U-Augusto José Ramon Pinochet Ugarte (1915-2006) - Isikhulu sikahulumeni waseChile nomholi wamasosha, ukaputeni jikelele. Wangena emandleni embusweni wamasosha ka-1973 owagumbuqela uhulumeni wobusoshiyali kaMongameli Salvador Allende.
UPinochet wayenguMongameli nomashiqela waseChile kusuka ngo-1974-1990. UMkhuzi Oyinhloko Wezempi ZaseChile (1973-1998).
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaPinochet, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane ka-Augusto Pinochet.
I-biography kaPinochet
U-Augusto Pinochet wazalwa ngoNovemba 25, 1915 edolobheni laseChile laseValparaiso. Uyise, u-Augusto Pinochet Vera, wayesebenza emasikweni ethekwini, kanti umama wakhe, u-Avelina Ugarte Martinez, wayebambe iqhaza ekukhuliseni izingane eziyisithupha.
Ngesikhathi esemncane, uPinochet wafunda esikoleni eSeminary yaseSt. Raphael, wafunda eMarista Catholic Institute nasesikoleni saseParish eValparaiso. Emva kwalokho, le nsizwa yaqhubeka nemfundo yayo esikoleni samantombazane, esathweswa iziqu ngo-1937.
Ngesikhathi se-biography ka-1948-1951. U-Augusto wafunda e-Higher Military Academy. Ngaphezu kokwenza umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu, wayebuye enze imisebenzi yokufundisa ezikhungweni zemfundo zamasosha.
Inkonzo yezempi kanye ne-coup
Ngo-1956, uPinochet wathunyelwa enhlokodolobha yase-Ecuadorian ukuyokwakha i-Military Academy. Wahlala e-Ecuador cishe iminyaka emithathu, ngemuva kwalokho wabuyela ekhaya. Ngokuzethemba le ndoda yanyusa isitebhisi somsebenzi, ngenxa yalokho yaphathiswa ukuhola isigaba sonke.
Kamuva, u-Augusto waphathiswa isikhundla sokuba yisekela lomqondisi we-Military Academy yaseSantiago, lapho afundisa khona abafundi i-geography ne-geopolitics. Ngokushesha wakhushulelwa esikhundleni sokuba ngu-brigadier general waqokelwa esikhundleni sokuba yi-intendant esifundazweni saseTarapaca.
Ngama-70s okuqala, uPinochet wayesevele ehola ibutho lamasosha enhlokodolobha, futhi ngemuva kokusula kukaCarlos Prats, wahola umbutho wezwe. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi uPrats wesula esikhundleni ngenxa yokushushiswa kwamasosha, okwakuhlelwe ngu-Augusto uqobo.
Ngaleso sikhathi, iChile yayigcwele imibhikisho eyayidlondlobala nsuku zonke. Ngenxa yalokho, ekupheleni kuka-1973, umbuso wamasosha wabanjwa lapho uPinochet adlala khona enye yezindima ezibalulekile.
Ngokusebenzisa amasosha ahamba ngezinyawo, izikhali kanye nokundiza, amavukelambuso adubula lapho kuhlala khona umongameli. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, umbutho wezempi wathi uhulumeni okhona awuhambisani noMthethosisekelo futhi uholela izwe kwalasha. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi lawo maphoyisa enqaba ukuxhasa lo mbhikisho agwetshwe intambo.
Ngemuva kokugumbuqelwa ngempumelelo kukahulumeni nokuzibulala kuka-Allende, kwasungulwa iqembu lamasosha, elihlanganisa u-Admiral José Merino nojenene abathathu - uGustavo Li Guzman, uCesar Mendoza no-Augusto Pinochet, ababemele umbutho wezempi.
Kuze kube nguDisemba 17, 1974, laba bobane babusa iChile, ngemuva kwalokho umbuso wadluliselwa kuPinochet, owaphula isivumelwano esasibekwe eqhulwini, waba yinhloko yombuso kuphela.
Indikimba ebusayo
Ukuthatha amandla ezandleni zakhe, u-Augusto kancane kancane wasusa bonke abaphikisana naye. Abanye baxoshwa nje, kanti abanye bafa ngaphansi kwezimo ezingaqondakali. Ngenxa yalokho, uPinochet empeleni waba ngumbusi wobushiqela, wanikezwa amandla amakhulu.
Le ndoda uqobo lwayo yadlulisa noma yaqeda imithetho, yabuye yakhetha amajaji ayithandayo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, iphalamende namaqembu ayeka ukubamba iqhaza ekuphathweni kwezwe.
U-Augusto Pinochet umemezele ukwethulwa komthetho wezempi ezweni, waphinde wathi isitha esikhulu samaChile ngamakhomanisi. Lokhu kwaholela ekucindezelweni okukhulu. EChile, kwamiswa izikhungo zokuhlushwa ngasese, futhi kwakhiwa amakamu amaningi okuhlushwa eziboshwa zezombusazwe.
Izinkulungwane zabantu zafa kunqubo "yokuhlanzwa". Ukubulawa kokuqala kwenzeka eNational Stadium eSantiago. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngokomyalelo kaPinochet, hhayi kuphela amakhomanisi nabaphikisi, kepha nezikhulu eziphezulu zabulawa.
Ngokuthakazelisayo, isisulu sokuqala kwakungu-General Carlos Prats ofanayo. Ekwindla ka-1974, yena nomkakhe baqhunyiswa emotweni yabo enhlokodolobha yase-Argentina. Ngemuva kwalokho, abaphathi bezobunhloli baseChile baqhubeka nokususa izikhulu ezibalekile emazweni ahlukahlukene, kubandakanya naseMelika.
