Esinye sezimo zemvelo ezimangalisa kakhulu, esifakwe ohlwini lwamaSayithi Amagugu Omhlaba we-UNESCO, siseNingizimu Afrika emfuleni iZambezi. Igama lalesi simo, esidala ukujabula nokubabazeka, yiVictoria Falls.
Umuzwa wokubabazeka awubangelwa nje kuphela ukugeleza kwamanzi okuwa kusuka ekuphakameni kwamamitha ayi-120, bese kuhlukaniswa kube yimifudlana eminingi ehlukene, noma kuguquke kube yipulazi elilodwa, elifana nodonga lwe-monolithic, kepha futhi nokugeleza kwamanzi abilayo emhosheni omncane, onciphe izikhathi eziyi-13, kunomfula iZambezi owela emadwaleni. Umfudlana, ongamamitha ayi-1 800 ububanzi, ugijimela phansi, uduma ungene ephaseji elincane, elingamamitha ayi-140 kuphela ububanzi endaweni ebanzi yomoya walo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umlomo womhosha ucindezelwe wafinyelela kumamitha ayi-100 futhi amanzi agijimela ngomsindo kulo mfula, akhafule amafu esitshizi esincane kunazo zonke esilengela emoyeni futhi senyuka emiphumeleni yamakhulu amamitha amaningi ngaphezu kodonga oluqinile lomfudlana omkhulu owela phezulu. Akuyona impophoma enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni ngobude, kepha ngobukhulu bayo ngokungangabazeki idlula iNiagara neIguazu Falls.
Yebo, hhayi okuphezulu kakhulu, kepha okubanzi kakhulu. IVictoria iyona kuphela impophoma ecishe ibe ngamakhilomitha ama-2 ubude ukuphakama okungaphezudlwana kwamamitha ayi-100. Kodwa okuhluke kakhulu kunamanzi amaningi aphonswa yimpophoma: icabalele kangangoba kubonakala sengathi ingilazi ebushelelezi esobala yehla engqungqutheleni enamadwala esikhundleni samanzi. Ubuningi be-Plume: 1.804 Mcfm. Ayikho enye impophoma emhlabeni engaziqhayisa ngepulazi eliminyene kangaka!
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhanya kwe-crystal-diamond kukhuphuka ngaphezu komhosha iBatoka, lapho kukhona umhosha omncane, othola umfula wamanzi (kufika kumamitha angama-400), futhi ubonakala ebangeni elifinyelela kuma-60 km ngosuku olucwathile.
Ngasogwini olusentshonalanga neZimbabwe, imifudlana yeZambezi ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu iziqhingi eziningana zimbozwe uhlaza olumnandi lwendawo eshisayo. Ingxenye esempumalanga yalo mfula, engaphansi kwesifundazwe saseZambia, yephulwe yiziqhingi ezingaba ngu-30 ezinkulu nezincane ezinamadwala.
IZambia neZimbabwe "bangabanikazi" bempophoma ngokulingana, imingcele yalezi zizwe ilele ogwini oluzolile lweZambezi.
Umfula uhambisa ngokukhululeka amanzi awo ethafeni eliyisicaba laseSavannah uye e-Indian Ocean, uqala indlela yawo emaxhaphozini amnyama futhi ugeza umbhede wawo phakathi kwamatshe anesihlabathi esithambile. Ugeza iziqhingana ezinezihlahla ezincane nezihlahlana, umfula ubanzi futhi uyavilapha uze ufike eweni elinamadwala, lapho wehlela khona phansi ngokubhonga nangomsindo. Lokhu kungumsele wamanzi phakathi kweZambezi engenhla naphakathi, umngcele wayo uyiVictoria Falls.
Ngubani Othola I-Victoria Falls?
UMfula iZambezi wathola igama lawo lendawo kumhloli wamazwe waseScotland nesithunywa sevangeli uDavid Livingston. Kunzima ukusho ukuthi wayengubani kakhulu - owayeyisithunywa sevangeli noma usosayensi ocwaningayo, kodwa iqiniso lihlala likhona: UDavid Livingston wayengumuntu wokuqala waseYurophu okwazile ukuhamba ibanga elide kangaka embhedeni walo mfula wesine omude kunayo yonke e-Afrika, "ephethe ukukholwa kobuKrestu ngezilimi zabamnyama", futhi ngasikhathi sinye ukuhlola lezo zingxenye zezwekazi lase-Afrika lapho kungakabekwa muntu omhlophe onyawo. Futhi nguyena kuphela onelungelo lokubizwa ngokutholwa kweVictoria Falls.
