Alexander Fridman

Alexander Alexandrovich Fridman (1888-1925) - Isazi sezibalo saseRussia naseSoviet, isazi sefiziksi nesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba, umsunguli wesayensi yemvelo yanamuhla, umbhali wemodeli yokuqala engeyona eyokuma yomlando we-Universe (Friedman's Universe).

Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography ka-Alexander Fridman, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.

Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane ka-Alexander Alexandrovich Fridman.

Umlando ka-Alexander Fridman

U-Alexander Fridman wazalwa ngoJuni 4 (16), 1888 eSt. Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini onobuciko. Uyise, u-Alexander Alexandrovich, wayengumdansi nomqambi we-ballet, nomama wakhe, uLyudmila Ignatievna, wayenguthisha womculo.

Ubuntwana nentsha

Inhlekelele yokuqala ku-biography kaFriedman yenzeke eneminyaka engu-9, lapho abazali bakhe benquma ukuhlukanisa. Ngemuva kwalokho wakhulela emndenini omusha kababa wakhe, nasemindenini kayisemkhulu nobabekazi wakhe. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi waqala kabusha ubudlelwano nonina ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe.

Isikhungo sokuqala semfundo ka-Alexander kwaba yisikhungo sokuvivinya iSt. Petersburg. Kulapha lapho aqala khona ukuthanda kakhulu isayensi yezinkanyezi, efunda imisebenzi eyahlukahlukene kulo mkhakha.

Ekuphakameni kwenguquko ka-1905, uFriedman wajoyina iNhlangano Yezenhlalakahle Yasenyakatho Nenhlalo Yezenhlalo. Ikakhulu, waphrinta amapheshana abhekiswe emphakathini jikelele.

U-Yakov Tamarkin, isazi sezibalo esidumile kanye nephini likamongameli we-American Mathematical Society, wafunda ekilasini elifanayo no-Alexander. Kwakheka ubungani obuqinile phakathi kwalezi zinsizwa, ngoba zaziboshwe yizintshisekelo ezifanayo. Ekwindla ka-1905, babhala i-athikili yesayensi, eyathunyelwa kwenye yezindlu ezigunyaza kakhulu zokushicilela zesayensi eJalimane - "Izibalo Zembalo".

Lo msebenzi wawunikelwe izinombolo zikaBernoulli. Ngenxa yalokho, ngonyaka olandelayo umagazini waseJalimane washicilela incwadi yabafundi baseRussia yokuzivocavoca. Ngo-1906, uFridman waphothula iziqu zakhe e-gymnasium, ngemuva kwalokho wangena eSt. Petersburg University, e-Faculty of Physics and Mathematics.

Ngemuva kokuphothula eyunivesithi, u-Alexander Alexandrovich wasala eMnyangweni Wezibalo, ukulungiselela iziqu zobuprofesa. Eminyakeni emithathu eyalandela, waqhuba amakilasi asebenzayo, wafundisa futhi waqhubeka nokufunda izibalo ne-physics.

Umsebenzi weSayensi

Ngenkathi uFridman eneminyaka engaba ngu-25 ubudala, wanikezwa indawo e-Aerological Observatory, eseduze kwaseSt. Ngemuva kwalokho waqala ukucwaninga ngokujulile nge-aerology.

Inhloko ye-Observatory ibonge amakhono kasosayensi osemncane futhi yammema ukuthi afunde ngesimo sezulu esinamandla.

Ngenxa yalokho, ekuqaleni kuka-1914 u-Alexander wathunyelwa eJalimane ukuyoqeqeshelwa umsebenzi wesazi sezulu esidumile uWilhelm Bjerknes, umbhali wenkolelo yezingqimba emkhathini. Kungakapheli izinyanga ezimbalwa, uFriedman wandiza emikhumulweni yezindiza, ngaleso sikhathi eyayithandwa kakhulu.

Lapho kugqashuka iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala (1914-1918), isazi sezibalo sanquma ukujoyina umbutho wezindiza. Eminyakeni emithathu eyalandela, wandiza uchungechunge lwemishini yokulwa, lapho engazange ahlanganyele kuphela ezimpini zesitha, kodwa futhi wenza ukuhlonishwa kwasemoyeni.

Ngemisebenzi yakhe eya ezweni lobaba, u-Alexander Alexandrovich Fridman waba nguK Knight waseSt George, enikezwe izingalo zegolide kanye ne-Order of St. Vladimir.

Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi umshayeli wendiza wenza amatafula wokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu. Uvivinye mathupha zonke izimpi zakhe ezimpini.

Ekupheleni kwempi, uFriedman wahlala eKiev, lapho afundisa khona e-Military School of Observer Pilots. Ngalesi sikhathi, washicilela umsebenzi wokuqala wezemfundo wokuhamba emoyeni. Ngasikhathi sinye, wakhonza njengenhloko yeCentral Air Navigation Station.

