UJohann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746-1827) - Uthisha waseSwitzerland, ongomunye wabafundisi abakhulu kunabo bonke bezenhlalakahle ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, owabamba iqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwethiyori nokufundisa.
Umbono wokukhuliswa kwemfundo eyisisekelo kanye nemfundo athuthukiswe nguye uyaqhubeka nokusetshenziswa ngempumelelo namuhla.
UPestalozzi wayengowokuqala ukubiza ukuthi kuthuthukiswe ngokuvumelanayo konke ukuthambekela komuntu - ubuhlakani, umzimba nokuziphatha. Ngokomqondo wakhe, ukukhuliswa kwengane kufanele kwakhelwe ekubukeni nasekubonisweni komuntu okhulayo ngaphansi kobuholi bukathisha.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaPestalozzi, esizokhuluma ngayo kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho i-biography emfushane kaJohann Pestalozzi.
I-Biography kaPestalozzi
UJohann Pestalozzi wazalwa ngoJanuwari 12, 1746 edolobheni laseSwitzerland iZurich. Wakhulela emndenini olula onemali encane. Uyise wayengudokotela, futhi umama wakhe wayekhulisa izingane ezintathu, phakathi kwazo uJohann wayengowesibili.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Inhlekelele yokuqala ku-biography kaPestalozzi yenzeke eneminyaka engu-5, lapho ubaba wakhe eshona. Ngaleso sikhathi, inhloko yomndeni yayineminyaka engama-33 kuphela ubudala. Ngenxa yalokho, ukukhuliswa nokusekelwa ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo kwezingane kwawela emahlombe omama.
UJohann waya esikoleni, lapho abafana bafunda khona iBhayibheli neminye imibhalo engcwele ngaphezu kwezihloko zesiko. Uthole amamaki amahle kakhulu kuzo zonke izifundo. Isipelingi besinzima ikakhulukazi kumfana.
UPestalozzi wabe esefunda esikoleni sesiLatin, ngemuva kwalokho waba ngumfundi eKolinsin College. Lapha, abafundi babelungiselelwe imisebenzi engokomoya, futhi bafundiswa nokusebenza emkhakheni womphakathi. Ekuqaleni, wayefuna ukuxhuma impilo yakhe nemfundiso yenkolo, kodwa kungekudala wacabanga kabusha ngemibono yakhe.
Ngo-1765, uJohann Pestalozzi washiya phansi wajoyina inhlangano yentando yeningi yobunxiwankulu, eyayidumile phakathi kwabafundi bendawo.
Ebhekene nobunzima bezezimali, lo mfana wanquma ukuya kwezolimo, kepha impumelelo yalomsebenzi akakwazanga ukuyizuza. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho aqala khona ukunaka izingane ezihlwempu, azishiya zodwa.
Umsebenzi wokufundisa
Ngemuva kokucabangisisa kahle, uPestalozzi, esebenzisa imali yakhe, wahlela i- "Institution for the Poor", okwakuyisikole sezisebenzi zezingane eziqhamuka emindenini ehlwempu. Ngenxa yalokho, iqembu labafundi abacishe babe ngama-50 laqoqwa, uthisha wokuqala owafundisa ngohlelo lwakhe.
Ehlobo, uJohann wafundisa izingane ukusebenza emkhakheni, kanti ebusika emisebenzini yezandla ehlukahlukene, eyayizobasiza ekutholeni umsebenzi. Ngasikhathi sinye, wafundisa izingane imikhakha yesikole, wabuye wakhuluma nabo ngemvelo nempilo yabantu.
Ngo-1780, uPestalozzi kwadingeka asivale isikole ngoba sasingazikhokhi, futhi wayefuna ukusebenzisa izingane ukuze abuyisele imali ayibolekile. Ukuba sezimeni ezinzima zezezimali, wanquma ukuqala ukubhala.
Ngesikhathi se-biography ka-1780-1798. UJohann Pestalozzi ushicilele izincwadi eziningi lapho ethuthukisa khona imibono yakhe, kufaka phakathi iLeisure of the Hermit neLingard noGertrude, incwadi yabantu. Uthe izinhlekelele eziningi zabantu zinganqotshwa kuphela ngokukhuphula izinga lemfundo yabantu.
Kamuva, iziphathimandla zaseSwitzerland zadonsela ukunakekela emisebenzini yothisha, zamnikeza ithempeli elidilikile lokufundisa izingane zasemgwaqweni. Futhi yize uPestalozzi ayejabule ukuthi manje usezokwazi ukwenza lokho akuthandayo, kusamele abhekane nobunzima obuningi.
