Impi Eqhweni noma impi eLake Peipsi - impi eyenzeka eqhweni leLake Peipsi ngo-Ephreli 5 (Ephreli 12) 1242 ngokubamba iqhaza kwe-Izhora, amaNovgorodians kanye neVladimirs, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kanye namasosha e-Livonia Order, ngakolunye uhlangothi.
I-Battle on the Ice ingenye yezimpi ezidume kakhulu emlandweni waseRussia. Ukube amasosha aseRussia anqotshwa empini, umlando waseRussia wawungathatha indlela ehluke ngokuphelele.
Ukulungiselela impi
Ngemuva kokuthi abaseSweden belahlekelwe yimpi yaseNeva eminyakeni emibili ngaphambili, amasosha aseJalimane aqala ukuzilungiselela ngokujulile umkhankaso wezempi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kulokhu i-Teutonic Order yabela inani elithile lamasosha.
Eminyakeni engu-4 ngaphambi kokuqala komkhankaso wezempi, uDietrich von Grüningen wakhethwa waba yi-Master of the Livonian Order. Izazi-mlando eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi nguyena owaqala umkhankaso wokulwa neRussia.
Phakathi kokunye, amasosha enkolo asekelwa uPapa Gregory 9, owahlela impi yokulwela impi elwa neFinland ngo-1237. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, uGregory 9 wanxusa izikhulu zaseRussia ukuthi zihloniphe imiyalo yomngcele.
Ngaleso sikhathi, amasosha aseNovgorodian ayesevele enesipiliyoni sezempi esiphumelelayo namaJalimane. U-Alexander Nevsky, eqonda imisebenzi yamasosha enkolo, kusukela ngo-1239 wayebandakanyeka ekuqiniseni izikhundla kuwo wonke umngcele waseningizimu-ntshonalanga, kepha abaseSweden bahlasela besuka enyakatho-ntshonalanga.
Ngemuva kokunqotshwa kwabo, u-Alexander waqhubeka nokwandisa izinqaba zempi, futhi washada nendodakazi yenkosana yasePolotsk, ngaleyo ndlela wacela ukusekelwa empini eyayizokwenzeka. Ngo-1240, amasosha enkolo aye eRussia, athumba i-Izborsk, kwathi ngonyaka olandelayo bavimbezela uPskov.
Ngo-Mashi 1242, u-Alexander Nevsky wakhulula uPskov kumaJalimane, edudula isitha sabuyela esifundeni seLake Peipsi. Yilapho kuzokwenzeka khona le mpi eyinganekwane, ezongena emlandweni ngaphansi kwegama elithi - Battle on the Ice.
Inqubekela phambili yempi kafushane
Ukuxabana kokuqala phakathi kwamabutho empi namasosha aseRussia kwaqala ngo-Ephreli 1242. Umkhuzi wamaJalimane kwakungu-Andreas von Velven, owayenebutho labantu abangu-11 000. U-Alexander yena wayenamabutho angaba ngu-16 000 ayenezikhali ezimbi kakhulu.
Kodwa-ke, njengoba isikhathi sizobonisa, izinhlamvu ezinhle kakhulu zizodlala ihlaya elinonya namasosha e-Livonian Order.
Impi edumile yeqhwa yenzeka ngo-Ephreli 5, 1242. Ngesikhathi kuhlaselwa, amabutho aseJalimane aya esitheni "ingulube" - impi ekhethekile yamabutho ahamba ngezinyawo nabamahhashi, okukhumbuza umcabango obuthuntu. UNevsky wayala ukuthi ahlasele isitha ngabacibisheli, ngemuva kwalokho wayala ukuthi kuhlaselwe izinhlangothi zamaJalimane.
Ngenxa yalokho, amasosha enkolo aqhutshelwa phambili, azithola eseqhweni leLake Peipsi. Lapho amaJalimane kufanele ahlehlele eqhweni, abona ingozi yalokho okwakwenzeka, kepha kwase kwephuze kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwesisindo sezimpahla ezisindayo, iqhwa laqala ukuqhekeka ngaphansi kwezinyawo zamaqhawe. Kungalesi sizathu le mpi yaziwa ngokuthi yi-Battle of Ice.
Ngenxa yalokhu, amaJalimane amaningi aminza echibini, kepha iningi lebutho lika-Andreas von Velven likwazile ukubaleka. Ngemuva kwalokho, iqembu likaNevsky, ngokukhululekile, laxosha isitha emazweni e-Pskov ubukhulu.
Umphumela nokubaluleka komlando we-Battle on the Ice
Ngemuva kokwehlulwa okukhulu eLake Peipsi, abamele iLivonia kanye neTeutonic Orders baphetha ngesivumelwano no-Alexander Nevsky. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, balahla noma yiziphi izimangalo ezisendaweni yaseRussia.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ngemuva kweminyaka engama-26, i-Order yaseLivonia izophula isivumelwano. Impi yaseRakov izokwenzeka, lapho amasosha aseRussia azonqoba futhi. Ngokushesha ngemuva kweMpi Yeqhwa, uNevsky, esebenzisa leli thuba, wenza imikhankaso eminingana eyimpumelelo yokulwa namaLithuania.
Uma sibheka impi eLake Peipsi ngokomlando, khona-ke indima ebalulekile ka-Alexander ukuthi wakwazi ukuvimbela ukuhlaselwa kwebutho eliqine kakhulu lamasosha. Kuyathakazelisa ukuphawula umbono wesazi-mlando esidumile uLev Gumilyov mayelana nale mpi.
Le ndoda yathi uma amaJalimane ekwazi ukungena eRussia, lokhu kuzoholela ekuphelelweni kobukhona bayo, futhi, ngenxa yalokho, kuze kube sekupheleni kweRussia yangomuso.
Umbono ohlukile ngempi eLake Peipsi
Ngenxa yokuthi ososayensi abazi indawo eqondile yempi, futhi banemininingwane yamaphepha emincane, kwakhiwa eminye imibono emi-2 maqondana neMpi Yeqhwa ngo-1242.
- Ngokusho kolunye uhlobo, i-Battle on the Ice ayikaze yenzeke nhlobo, futhi yonke imininingwane ngayo isungulwe izazi-mlando ezaziphila ngasekupheleni kweminyaka ye-18-19. Ikakhulukazi, Soloviev, Karamzin futhi Kostomarov. Lo mbono wabiwa ososayensi abambalwa, ngoba kunzima kakhulu ukuphika iqiniso le-Battle on the Ice. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi incazelo emfushane ngale mpi itholakala emibhalweni yesandla eyaqala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-13, kanye nasemibhalweni yonyaka yamaJalimane.
- Ngokwenye inguqulo, i-Battle on the Ice ibisincane kakhulu, ngoba kuncane kakhulu okushiwo ngayo. Ukube amabutho ezinkulungwane eziningi ayehlangene ngempela, impi ngabe yachazwa kangcono kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, impikiswano yayinesizotha kakhulu.
Kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi ngenkathi izazi-mlando ezigunyaziwe zaseRussia ziphika inguqulo yokuqala, zinempikiswano eyodwa ebalulekile maqondana neyesibili: noma ngabe isilinganiso sempi sinehaba ngempela, lokhu akumele neze kunciphise ukunqoba kweRussia phezu kwamasosha.
Isithombe se-Battle on the Ice
