U-Alexander Nikolaevich Radishchev - Umbhali weprozi waseRussia, imbongi, isazi sefilosofi, ilungu leKhomishini Yokubhalwa Kwemithetho ngaphansi kuka-Alexander 1. Uthole ukuthandwa okukhulu kakhulu ngenxa yencwadi yakhe eyinhloko "Uhambo olusuka eSt. Petersburg luya eMoscow".
I-biography ka-Alexander Radishchev igcwele amaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ngempilo yakhe yomphakathi.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane ka-Alexander Radishchev.
Umlando ka-Alexander Radishchev
U-Alexander Radishchev wazalwa ngo-Agasti 20 (31), 1749 edolobhaneni laseVerkhnee Ablyazovo. Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini omkhulu onezingane eziyi-11.
Ubaba walo mbhali, uNikolai Afanasyevich, wayeyindoda efundile nezinikele eyazi izilimi ezi-4. Umama, uFekla Savvichna, wayevela emndenini ohloniphekile wama-Argamakovs.
Ubuntwana nentsha
U-Alexander Radishchev wachitha bonke ubuntwana bakhe esigodini saseNemtsovo, esifundazweni saseKaluga, lapho kwakukhona ifa likayise.
Umfana wafunda ukufunda nokubhala kwi-Psalter, futhi wafunda nesiFulentshi, esasidumile ngaleso sikhathi.
Eminyakeni engu-7 ubudala, u-Alexander wathunyelwa ngabazali bakhe eMoscow, ngaphansi kwesandla sikamalume wakhe ongumama. Endlini ka-Argamakovs, wafunda isayensi ehlukahlukene kanye nezingane zikamalume wakhe.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi umfundisi waseFrance, owabaleka ezweni lakubo ngenxa yokushushiswa kwezepolitiki, wayebandakanyeka ekukhuliseni izingane. Ngaleso sikhathi se-biography yakhe, ngaphansi kwethonya lolwazi olutholakele, osemusha waqala ukuzikhulumela ngokukhululeka.
Esefinyelele eminyakeni yobudala eyi-13, ngemuva nje kokugcotshwa kukaCatherine II, uRadishchev wahlonishwa ngokuba phakathi kwamakhasi ombuso.
Ngokushesha le nsizwa yakhonza indlovukazi emicimbini eyahlukahlukene. Eminyakeni emi-4 kamuva, u-Alexander, kanye nezikhulu ezingama-11 ezisencane, bathunyelwa eJalimane ukuyofundela ubugqwetha.
Ngalesi sikhathi, i-biography uRadishchev ukwazile ukukhulisa kakhulu ama-horizons akhe. Ukubuyela eRussia, abantu abasha babheka ikusasa ngentshiseko futhi bazama ukukhonza ukuze kuzuze izwe lobaba.
Izincwadi
U-Alexander Radishchev waba nentshisekelo yokubhala ngenkathi eseJalimane. Ngesinye isikhathi eSt. Petersburg, wahlangana nomnikazi wendawo yokushicilela yeZhivopisets, lapho indatshana yakhe yashicilelwa khona kamuva.
Endabeni yakhe, uRadishchev uchaze impilo edabukisayo yasemaphandleni ngemibala, futhi futhi akazange akhohlwe ukusho serfdom. Umsebenzi wabangela ukuthukuthela okukhulu phakathi kwezikhulu, kodwa isazi sefilosofi saqhubeka nokubhala nokuhumusha izincwadi.
Umsebenzi wokuqala owashicilelwa u-Alexander Radishchev washicilelwa ekusakazweni okungaziwa.
Lo msebenzi wawubizwa nge- "The Life of Fyodor Vasilyevich Ushakov ngokufakwa kweminye yemisebenzi yakhe." Yanikezelwa kumngane kaRadishchev e-University of Leipzig.
Le ncwadi ibuye iqukethe imibono nezitatimende eziningi eziphikisana nemibono yombuso.
Ngo-1789 uRadishchev wanquma ukwethula kwababhalayo umbhalo wesandla othi "Ukuhamba usuka eSt. Petersburg uya eMoscow", okuzomlethela inkazimulo nosizi olukhulu ngokuzayo.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ekuqaleni abahloli bezinto ababengaboni lutho oluvukela umsebenzi, bekholelwa ukuthi le ncwadi ibiyisiqondisi esilula. Ngakho-ke, ngenxa yokuthi ikhomishini yayivila kakhulu ukuthi ingangena ekuchazeni okujulile kwe "Travel", le ndaba yavunyelwa ukuthi ithunyelwe ukuze iphrintwe.
