UMikhail Borisovich Khodorkovsky - Usomabhizinisi waseRussia, isibalo somphakathi kanye nezepolitiki, intatheli. wayengumnikazi wobambiswano nenhloko yenkampani kawoyela iYukos. Baboshwa yiziphathimandla zaseRussia ngamacala okukhwabanisa nokubalekela intela ngo-Okthoba 25, 2003. Ngesikhathi eboshwa, wayengomunye wabantu abacebe kakhulu emhlabeni, ingcebo yakhe yayibalelwa ezigidigidini eziyi-15 zamaRandi.
Ngo-2005 watholakala enecala lokukhwabanisa namanye amacala yinkantolo yaseRussia. Inkampani yeYUKOS ifakelwe icala lokuqothuka. Ngo-2010-2011 wagwetshwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezintsha; kucatshangelwa izikhalazo ezalandela, isikhathi esiphelele esibekwe yinkantolo kwakuyiminyaka eyi-10 nezinyanga eziyi-10.
I-biography kaMikhail Khodorkovsky iqukethe amaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo avela empilweni yakhe yangasese futhi nangaphezulu evela emphakathini.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane kaKhodorkovsky.
I-Biography kaMikhail Khodorkovsky
UMikhail Khodorkovsky wazalwa ngoJuni 26, 1963 eMoscow. Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini olula osebenzayo.
Uyise, uBoris Moiseevich, nonina, uMarina Filippovna, basebenza njengonjiniyela bamakhemikhali esitshalweni iKalibr, esikhiqiza imishini yokulinganisa ngokunemba.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Kuze kube yiminyaka engu-8, uMikhail wagcwala abazali bakhe efulethini lomphakathi, ngemuva kwalokho umndeni waseKhodorkovsky wawunezindlu zawo.
Kusukela esemncane, usomabhizinisi wakusasa wayehlukaniswa ilukuluku namakhono amahle engqondo.
UMikhail wayethanda ikakhulukazi amakhemikhali, ngenxa yalokho ayevame ukwenza izivivinyo ezahlukahlukene. Ngokubona intshisekelo yendodana kwizayensi ngqo, ubaba nomama banquma ukuyithumela esikoleni esikhethekile esinocwaningo olunzulu ngamakhemikhali nezibalo.
Ngemuva kokuthola isitifiketi sakhe esikoleni, u-Khodorkovsky waba ngumfundi eMoscow Institute of Chemical Technology. D.I. Mendeleev.
Inyuvesi uMikhail wathola amamaki aphezulu kuzo zonke izifundo. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi se-biography yakhe kwakudingeka athole imali njengombazi ku-cooperative yezindlu ukuze abe nezindlela ezidingekayo zokuziphilisa.
Ngo-1986, u-Khodorkovsky waphothula iziqu zakhe esikoleni, waba ngunjiniyela wenqubo oqinisekisiwe.
Ngokushesha, uMikhail nozakwabo bathola isikhungo sobuhlakani besayensi nobuchwepheshe bentsha. Ngenxa yale phrojekthi, uyakwazi ukuhlanganisa inhlokodolobha enkulu impela.
Ngokufana nalokhu, u-Khodorkovsky wafunda e-Institute of National Economy. UPlekhanov. Yilapho ahlangana khona no-Alexei Golubovich, izihlobo zakhe ezaziphethe izikhundla eziphakeme eBhange Lombuso lase-USSR.
Ibhange "Menatep"
Ngenxa yephrojekthi yakhe yebhizinisi yokuqala nokwazana kwakhe noGolubovich, uKhodorkovsky wakwazi ukungena emakethe enkulu yebhizinisi.
Ngo-1989 lo mfana wadala ibhange lezentengiso iMenatep, waba ngusihlalo webhodi lakhe. Leli bhange lingelinye lokuqala e-USSR ukuthola ilayisense yombuso.
Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, uMikhail Khodorkovsky wabonisa isithakazelo ebhizinisini likawoyela. Ngemizamo yezikhulu ezijwayelekile, waba ngumongameli weSikhwama Sokukhuthaza Ukutshalwa Kwezimali eFuel and Energy Complex ngamalungelo eSekela likaNgqongqoshe Wezamandla Nezamandla.
Ukuze asebenze kuhulumeni, lo somabhizinisi waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye isikhundla sokuba yinhloko yebhange, kodwa empeleni zonke izintambo zikahulumeni zazisahlala ezandleni zakhe.
IMenatep yaqala ukusebenzisana namabhizinisi amakhulu asebenza emkhakheni wezimboni, owoyela kanye nowokudla.
YUKOS
Ngo-1995, uKhodorkovsky washaya into enkulu, washintsha u-10% wamasheya akwaMenatep ngama-45% aseYukos, okuyindawo yokucwenga uwoyela kahulumeni, eyokuqala ngokuya ngezindawo zikawoyela.
Kamuva, usomabhizinisi wathatha enye i-35% yezokuphepha, ngenxa yalokho wayesevele ephethe ama-90% wamasheya aseYukos.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi inkampani yokuhluza uwoyela yayisesimweni esidabukisayo. Kuthathe uKhodorkovsky 6 iminyaka emide ukukhipha amaYukos kule nhlekelele.
Ngenxa yalokhu, inkampani yakwazi ukuba ngomunye wabaholi bomhlaba emakethe yamandla, enenhlokodolobha engaphezulu kwamaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-40. Ngo-2001, uMikhail Khodorkovsky, kanye nabalingani bangaphandle, bavule inhlangano esiza umphakathi i-Openrussia Foundation.
Icala lakwaYukos
Ekwindla ka-2003, usozigidi uKhodorkovsky waboshwa ngamaphoyisa esikhumulweni sezindiza eNovosibirsk. Lo oboshiwe ubesolwa ngokweba izimali zomphakathi nokubalekela intela.