U-Alexander Alexandrovich wakha inkonzo yezulu ngaphambili, eyasiza abezempi ukuthola isimo sezulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo wasungula ibhizinisi le-Aviapribor. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi eRussia kwakuyisitshalo sokuqala sokwenza amathuluzi endiza.

Ngemuva kokuphela kwempi, uFridman wasebenza e-Perm University esanda kusungulwa e-Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. Ngo-1920, wasungula iminyango emi-3 nezikhungo ezi-2 e-faculty - geophysical and mechanical. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, wavunyelwa isikhundla sokuba yisekela-mphathi weyunivesithi.

Ngalesi sikhathi se-biography, usosayensi wahlela umphakathi lapho kwafundwa khona izibalo kanye ne-physics. Ngokushesha, le nhlangano yaqala ukushicilela izindatshana zesayensi. Kamuva wasebenza ezikhungweni zokubuka ezahlukahlukene, futhi wafundisa abafundi ukuthi basebenzise i-aerodynamics, i-mechanics kanye nezinye izayensi ngqo.

U-Aleksandr Aleksandrovich ubalile amamodeli ama-athomu amaningi e-electron futhi wafunda okungajwayelekile kwe-adiabatic. Eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, wasebenza njengomhleli oyinhloko encwadini yesayensi ethi "Journal of Geophysics and Meteorology".

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uFriedman wathatha uhambo lwebhizinisi waya kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, waba yinhloko ye-Main Geophysical Observatory.

Impumelelo yesayensi

Phakathi nempilo yakhe emfushane, u-Alexander Fridman wakwazi ukuthola impumelelo ebonakalayo emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yesayensi. Waba umbhali wemisebenzi eminingi enikelwe emibuzweni yesimo sezulu eshukumisayo, i-hydrodynamics ye-fluid eguquguqukayo, i-physics yomkhathi, kanye ne-cosmology ehambisana nakho.

Ehlobo lika-1925, ubuhlakani baseRussia, kanye nomshayeli wendiza uPavel Fedoseenko, bandiza ebhaluni, bafinyelela ukuphakama kwerekhodi e-USSR ngaleso sikhathi - 7400 m! Wayengomunye wabokuqala owazi kahle futhi waqala ukufundisa i-tensor calculus, njengengxenye ebalulekile yohlelo lokuhlobana okujwayelekile.

UFriedman waba ngumbhali wencwadi yesayensi ethi "The World as Space and Time", eyasiza abantu bakubo ukuthi bajwayelane ne-physics entsha. Uthole ukuqashelwa komhlaba wonke ngemuva kokudala imodeli yendawo yonke engami, lapho abikezela khona ukwanda kwendawo yonke.

Izibalo zesazi se-physicist zikhombisile ukuthi imodeli ka-Einstein ye-Universe emile yajika yaba yicala elikhethekile, ngenxa yalokho waphikisa umbono wokuthi inkolelo-mbono ejwayelekile yokuhlobana idinga ukuphelela kwesikhala.

U-Alexander Alexandrovich Fridman ufakazele ukucabanga kwakhe maqondana neqiniso lokuthi i-Universe kufanele ibhekwe njengezimo ezahlukahlukene: i-Universe icindezelwe yaba iphuzu (ibe yize), ngemuva kwalokho iphinda ikhuphuke futhi ibe ngosayizi othile, bese iphinde iphenduke iphuzu, njll.

Eqinisweni, le ndoda yathi indawo yonke ingadalwa "ngaphandle kwento." Ngokushesha, impikiswano enkulu phakathi kukaFriedman no-Einstein yavela emakhasini eZeitschrift für Physik. Ekuqaleni, owokugcina wagxeka umbono kaFriedman, kodwa ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile waphoqeleka ukuba avume ukuthi isazi sefilosofi saseRussia sasinembile.

Impilo yomuntu siqu

Unkosikazi wokuqala ka-Alexander Fridman kwaba Ekaterina Dorofeeva. Ngemuva kwalokho, washada nentombazanyana uNatalia Malinina. Kule nyunyana, lo mbhangqwana waba nomfana, u-Alexander.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kamuva uNataliya wanikezwa iziqu zeDoctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wahola igatsha laseLeningrad le-Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere neRadio Wave Propagation ye-USSR Academy of Sciences.

Ukufa

Ngesikhathi sohambo lwakamuva langemva komshado nomkakhe, uFriedman wangenwa yisifo sofuba. Ubulawe ngumkhuhlane we-typhoid ongatholakali ngenxa yokwelashwa okungafanele. U-Alexander Alexandrovich Fridman ushone ngoSepthemba 16, 1925 eneminyaka engama-37.

Ngokusho kukasosayensi uqobo lwakhe, ubengangenwa i-typhus ngemuva kokudla ipheya elingageziwe elithengwe kwesinye seziteshi zesitimela.