Umnotho wezwe uthathe inkambo ebheke kuguquko kubudlelwano bezimakethe. Ngalesi sikhathi ku-biography yakhe, uPinochet wayefuna ukuthi iChile iguqulwe ibe yisimo sabanikazi, hhayi ama-proletarians. Enye yemishwana yakhe edumile ifundeka kanjena: "Kumele sinakekele abacebile ukuze banikele ngaphezulu."
Lezi zinguquko ziholele ekuhlelweni kabusha kohlelo lwempesheni kusuka ohlelweni lokukhokha njengoluya kuya kolukhokhelwayo. Ukunakekelwa kwezempilo nemfundo kwangena ezandleni ezizimele. Amafektri nezimboni ziwele ezandleni zabantu abazimele, okwaholela ekwandeni kwamabhizinisi nasekuqageleni okukhulu.
Ekugcineni, iChile yaba ngelinye lamazwe ampofu kakhulu, lapho kwanda khona ukungalingani kwezenhlalo. Ngo-1978, i-UN yasigxeka isenzo sikaPinochet ngokukhipha isinqumo esifanayo.
Ngenxa yalokhu, umashiqela wanquma ukubamba inhlolovo, lapho athola khona amavoti angama-75%. Ngakho-ke, u-Augusto wakhombisa umphakathi womhlaba wonke ukuthi unokwesekwa okukhulu ngabantu bakubo. Kodwa-ke, ochwepheshe abaningi bathi imininingwane ye-referendum yayingeyona.
Kamuva eChile, kwakhiwa umthethosisekelo omusha, lapho, phakathi kwezinye izinto, isikhathi sikamongameli saqala ukuba yiminyaka eyi-8, nethuba lokuphinde likhethwe. Konke lokhu kwavusa ulaka olukhulu phakathi kwabantu bakamongameli.
Ehlobo lika-1986, kwaba nesiteleka jikelele ezweni lonke, kwathi ekwindla ngawo lowo nyaka, kwenziwa umzamo ngempilo kaPinochet, ongaphumelelanga.
Ebhekene nokuphikisana okwandayo, umashiqela wenza ngokusemthethweni amaqembu ezombusazwe futhi wagunyaza ukhetho lukamongameli.
Kuleso sinqumo u-Augusto ngandlela thile waqhutshwa umhlangano noPapa John Paul II, owambizela kwinkululeko. Efuna ukuheha abavoti, umemezele ukwanda kwempesheni namaholo ezisebenzi, wanxusa osomabhizinisi ukuthi behlise amanani entengo yemikhiqizo ebalulekile, wabuye wathembisa abalimi amasheya omhlaba.
Kodwa-ke, lezi nezinye "izimpahla" zehlulekile ukufumbathisa abaseChile. Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-Okthoba 1988, u-Augusto Pinochet wasuswa esikhundleni sobumongameli. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, ongqongqoshe abayisishiyagalombili balahlekelwe izikhundla zabo, ngenxa yalokho kwahlanzwa kakhulu kuzinto zombuso.
Ngesikhathi ethula izinkulumo emsakazweni nakuma-TV, umashiqela wabheka imiphumela yevoti "njengephutha labantu baseChile," kodwa wathi uyayihlonipha intando yabo.
Ekuqaleni kuka-1990, uPatricio Aylvin Azokar waba ngumongameli omusha. Ngasikhathi sinye, uPinochet wasala njengomkhuzi wamasosha kwaze kwaba ngu-1998. Ngawo lowo nyaka, waboshwa okokuqala ngenkathi esemtholampilo waseLondon, kwathi ngemuva konyaka, isishayamthetho saphucwa amasosha omzimba futhi sabizwa ukuthi sizophendula ngamacala amaningi.
Ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-16 eboshelwe endlini, u-Augusto wasuswa eNgilandi wayiswa eChile, lapho kwavulwa khona icala lobugebengu owayebhekene nowayengumongameli. Ubebhekene necala lokubulala abantu abaningi, ukukhwabanisa, inkohlakalo nokushushumbisa izidakamizwa. Nokho ummangalelwa ushone ngaphambi kokuqala kwecala.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Unkosikazi womashiqela onegazi kwakunguLucia Iriart Rodriguez. Kulo mshado, lo mbhangqwana wawunamadodakazi ama-3 namadodana ama-2. Unkosikazi weseke ngokuphelele umyeni wakhe kwezepolitiki nakwezinye izindawo.
Ngemuva kokushona kukaPinochet, izihlobo zakhe zaboshwa kaningi ngokugcina imali nokubalekela intela. Ifa likajenene lalinganiselwa ezigidini ezingama-28 zamaRandi, kungabalwa umtapo wolwazi omkhulu, owawunezinkulungwane zezincwadi ezibalulekile.
Ukufa
Esontweni ngaphambi kokushona kwakhe, u-Augusto wahlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo esibi, okwaba yingozi kuye. U-Augusto Pinochet ushone ngoDisemba 10, 2006 eneminyaka engama-91. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi izinkulungwane zabantu zangena emigwaqweni yaseChile ezazibona ngomdlandla ukufa komuntu.
Kodwa-ke, kwakukhona abaningi ababekhala ngoPinochet. Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, isidumbu sakhe sishisiwe.
Izithombe zePinochet
