UFeliks Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky (1877-1926) - Inguquko yaseRussia yemvelaphi yasePoland, usopolitiki waseSoviet, oyinhloko yamakhomishana amaningi abantu, umsunguli nenhloko yeCheka.
Ngaba neziteketiso Insimbi Felix, "Red Executioner" futhi FD, kanye namabizo angaphansi komhlaba: uJacek, uJakub, Bookbinder, Franek, Astronomer, Jozef, Domansky.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography ka-Dzerzhinsky, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane kaFeliks Dzerzhinsky.
Biography Dzerzhinsky
UFeliks Dzerzhinsky wazalwa ngo-Agasti 30 (Septhemba 11), 1877 endaweni yomndeni yaseDzerzhinovo, esesifundazweni saseVilna (manje esifundeni saseMinsk eBelarus).
Wakhulela emndenini ocebile wezikhulu zasePoland u-Edmund-Rufin Iosifovich nomkakhe u-Helena Ignatievna. Umndeni Dzerzhinsky kwadingeka izingane 9, omunye wabo owafa esewusana.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Inhloko yomndeni wayengumnikazi wepulazi le-Dzerzhinovo. Isikhathi esithile wafundisa izibalo esikhungweni sokuvivinya umzimba saseTaganrog. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi phakathi kwabafundi bakhe kwakukhona umbhali odumile u-Anton Pavlovich Chekhov.
Abazali baqamba umfana ngokuthi nguFeliksi, okusho ukuthi "ujabule" ngesiLatini, ngesizathu.
Kwenzeka ukuthi ngobusuku bokubeletha, u-Helena Ignatievna wawela egumbini elingaphansi komhlaba, kepha wakwazi ukusinda futhi wazala indodana ephilile ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Lapho inguquko yesikhathi esizayo yayineminyaka engaba ngu-5 ubudala, uyise wabulawa yisifo sofuba. Ngenxa yalokho, umama kwadingeka akhulise izingane zakhe eziyisishiyagalombili eyedwa.
Ngiseyingane, Dzerzhinsky wayefuna ukuba abe umpristi - umpristi wamaKatolika, ngenxa yalokho wahlela ukungena esikoleni sokufundela ubufundisi.
Kepha amaphupho akhe abengahloselwe ukufezeka. Lapho eneminyaka engu-10, waba umfundi esikoleni sokuzivocavoca, lapho afunda khona iminyaka engu-8.
Engazi nakancane isiRashiya, uFeliks Dzerzhinsky wachitha iminyaka emibili ebangeni 1 kwathi ekupheleni kwebanga lesi-8 wakhululwa ngesitifiketi.
Kodwa-ke, isizathu sokusebenza kabi bekungekhona kangako amandla engqondo njengokuphikisana nothisha. Ngonyaka wokugcina wezifundo zakhe, wajoyina inhlangano yeLithuanian Social Democratic.
Umsebenzi wamavukelambuso
Kuthathwe yimibono yentando yeningi yezenhlalo, u-Dzerzhinsky oneminyaka engu-18 wafunda ngokuzimela iMarxism. Ngenxa yalokho, waba ngumsabalalisi wenkulumo-ze ovukelayo.
Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, lo mfana waboshwa futhi wathunyelwa ejele, lapho ahlala khona cishe unyaka. Ngo-1898 uFeliksi wadingiselwa esifundazweni iVyatka. Lapha wayegadwa njalo ngamaphoyisa. Kodwa-ke, nalapha waqhubeka nokuqhuba inkulumo-ze, ngenxa yalokho umvukeli wadingiselwa edolobhaneni laseKai.
Ngenkathi ekhonza isigwebo sakhe endaweni entsha, u-Dzerzhinsky waqala ukubheka isu lokubaleka. Ngenxa yalokho, wakwazi ukubalekela ngempumelelo eLithuania, futhi kamuva ePoland. Ngalesi sikhathi ku-biography yakhe, wayesevele eyingcweti kwezinguquko, ekwazi ukuphikisa imibono yakhe futhi ayidlulisele kubantu abaningi.