Usesho lwenziwa ngokushesha ehhovisi le-YUKOS, futhi wonke amasheya enkampani nama-akhawunti ayeboshiwe.
Inkantolo yaseRussia inqume ukuthi uKhodorkovsky nguyena owasungula iqembu lezigebengu elalibandakanyeka ekwabelaneni ngamasheya ngokungemthetho ezinkampanini ezahlukahlukene.
Ngenxa yalokho, i-Yukos yayingasakwazi ukuthumela uwoyela futhi ngokushesha yazithola isesimweni esibucayi futhi. Yonke imali evela empahleni yenkampani idluliselwe ukukhokhela isikweletu kuhulumeni.
Ngo-2005, uMikhail Borisovich wagwetshwa iminyaka engu-8 ekoloni lombuso ojwayelekile.
Ekupheleni kuka-2010, ngesikhathi secala lesibili lobugebengu, inkantolo yathola ukuthi uKhodorkovsky nomlingani wakhe uLebedev banecala lokweba uwoyela futhi babagweba iminyaka engu-14 bebhadla ejele ngokususelwa ezigwebeni eziqoqekayo. Kamuva, sancishiswa isikhathi sokuboshwa.
Izibalo eziningi zezombusazwe nezomphakathi zisekele uMikhail Khodorkovsky, kufaka phakathi uBoris Akunin, uYuri Luzhkov, uBoris Nemtsov, uLyudmila Alekseeva nabanye abaningi. Baphikelela kwelokuthi ecaleni le-YUKOS umthetho wephulwa "ngendlela enonya nengafanele."
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi i-oligarch nayo yavikelwa osopolitiki baseMelika. Baphume begxeka kanzima inqubo yezomthetho yaseRussia.
Ngenkathi edonsa isigwebo sakhe ejele, uMikhail Khodorkovsky waya esitelekeni sendlala amahlandla ama-4 ekhalaza. Lesi bekuyisinye sezikhathi ezinzima kakhulu kumlando wakhe.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kuleli koloni wayehlaselwa kaningi yizikhungo zokuphoqelela umthetho kanye neziboshwa.
Ngesinye isikhathi, uKhodorkovsky wahlaselwa ngommese yilowo ayekanye naye esitokisini, u-Alexander Kuchma, owamnqamula ubuso. Kamuva, u-Kuchma uyavuma ukuthi abantu abangaziwa bamphushela ezenzweni ezinjalo, ezamphoqa ngokoqobo ukuthi ahlasele isikhulumi samafutha ngenkani.
Lapho uMikhail esesejele, waqala ukubhala. Maphakathi nawo-2000, kwashicilelwa izincwadi zakhe: "The Crisis of Liberalism", "Left Turn", "Introduction to the Future. Ukuthula ngo-2020 ”.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, u-Khodorkovsky washicilela imisebenzi eminingana, lapho ethandwa kakhulu kwakungu "Abantu Basejele". Kuyo, umbhali ukhulume kabanzi ngempilo yasejele.
NgoDisemba 2013, uMongameli waseRussia uVladimir Putin wasayina umyalelo wokuxolelwa kukaMikhail Khodorkovsky.
Lapho isikhululekile, i-oligarch yandizela eJalimane. Lapho, waveza obala ukuthi akasazimisele ukubamba iqhaza kwezepolitiki nokwenza ibhizinisi. Ubuye wengeza ukuthi, yena, uzokwenza yonke imizamo ukukhulula iziboshwa zepolitiki zaseRussia.
Noma kunjalo, eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, uKhodorkovsky wamemezela inhloso yakhe yokuncintisana nobumongameli ukuze kuguqulwe isimo sezinto zibe ngcono.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Kule minyaka biography yakhe Khodorkovsky washada kabili.
Ngomkakhe wokuqala, u-Elena Dobrovolskaya, wahlangana phakathi neminyaka yakhe yokufunda. Ngokushesha lo mbhangqwana waba nomfana, uPavel.
Ngokusho kukaMikhail, lo mshado awuzange uphumelele. Noma kunjalo, lo mbhangqwana wahlukana ngokuthula futhi namuhla bayaqhubeka nokuzwana.
Khodorkovsky okwesibili washada nesisebenzi se-Bank Menatep - u-Inna Valentinovna. Abantu abasha bashada ngo-1991, ngesikhathi ukuphakama kokuwa kwe-USSR.
Kule nyunyana, lo mbhangqwana wawunentombazane u-Anastasia namawele amabili - u-Ilya noGleb.
Ngokusho kukanina, u-Khodorkovsky akakholelwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona. Ngasikhathi sinye, imithombo eminingi ikhombisa ukuthi wayekholelwa kuNkulunkulu ngesikhathi esejele.
UMikhail Khodorkovsky namuhla
Ku-2018, iphrojekthi ye-United Democrats yethulwe ukuhlinzeka ngosizo olufanele kulabo abazimele abazokhethwa okhethweni lwesifunda lwango-2019.
Le phrojekthi ixhaswe ngokuxhaswa okuqondile kukaKhodorkovsky.
UMikhail Borisovich uphinde abe ngumsunguli wenhlangano iDossier, ephenya ngezinhlelo zenkohlakalo ezenziwa ubuholi bezwe.
UKhodorkovsky unesiteshi sakhe se-YouTube, kanye nama-akhawunti kumanethiwekhi omphakathi athandwayo.
Ukuxhumana nababukeli, uMikhail uvame ukugxeka uVladimir Putin nezenzo zikahulumeni. Ngokusho kwakhe, izwe ngeke likwazi ukuthuthuka ngokuphepha ngenkathi amandla esezandleni zosopolitiki abakhona.
Isithombe nguMikhail Khodorkovsky