Kodwa-ke, ayikho indlu yokunyathelisa eyayifuna ukushicilela lo msebenzi. Ngenxa yalokho, u-Alexander Radishchev, kanye nabantu abanomqondo ofanayo, baqala ukuphrinta incwadi ekhaya.
Amanani okuqala eTravel athengiswa khona manjalo. Umsebenzi wabangela isiyaluyalu esikhulu emphakathini futhi ngokushesha waphelela ezandleni zikaCatherine the Great.
Lapho indlovukazi ifunda le ndaba, yaqokomisa amabinzana amabi kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, lonke uhlelo lwathathwa lwashiswa ngomlilo.
Ngokomyalo ka-Ekaterina Radishchev waboshwa, futhi kamuva wathunyelwa ekudingisweni e-Irkutsk Ilimsk. Kodwa-ke, lapho waqhubeka nokubhala futhi wazindla ngezinkinga zemvelo yomuntu.
Imisebenzi yomphakathi kanye nokudingiswa
Ngaphambi kwehlazo elihambisana nokushicilelwa kweTravel kusuka eSt. Petersburg kuya eMoscow, u-Alexander Radishchev wabamba izikhundla eziphakeme ezahlukahlukene.
Le ndoda yasebenza iminyaka emnyangweni wezohwebo nezimboni, yabe isidlulela emasikweni, lapho eminyakeni eyishumi yaphakama yaba yinduna.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngemuva kokuboshwa, uRadishchev akazange aliphike icala lakhe. Kodwa-ke, kwamxaka ukuthi ugwetshwe intambo, okumbeka icala lokuvukela umbuso.
Lo mbhali uphinde wasolwa ngezinsolo "zokungenelela empilweni yenkosi." URadishchev wasindiswa ekufeni nguCatherine, owashintsha lesi sigwebo ngokudingiselwa iminyaka eyishumi eSiberia.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Eminyakeni yomlando wakhe, u-Alexander Radishchev wayeshade kabili.
Umkakhe wokuqala kwaba Anna Rubanovskaya. Kule nyunyana, babenezingane eziyisithupha, ezimbili zazo ezashona ziseyizinsana.
URubanovskaya ushone ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kwakhe kwesithupha ngo-1783 eneminyaka engama-31.
Lapho lo mbhali onamahloni ethunyelwa ekudingisweni, udadewabo omncane womkakhe ongasekho ogama lakhe lingu-Elizabeth waqala ukubheka izingane. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, le ntombazane yafika eRadishchev e-Ilimsk, ihamba nezingane zayo ezimbili - u-Ekaterina noPavel.
Ekudingisweni, u-Elizabeth no-Alexander baqala ukuhlala njengendoda nenkosikazi. Kamuva baba nomfana namantombazane amabili.
Ngo-1797 u-Alexander Nikolaevich waba umfelwa okwesibili. Lapho ebuya ekudingisweni, u-Elizaveta Vasilyevna wabanjwa umkhuhlane endleleni entwasahlobo ka-1797 futhi washonela eTobolsk.
Iminyaka edlule nokufa
URadishchev wakhululwa ekudingisweni ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Ngo-1796, uPaul I, owaziwa ukuthi wayenobudlelwano obubi nomama wakhe uCatherine II, wayesesihlalweni sobukhosi.
Umbusi, naphezu kukanina, wayala ukuthi kukhululwe u-Alexander Radishchev. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi isazi sefilosofi sathola ushwele ophelele nokubuyiselwa kwamalungelo aso ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Alexander I ngo-1801.
Ngaleso sikhathi se-biography yakhe, uRadishchev wazinza eSt. Petersburg, wakha imithetho kwikhomishini efanele.
U-Alexander Nikolaevich Radishchev ushone ngoSepthemba 12 (24), 1802 eneminyaka engama-53. Kwakunamahemuhemu ahlukahlukene ngezizathu zokufa kwakhe. Bathi uzibulale ngokuphuza ushevu.
Kodwa-ke, akucaci ukuthi umufi angaba kanjani nenkonzo yomngcwabo esontweni, ngoba ku-Orthodoxy bayenqaba ukwenza inkonzo yomngcwabo wokuzibulala futhi benza noma yimiphi eminye imicikilisho yomngcwabo.
Umbhalo osemthethweni uthi uRadishchev ubulawe wukudla.
