess - iminyaka engu-15.5.

Phakathi kwabadlali be-chess baseSoviet, uBobby Fischer wayevame ukudlala noTigran Petrosyan. Sebebonke badlale imidlalo engama-27 bodwa. Futhi yize Petrosyan anqoba umdlalo wokuqala, umgijimi waseSoviet wamemezela obala ithalente elingenakuphikwa le-prodigy yaseMelika.

Ngo-1959, le nsizwa yadlala okokuqala ngqa kwi-World Chess Championship eYugoslavia, kodwa umdlalo wayo waba buthakathaka. Kodwa-ke, lezi zingqinamba zamcasula uBobby kuphela. Waqala ukuzilungiselela ngokungathi sína ngokwengeziwe ngale midlalo futhi kungekudala wawina ukunqoba okuningana okukhazimulayo emincintiswaneni yamazwe omhlaba.

Ngesikhathi se-biography ka-1960-1962. UFischer waba ngumnqobi wemiqhudelwano yamazwe omhlaba amahlandla ama-4, waba ngophambili e-Chess Olympiad eLeipzig, waphinde wanqoba nemidlalo eminingi emiqhudelwaneni yamaqembu.

Ngo-1962, uBobby wehluleka kwi-World Championship Candidates Tournament elandelayo - indawo yesi-4. Ebuyela ezweni lakubo, wasola esidlangalaleni abadlali be-chess baseSoviet abasolwa ngokudlala imidlalo yenkontileka phakathi kwabo, bezama ukuvimbela abafakizicelo abavela kwamanye amazwe ukuthi bafike kuqala.

UFischer uphinde wengeza ukuthi ngeke abambe iqhaza emincintiswaneni emikhulu kuze kube ngumzuzu lapho i-FIDE isemthethweni uhlelo lomdlalo - ukuqedwa. Ngokubhikisha, iminyaka emithathu elandelayo, akazange abambe iqhaza emiqhudelwaneni yamazwe omhlaba. Kamuva, lo msubathi uvumile ukuthi yena uqobo nguye osolwa ngokwehlulwa kwakhe.

Engxenyeni yesibili yama-60s, uBobby wafinyelela ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu ze-chess, waba ngomunye wabadlali abanamandla emhlabeni. Wathola imiklomelo emiqhudelwaneni emikhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abantu abaningi abamkhumbuli nje njengomdlali ohlakaniphile, kodwa futhi njengomuntu oxabanayo.

Ngobusuku obandulela umdlalo othile, uFischer angafuna ukuthi umdlalo uhlelelwe olunye usuku. Noma umfana wavuma ukuqala umdlalo hhayi ngaphambi kuka-4: 00 ntambama ngoba nje wayejwayele ukuvuka ebusuku. Futhi, abahleli kwakudingeka babhukhe kuphela amakamelo e-deluxe emahhotela.

Ngaphambi kokuqala kwempi, uBobby ubheke ukuthi ibhodi likhanyiswe kanjani. Wabeka ipensela lakhe waqonda kulo maqede wabheka etafuleni. Uma aqaphela isithunzi, umdlali we-chess ukhulume ngokukhanya okunganele. Njengomthetho, wayephuzile kuyo yonke imincintiswano, abaphikisi bakhe ababejwayele ukuyenza.

Futhi nokho, ngenxa "yokuthanda kwakhe" kungenzeka ukuthi kuthuthukiswe kakhulu ikhwalithi yomncintiswano. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abawinile bathola imali ephakeme kakhulu. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi uFischer wake wathi: "Noma ngabe uMuhammad Ali ucele kangakanani ngempi yakhe elandelayo, ngizofuna okungaphezulu."

Omunye wemidlalo edume kakhulu ku-biography kaFischer wadlalwa ngo-1972. UBobby Fischer noBoris Spassky bahlangabeza isicoco somhlaba. Njengenjwayelo, nangaphambi kokuqala komhlangano, owaseMelika uzishintshe kaninginingi izimfuno zakhe, esabisa ngokuwuyeka umdlalo uma izifiso zakhe zingafinyelelwanga.

Ngokokuqala ngqa emlandweni we-chess, ngesicelo sikaFischer, imali yomklomelo yaba irekhodi lamaRandi angama-250 000. Ngenxa yalokho, owaseMelika wakwazi ukunqoba umgijimi waseSoviet futhi waba yiqhawe lesizwe ezweni lakhe. Lapho efika e-United States, uMongameli uRichard Nixon wayefuna ukuhlangana naye, kepha umdlali we-chess wenqaba ukuhlangana.