Lapho esefikile eWarsaw, uFeliksi wahlangana nemibono yeRussia Social Democratic Party, ayithandayo. Ngokushesha uphinde aboshwe. Ngemuva kokuchitha iminyaka emibili ejele, uthola ukuthi bazomdingisela eSiberia.
Endleleni eya endaweni yokuhlala, u-Dzerzhinsky waphinde waba nenhlanhla yokubaleka ngempumelelo. Lapho esekwamanye amazwe, wakwazi ukufunda izindaba eziningana zephephandaba i- "Iskra", elanyatheliswa ngosizo lukaVladimir Lenin. Okuqukethwe okwethulwe ephephandabeni kumsize kakhulu ukuqinisa imibono yakhe nokuthuthukisa umsebenzi wokuguqula.
Ngo-1906 kwenzeka isenzakalo esibalulekile ku-biography kaFeliks Dzerzhinsky. Waba nenhlanhla yokuhlangana noLenin. Umhlangano wabo wenziwa eSweden. Ngokushesha wamukelwa ezinhlwini ze-RSDLP, njengommeleli wePoland neLithuania.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuze kube ngu-1917, u-Dzerzhinsky waboshwa izikhathi eziyi-11, ezazilandelwa njalo ngokudingiswa. Kodwa-ke, isikhathi ngasinye lapho ekwazile ukuphunyuka ngempumelelo futhi aqhubeke nokuhlanganyela emisebenzini yokuguqula umbuso.
Inguquko yomlando kaFebhuwari ka-1917 yavumela uFeliksi ukuthi afinyelele ezindaweni eziphakeme kwezepolitiki. Waba yilungu lekomidi laseMoscow lamaBolsheviks, lapho acela khona abantu abanomqondo ofanayo ekuvukeleni okuhlomile.
U-Lenin ubabaze intshiseko ka-Dzerzhinsky, embeka endaweni e-Military Revolutionary Center. Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni uFeliksi waba ngomunye wabahleli abaphambili be-Revolution ka-Okthoba. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uFeliksi wasekela uLeon Trotsky ekwakheni iRed Army.
Inhloko kaCheka
Ekupheleni kuka-1917, amaBolsheviks anquma ukuthola iKhomishani Engajwayelekile YaseRussia Yonke Yokulwa Nokulwa Nempi. UCheka wayeyingxenye "yobushiqela besigaba sabasebenzi", esasilwa nabaphikisana nohulumeni okhona manje.
Ekuqaleni, ikhomishini yayiqukethe "amaChekists" angama-23 aholwa nguFelix Dzerzhinsky. Babebhekene nomsebenzi wokulwa nomzabalazo wokulwa nezenzo zabaphikisi, kanye nokuvikela izintshisekelo zamandla abasebenzi kanye nabalimi.
Ehola uCheka, le ndoda ayigcinanga ngokuphumelelayo ekubhekaneni nemisebenzi yayo eqondile, kodwa futhi yenza lukhulu ekuqiniseni amandla asanda kusungulwa. Ngaphansi kobuholi bakhe, amabhuloho angaphezu kuka-2000, cishe ama-locomotives angama-2500 kanye nojantshi abangafika ku-10,000 km.
Ngasikhathi sinye, u-Dzerzhinsky waqapha isimo eSiberia, ngaleso sikhathi ngo-1919 eyayiyisifunda esikhiqiza kakhulu okusanhlamvu. Ulawule ukuthengwa kokudla, okubonga cishe amathani ayizigidi ezingama-40 esinkwa namathani ayizigidi ezingama-3.5 enyama ahanjiswa emadolobheni alambile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uFeliks Edmundovich waphawulwa ngempumelelo ebalulekile emkhakheni wezokwelapha. Usize odokotela ukulwa ne-typhus ezweni ngokubanikeza njalo yonke imithi edingekayo. Uphinde wafuna ukwehlisa isibalo sezingane ezihlala emgwaqweni, azenze abantu "abahle".