Lesi sakhiwo besingayifanele imfundo ephelele, kanti abafundi, isibalo sabo esinyuke safinyelela kubantu abangama-80, bafika endaweni yokukhosela besesimweni somzimba nengqondo esinganakiwe kakhulu.
UJohann kwakudingeka afundise futhi anakekele izingane eyedwa, ezazingezona neze ezilalela kakhulu.
Noma kunjalo, ngenxa yokubekezela, uzwela nobumnene, uPestalozzi ukwazile ukuhlanganisa abafundi bakhe emndenini owodwa omkhulu asebenza kuwo njengobaba. Ngokushesha, izingane ezindala zaqala ukunakekela ezincane, zinikeza usizo olukhulu kuthisha.
Kamuva, ibutho laseFrance ladinga igumbi lesibhedlela. Amasosha ayalele ukuthi kudedelwe ithempeli, nokwaholela ekutheni kuvalwe isikole.
Ngo-1800, uPestalozzi uvula iBurgdorf Institute, isikole samabanga aphakeme nesikole okuhlalwa kuso sokuqeqesha othisha. Uqoqa abasebenzi bokufundisa, abenza nabo umsebenzi wokuhlola ophumelelayo emkhakheni wezindlela zokufundisa ukubala nolimi.
Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, lesi sikhungo kwadingeka sithuthele eYverdon, lapho uPestalozzi athola khona ukuthandwa umhlaba wonke. Ngobusuku obubodwa, waba ngomunye wabafundisi abahlonishwa kakhulu emkhakheni wakhe. Uhlelo lwakhe lokukhuliswa lusebenze ngempumelelo enkulu kangangokuba imindeni eminingi ecebile yafuna ukuthumela izingane zayo esikhungweni sakhe semfundo.
Ngo-1818, uJohann wakwazi ukuvula isikole sabampofu ngemali ayithola ngokushicilelwa kwemisebenzi yakhe. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-biography yakhe, impilo yakhe yashiya kakhulu.
Imibono esemqoka yemfundo kaPestalozzi
Isikhundla esiyinhloko sokwenza izinto emibonweni kaPestalozzi ukusho ukuthi amandla wokuziphatha, engqondo nawomzimba womuntu athambekele ekuzithuthukiseni nasekusebenzeni. Ngakho-ke, ingane kufanele ikhuliswe ukuze isizakale ikhule ngendlela efanele.
Indlela eyinhloko kwezemfundo, uPestalozzi ubiza umthetho wokuhambisana nemvelo. Amathalenta emvelo atholakala kunoma iyiphi ingane kufanele athuthukiswe ngangokunokwenzeka, kusuka kokulula kuya kokuyinkimbinkimbi. Ingane ngayinye ihlukile, ngakho-ke uthisha kufanele, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, azijwayele kuye, ngenxa yalokho azokwazi ukuveza ngokugcwele amakhono akhe.
UJohann ungumbhali wemfundiso ethi "imfundo yamabanga aphansi", okuyindlela ebizwa ngePestalozzi system. Ngokuya ngomgomo wokuhambisana nemvelo, wakhomba izindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko okumele kufundwe ngazo noma yikuphi ukufunda: inombolo (iyunithi), ifomu (umugqa oqondile), igama (umsindo).
Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi wonke umuntu akwazi ukukala, ukubala nokukhuluma ulimi. Le ndlela isetshenziswa yiPestalozzi kuzo zonke izindawo zokukhulisa izingane.
Izindlela zemfundo umsebenzi, ukudlala, ukuqeqeshwa. Le ndoda inxuse ozakwabo nabazali bayo ukuthi bafundise izingane ngesisekelo semithetho yaphakade yemvelo, ukuze bafunde imithetho yezwe elibazungezile futhi bathuthukise amakhono okucabanga.
Konke ukufunda kumele kusekelwe ekubukeni nasekucwaningeni. UJohann Pestalozzi wayenombono ongemuhle ngokufundisa okuyisisekelo okususelwa ezincwadini okususelwa ekubambeni ngekhanda nasekubuyeleni kabusha kwezinto. Ubize ingane ukuthi ibheke ngokuzimela umhlaba omzungezile futhi ithuthukise ukuthambekela kwayo, futhi uthisha kulokhu wenza njengomlamuleli kuphela.
UPestalozzi wayinaka kakhulu imfundo yomzimba, eyayisekelwe esifiso semvelo sengane sokuhamba. Ukwenza lokhu, wenza uhlelo olulula lokuzivocavoca olwasiza ekuqiniseni umzimba.