Esizweni sakwaMakololo sendawo, okwathi kudala bakha izindlu zabo ezilula eduze nempophoma osebeni lomfula, uLivingston wezwa ukuthi ngolimi lwendawo igama lomfula lizwakala licishe lifane neKzasambo-Waysi. Ubeke into efana naleyo ebalazweni: "Zambezi". Ngakho-ke umfula owondla iVictoria Falls wathola igama lawo elisemthethweni kuwo wonke amabalazwe ezindawo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo
Amanye ama-jets we-cascade mancane kakhulu kangangokuba awanaso isikhathi sokubuyela emfuleni futhi asakazeke ezinkulungwaneni zezinkulungwane zokuchachamba okuhle emoyeni, kuhlangana nothingo lwenkosazana olumboze impophoma njalo. ULivingston wavele wakhungatheka. Umbono weVictoria Falls kungenzeka wenziwa wuthingo lwenkosazana usosayensi oyisithunywa sevangeli awubona ezimpophomeni ngobusuku benyanga. Abambalwa abanenhlanhla bakwazile ukubona lesi simo. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho amanzi aphezulu eZambezi ehlangana nenyanga egcwele.
Inyanga enkulu emhlophe eyisiliva intanta esibhakabhakeni, ikhanyise, njengelambu lesipoki, ihlathi elithulile, indawo ebushelelezi yomfula ekhazimula ngezinkanyezi ezimhlophe nempophoma evuthayo. Futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke lokhu kulenga uthingo olunemibala egqamile, olucijwe njengomnsalo onentambo yomnsalo, nolunye uhlangothi luphumule phezu kwevelvet emnyama yesibhakabhaka, futhi lucwilisa elinye linciphise amathonsi amanzi amaningi.
Futhi bonke lobu bukhazikhazi bungenzeka ezinsukwini ezintathu kuphela. Akunakwenzeka ukuqagela, noma ngabe amanzi aphezulu agcinwa eZambia kusuka ngoJanuwari kuya kuJulayi, kepha uthingo lwasebusuku empophomeni aluhambisani nhlobo nokubonakala kwalo kaningi.
Ukuqhubeka komlando wempophoma
Usosayensi, owazitholela yena kanye nomhlaba wonke bonke ubuhle obuyingqayizivele bokugeleza kwamanzi acwebile oMfula iZambezi owela emadwaleni ngoNovemba 17, 1855, wamangala nje.
- Luthuli lwamaphiko ezingelosi! Ehlebeza. Futhi wanezela, njengeBrithani yangempela, - uNkulunkulu asindise iNdlovukazi! Yile ndlela le mpophoma yamanzi eyathola ngayo igama layo lesiNgisi - iVictoria Falls.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uLivingston wayezobhala ezincwadini zakhe zezenzakalo: “Leli yigama kuphela lesiNgisi engake ngalinika noma iyiphi ingxenye yezwekazi lase-Afrika. Kodwa, uNkulunkulu uyazi, bengingenakwenza ngenye indlela! "
U-Emil Golub (isazi-mlando esingumcwaningi waseCzech) wachitha iminyaka eminingana osebeni lweZambezi, yize kwamthatha amasonto ambalwa nje ukuhlanganisa imephu eningiliziwe yempophoma, ekhangwa ngamandla ale mpophoma. “Ngondla ngamandla akhe! - kusho u-Emil Golub, - Futhi angikwazi ukususa amehlo ami kulo mbutho! " Ngenxa yalokho, lapho efika eVictoria Falls ngo-1875, akazange alushicilele uhlelo lwakhe olunemininingwane kwaze kwaba ngu-1880.
Umdwebi waseBrithani uThomas Baines, owafika e-Afrika, ethakazelwa yizindaba ezikhuluma ngesinye isimangaliso semvelo, wafaka izithombe lapho azama khona ukudlulisa bonke ubuhle obuyingqayizivele namandla amakhulu eVictoria Falls. Lezi kwakuyizithombe zokuqala zeVictoria Falls ezibonwa ngabantu baseYurophu.
Khonamanjalo, impophoma yayinamagama ayo endawo. Abathathu:
- USoengo (uThingo lwenkosazana).
- I-Chongue-Weizi (Amanzi Angalali).
- Mozi-oa-Tunya (Intuthu edumayo).
Namuhla, Uhla Lwamagugu Omhlaba luhlonipha amagama amabili alinganayo ngale mpophoma: IVictoria Falls neMozi-oa-Tunya.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
Lesi siqhingi, lapho uDavid Livingston aqala khona ukuthola ithuba lokubabaza ubukhulu bempophoma, namuhla sinegama lakhe futhi sitholakala enkabeni yaleyo ngxenye yompheme we-canyon ongowezwe laseZambia. EZambia, kuhleliwe ipaki kazwelonke ezungeze iVictoria Falls, enegama "lesizwe" - "I-Thundering Smoke" ("Mozi-oa-Tunya"). Ohlangothini lwezwe laseZimbabwe kunepaki efanayo kazwelonke, kodwa ibizwa ngokuthi "iVictoria Falls" ("iVictoria Falls").
Vele, yonke imihlambi yamadube nezinyamazane izulazula ezindaweni zalezi ziqiwu, indlulamithi yezilwane enentamo ende, kunezingonyama nobhejane, kodwa ukuziqhenya okukhethekile kwamapaki akuzona izilwane, kodwa izimbali - iSinging Forest, ebizwa nangokuthi i-Weeping Forest.