U-Dzerzhinsky waba yinhloko yekhomishini yezingane, eyasiza ekwakheni amakhulukhulu ezisebenzi zabasebenzi nezindawo zokukhosela. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi imvamisa izikhungo ezinjalo zaziguqulwa zisuke ezindlini zasemaphandleni noma ezigodini ezithathwe kwabacebile.
Ngo-1922, ngenkathi eqhubeka nokuhola uCheka, uFeliks Dzerzhinsky wahola iHhovisi Eliphambili Lezepolitiki ngaphansi kwe-NKVD. Ubengomunye walabo ababambe iqhaza ekusungulweni kweNqubomgomo Yezomnotho Entsha (NEP). Ngokwethula kwakhe, imiphakathi ehlangene kanye namabhizinisi aqala ukuvulwa kuhulumeni, athuthuka ngokuxhaswa ngabatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe.
Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, Dzerzhinsky waba inhloko Ephakeme National Umnotho weSoviet Union. Kulesi sikhundla, wenza izinguquko eziningi, ekhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kokuhweba kwangasese, kanye nokubandakanyeka ngenkuthalo ekuthuthukiseni imboni ye-metallurgical kuhulumeni.
"U-Iron Felix" ucele ukuthi kuguqulwe ngokuphelele uhlelo olulawulayo lwe-USSR, esaba ukuthi ngokuzayo izwe lingaphathwa ngundlovukayiphikiswa "ozongcwaba" konke okufeziwe ngoguquko.
Ngenxa yalokhu, "omele igazi" u-Dzerzhinsky wangena emlandweni njengesisebenzi esingakhathali. Kumele uqaphele ukuthi wayengajwayele ukunethezeka, ukuzicabangela yena kanye nokuthola inzuzo yokungathembeki. Wayekhunjulwa ngabantu besikhathi sakhe njengomuntu ongenakonakala futhi onenhloso ohlale efeza inhloso yakhe.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Uthando lokuqala lukaFeliks Edmundovich kwakuyintombazane egama linguMargarita Nikolaeva. Wahlangana naye ngesikhathi edingisiwe esifundazweni saseVyatka. UMargarita wakhanga umfana ngemibono yakhe yokuguqula.
Kodwa-ke, ubudlelwane babo abuzange buholele emshadweni. Ngemuva kokuphunyuka, u-Dzerzhinsky waxhumana nentombazane kwaze kwaba ngu-1899, ngemuva kwalokho wamcela ukuthi ayeke ukuxhumana. Lokhu kwakubangelwa uthando olusha lukaFeliksi - uguquko uJulia Goldman.
Lolu thando lwaluhlala isikhashana, ngoba uYulia wabulawa isifo sofuba ngo-1904. Eminyakeni eyisithupha kamuva, uFelix wahlangana nowayezoba ngumkakhe, uSofia Mushkat, owayengumshisekeli wezinguquko futhi. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa, abantu abasha bashada, kepha injabulo yomndeni wabo ayihlalanga isikhathi eside.
Unkosikazi kaZzerzhinsky waboshwa futhi wathunyelwa ejele, lapho ngo-1911 wazalwa khona umfana wakhe uYan. Ngonyaka olandelayo, wathunyelwa ekudingisweni okuphakade eSiberia, lapho akwazi khona ukubalekela phesheya ngephasipoti yomgunyathi.
UFeliksi noSophia baphinde babonana ngemuva kweminyaka eyisithupha. Ngemuva kuka-Okthoba Revolution, umndeni wakwaZzerzhinsky wazinza e-Kremlin, lapho lo mbhangqwana wahlala khona kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwempilo yabo.
Ukufa
UFeliks Dzerzhinsky ushone ngoJulayi 20, 1926 e-plenum yeKomidi Elikhulu eneminyaka engama-48. Ngemuva kokwethula inkulumo yamahora amabili lapho egxeke khona uGeorgy Pyatakov noLev Kamenev, wazizwa kabi. Imbangela yokufa kwakhe kwaba yisifo senhliziyo.
Izithombe zikaDzerzhinsky