Osaziwayo abaningi bomhlaba bafuna ubungane naye, kepha uBobby wakhetha ukuxhumana nabantu abaseduze kuphela. Wamenywa ezinhlelweni nasemicimbini eyahlukahlukene, elandela ngokoqobo ezithendeni zakhe. Lokhu kuholele ekutheni le ndoda ibeke imali nganoma yikuphi ukubamba iqhaza kunoma yimuphi umcimbi:

ngokufunda incwadi - $ 1000;
ukukhuluma ngocingo - $ 2500;
ngomhlangano womuntu siqu - $ 5000;
ngenhlolokhono - $ 25,000.

Ngokushesha uFischer wayeka ukuvela emphakathini, ekhala ngokukhathala ngokweqile. Ngo-1975, waphinde wethusa umphakathi womhlaba. Umdlali we-chess wenqabe ukuhlanganyela emqhudelwaneni wezwe, ngenxa yalokho ukunqoba kwafika ku-Anatoly Karpov.

Ngokwenguqulo ethembeke kakhulu, umMelika wenqabile ngoba abagqugquzeli abavumanga ukufeza izidingo zakhe maqondana nokuziphatha kwempi. Lokhu kungahloniphi kwabamba uFischer, ngemuva kwalokho wathembisa ukuthi ngeke aphinde adlale i-chess.

Le ndoda ayizange isishintshe isinqumo sayo kwaze kwaba ngu-1992. Emqhudelwaneni owawuphinda ukuthengiselana noBoris Spassky, uBobby avumelana nawo kungalindelekile, iziphathimandla zase-US zacubungula ukwephulwa komthetho wamazwe omhlaba. Lo msubathi wasatshiswa ngeminyaka eyishumi ebhadla ejele, kepha weza kulo mdlalo.

Ngemuva kokwehlula uSpassky, uFischer wazithola esesimweni esinzima. Manje akakwazanga ukubuyela eMelika, yingakho endizele eHungary, wasuka lapho waya ePhilippines. Kamuva wahlala eJapane isikhathi eside.

UBobby Fischer uvame ukugxeka inqubomgomo yase-US, okusolwa ukuthi yayiphethwe amaJuda ngokuphelele. Wayengumuntu olwa namaSemite, owayemangalela amaJuda kaningi ngamacala ahlukahlukene. Ngasekupheleni kuka-2003, uhulumeni wase-US wabuphuca ubuzwe bakhe. Utshani lokugcina lokubekezela kwabaseMelika kwaba ukugunyazwa komdlali we-chess ngezenzo ze-al-Qaeda nokuhlaselwa kuka-9/11.

Ngemuva kwalokho, i-Iceland yavuma ukwamukela umbaleki. Lapha uBobby wayesabiza iMelika namaJuda ngokubi. Uphinde wakhuluma kabi ngabadlali be-chess baseSoviet. Ikakhulukazi uGarry Kasparov no-Anatoly Karpov bakutholile. UFischer ubize uKasparov ngesigebengu, ethi izimpi zika-1984-1985. bakhohliswa izinsizakalo ezikhethekile zaseSoviet.

Impilo yomuntu siqu

Ngo-1990, umdlali we-chess waseHungary, uPetra Rajchani, wabhalela isithixo sakhe incwadi, eyafundwa nguFischer ngemuva konyaka kuphela. Lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi intombazane yathuthela kuye e-United States. Abantu abasha bahlangana iminyaka engu-2, ngemuva kwalokho banquma ukuhamba.

URaichani wayengasakwazi ukubekezelela isimilo sokuqina sothandekayo. Ngemuva kwalokho, uBobby akazange ahlangane ngokujulile nanoma ngubani cishe iminyaka eyishumi. Ngemuva kokuthuthela eJapan, wahlangana nomdlali we-chess wendawo ogama lakhe linguMieko Watai. Le ntombazane yahlala isondelene nale ndoda, noma ngabe yayinezinkinga ezingokwengqondo.

UWatai uphinde wasabela ngokuthula ezindlebeni zokuthi uBobby unendodakazi engekho emthethweni ePhilippines, owazalwa ngemuva kokusondelana noMarilyn Young. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA okwenziwe ngemuva kokushona komdlali we-chess akuqinisekisanga ubaba kaFischer.

Lezi zithandani zashada ngo-2004 ejele, lapho uBobby agcina khona ngemuva kokuzama ukushiya umbuso ephethe amaphepha omgunyathi. Ngendlela, uchithe izinyanga eziyi-8 ejele.

Ukufa

UBobby Fischer ushone ngoJanuwari 17, 2008 eneminyaka engama-64. Isizathu sokufa komsubathi okhaliphile kwaba ukwehluleka kwezinso. Odokotela bathembisa kaningi le ndoda ukuthi izohlinzwa, kodwa ibinqaba njalo.