Inani elikhulu lamaconsi amancane empophoma lenyuka ngamamayela amaningi ukuzungeza, futhi uthuli lwamanzi lunisela izihlahla ezikhula njalo ehlathini futhi "izinyembezi" zigeleza ngokuqhubekayo kuzo. Uma uqhubekela phambili kancane kwalasha ukuze unciphise umsindo womsindo wamanzi futhi ulalele, ungezwa umsindo okhalayo, odonswayo, ofana nomsindo wentambo - ihlathi "liyacula". Eqinisweni, lo msindo wenziwa ngothuli lwamanzi olufanayo oluhlale luzulazula phezu kohlu oluhlaza.
Yini enye okufanele uyazi?
Vele, impophoma uqobo lwayo! Ngaphezu kobubanzi bawo obuyingqayizivele, izingqimba zakwalasha, lapho amanzi ewela khona, nazo ziyingqayizivele, ngakho-ke zibizwa ngokuthi “ukuwa”.
Ingqikithi yokuwa 5:
- Iso likaDeveli... Imvamisa ibizwa nge- "Cataract" noma "Ifonti KaDeveli". Igama lalo yilendishi yemvelo, etholakala cishe ngamamitha angama-70 ukusuka emaphethelweni aphezulu kwalasha futhi cishe ngama-20 sq. m. indawo. Umcengezi omncane wamatshe, owakhiwa ukuwa kwamanzi, uthola igama lawo esiqhingini esincane esiseduzane, lapho izizwe zobuqaba zendawo zazivame ukwenza imihlatshelo ngabantu. Abantu baseYurophu abafika ngemuva kukaLivingstone babiza le nkonzo konkulunkulu abamnyama "ngobusathane", yingakho igama lesiqhingi kanye nesitsha. Ngaphandle kokuthi manje ungaya echibini ngosizo lomhlahlandlela (owazi kahle ukuthi yikuphi ukwehla okuphephe kakhulu) ukuze uthande umbono ongaqondile wamanzi awayo aphakama ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-100, ifonti kaDeveli isavuna isivuno sayo sobuqaba, sithathe u-2- Abantu abathathu ngonyaka.
- Impophoma enkulu... Be far, leli ikhethini lamanzi elibabazekayo nelibanzi kunawo wonke, lishibilika lisuka endaweni ephakeme ngejubane lama-cubic metres ayi-700,000 ngomzuzu. Kwezinye izingxenye zawo, amanzi awanaso isikhathi sokufinyelela emhosheni waseBatoka futhi, athathwa yimimoya enamandla, aqhephuka emoyeni, akhe izinkulungwane eziyizinkulungwane zamachaphaza amancane, kwakheke inkungu eminyene. Ukuphakama kwempophoma eyi-Main kungamamitha angama-95.
- IHorseshoe noma iDry Falls... Ukuphakama kuka-90-93 m. Kuyaziwa ukuthi esikhathini esisukela ku-Okthoba kuya kuNovemba iyoma, futhi ngezikhathi ezijwayelekile inani lamanzi alikhanyi ngomqondo ongokoqobo wale nkulumo.
- Impophoma yothingo... Okuwa kakhulu konke - 110 m! Ngosuku olucacile, inkungu yothingo lwamaconsi ezilenga ezigidini ibonakala amashumi amakhilomitha amaningana, futhi lapha enyangeni egcwele ungabona uthingo lwenyanga.
- Umngcele waseMpumalanga... Lokhu kungokwehla kwesibili okuphezulu kunamamitha ayi-101. Ama-rapids asempumalanga ngokuphelele asohlangothini lwaseZambia eVictoria Falls.
Iziza eziningana zenziwe ukuze iVictoria Falls ibukwe futhi kuthathwe izithombe eziningi ezinhle ezivela ezinhlangothini ezahlukene. Okudume kakhulu yiKnife Blade. Itholakala ngqo ebhulohweni phezu kwayo yonke impophoma, lapho ungabona khona iMpumalanga Rapids, iCauldron Ebilayo, neDeveli.
Izithombe ezihlala zikhunjulwa ngemuva kokuvakashela iVictoria Falls azikho kangako ekukhanyeni kokutholakele lapho kutholwa lesi simangaliso semvelo. Futhi ukwenza lezi zithombe zibe nzima enkumbulweni yakho, unga-oda ukuvakasha okundiza ngamehlo enyoni endizeni enophephela emhlane noma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-kayaking noma i-canoeing.
Ngokuvamile, ngemuva kokwakhiwa kukajantshi ngo-1905, ukugeleza kwezivakashi ukuya empophomeni kukhuphuke kwaya kubantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-300 ngonyaka, kodwa-ke, njengoba ukuzinza kwezepolitiki emazweni ase-Afrika kungabonwa, lokhu kugeleza akukhuphukile eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule.