Emkhakheni wezemfundo yezabasebenzi, uJohann Pestalozzi wabeka isikhundla esisha: ukuqashwa kwezingane kunomphumela omuhle enganeni kuphela uma izibekela imisebenzi yezemfundo neyokuziphatha. Uveze ukuthi ingane kufanele ifundiswe ukusebenza ngokufundisa lawo makhono azohambisana neminyaka yakhe.
Ngasikhathi sinye, awukho umsebenzi okufanele wenziwe isikhathi eside kakhulu, ngaphandle kwalokho kungalimaza ukukhula kwengane. "Kuyadingeka ukuthi umsebenzi ngamunye olandelayo ube yindlela yokuphumula ekukhathaleni okudalwe yilowo owedlule."
Imfundo yezenkolo nokuziphatha ekuqondeni kwamaSwitzerland akufanele yakhiwe ngokufundisa, kepha ngokuthuthuka kwemizwa yokuziphatha nokuthambekela ezinganeni. Ekuqaleni, ingane iluzwa ngokwemvelo uthando ngoyise, bese kuba ngoyise, izihlobo, othisha, efunda nabo futhi ekugcineni ithande bonke abantu.
Ngokusho kukaPestalozzi, othisha bekufanele babheke indlela yomuntu ngamunye kumfundi ngamunye, ngaleso sikhathi okwakuthathwa njengokuthakazelisa. Ngakho-ke, emfundweni ephumelelayo yesizukulwane esisha, kwakudingeka othisha abaqeqeshiwe kakhulu, nabo okwakudingeka babe ngongoti abasebenza kahle.
Emibhalweni yakhe, uJohann Pestalozzi wagxila ekuhlelweni kokuqeqeshwa. Wayekholelwa ukuthi ingane kufanele ikhuliswe ngehora lokuqala ngemuva kokuzalwa. Kamuva, imfundo yomndeni neyesikole, eyakhiwe ngesisekelo semvelo, kufanele yenziwe ngokubambisana.
Othisha kudingeka bakhombise uthando lweqiniso ngabafundi babo, ngoba kungale ndlela kuphela lapho bezokwazi ukunqoba abafundi babo. Ngakho-ke, noma yiluphi uhlobo lodlame kanye ne-drill kufanele kugwenywe. Akazange futhi avumele othisha ukuba babe nezintandokazi, ngoba lapho kunezintandokazi khona, uthando luyema lapho.
UPestalozzi waphikelela ekufundiseni abafana namantombazane ndawonye. Abafana, uma bekhuliswa bodwa, baba luhlaza kakhulu, namantombazane ahoxe futhi aphuphe kakhulu.
Kusuka kukho konke okushiwo, kungafinyelelwa esiphethweni esilandelayo: umsebenzi oyinhloko wokukhulisa izingane ngokohlelo lwePestalozzi ukuqala ukuthuthukisa ukuthambekela kwengqondo, komzimba nokuziphatha kwengane ngokwemvelo, kuyinike isithombe esicacile nesinengqondo somhlaba kukho konke ukubonakaliswa kwawo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Lapho uJohann eneminyaka engaba ngu-23 ubudala, washada nentombazane egama lingu-Anna Schultges. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi umkakhe uvela emndenini ocebile, ngenxa yalokho umfana kwakufanele ahambisane nesimo sakhe.
UPestalozzi wathenga indawo encane ngaseZurich, lapho ayefuna ukuzibandakanya kwezolimo nokukhulisa impahla yakhe. Engatholanga mpumelelo kule ndawo, wasilulaza kakhulu isimo sakhe sezezimali.
Noma kunjalo, kwakungemva kwalokhu lapho uPestalozzi enza ngokungathí sina izifundo zokufundisa, edonsela ukunakekela ezinganeni ezihluphekayo. Kwazi bani ukuthi impilo yakhe ngabe ihambe kanjani ukube waba nentshisekelo kwezolimo.
Iminyaka edlule nokufa
Iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe yalethela uJohann ukukhathazeka nosizi oluningi. Abasizi bakhe eYverdon baxabana, kwathi ngo-1825 lesi sikhungo savalwa ngenxa yokuqothuka. UPestalozzi kwadingeka ashiye isikhungo asisungula abuyele efeni lakhe.
UJohann Heinrich Pestalozzi ushone ngoFebhuwari 17, 1827 eneminyaka engama-81. Amazwi akhe okugcina athi: “Ngiyazixolela izitha zami. Sengathi bangathola ukuthula engiya kukho unomphela. "
Izithombe zePestalozzi
