ISoviet Union, empeleni, yayiyizwe elinempikiswano futhi elihlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mbuso usuthuthuke ngamandla kangangokuba nezazi-mlando ezingachemile, futhi ikakhulukazi ababhali bezimemo, bayakwazi ukurekhoda lokhu noma leso sikhathi samanje emisebenzini yabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho befunda imithombo ehlukene, kubonakala sengathi abachazi izinkathi ezahlukahlukene kuphela, kepha imihlaba ehlukene. Amaqhawe, ngokwesibonelo, endaba ka-Yuri Trifonov ethi "House on the Embankment" kanye nabalingiswa banoveli kaMikhail Sholokhov ethi "Virgin Land Upturned" bukhoma (ngomcabango othile) cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo. kepha akukho ukuxhumana phakathi kwabo. Ngaphandle, mhlawumbe, ingozi yokubhubha nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.
Izinkumbulo zabantu abahlala e-USSR ziyafana ngokufanayo. Othile ukhumbula eya ebhange lokulondolozela ukuyokhokhela izinsiza - umama wanikeza ama-ruble amathathu wabavumela ukuthi basebenzise lolu shintsho ngokuthanda kwabo. Omunye waphoqeleka ukuba eme kulayini ayothenga ithini lobisi kanye nekani likakhilimu omuncu. Izincwadi zomunye umuntu bezingashicilelwa iminyaka ngenxa yengxenye ebuthakathaka yemibono, kanti omunye uphuze ebabayo ngoba uphinde weqiwa nge-Lenin Prize.
I-USSR, njengombuso, isivele ingeyomlando. Wonke umuntu angakholelwa ukuthi le njabulo izobuya noma ukuthi lesi sehlakalo esesabekayo ngeke siphinde senzeke. Kepha ngandlela thile, iSoviet Union, nazo zonke izinzuzo nezinkinga zayo, izohlala iyingxenye yesikhathi esedlule.
- Kusukela ngo-1947 kuya ku-1954, amanani entengo ancishiswa minyaka yonke (entwasahlobo) eSoviet Union. Izimemezelo ezisemthethweni zikahulumeni zashicilelwa emaphephandabeni ngezakhiwo ezinemininingwane yokuthi yiziphi izimpahla nokuthi intengo izokwehliswa ngamanani amangaki. Inzuzo ephelele kubantu nayo ibaliwe. Isibonelo, inani labantu baseSoviet Union "lahlomula" ama-ruble angama-50 billion ukwehla kwentengo ngo-1953, kanti ukwehla okulandelayo kwabiza umbuso ama-ruble ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-20. Uhulumeni futhi wabheka nomphumela wokuqongelela: ukwehla kwamanani entengiselwano yombuso kucishe kwabangela ukwehla kwamanani ezimakethe ezihlangene zepulazi. Ngenkathi amanani ezentengiselwano zombuso ehlile izikhathi ezingama-2.3 eminyakeni eyisikhombisa, amanani ezimakethe ezihlangene zepulazi ehle ngamahlandla ama-4.
- Ingoma kaVladimir Vysotsky ethi "A Case at a Mine" igxeka ngokufihla umkhuba wokwenyuka okungapheli kwamazinga okukhiqiza cishe kunoma yikuphi ukukhiqizwa, okusabalale kusukela maphakathi nawo-1950. Abalingiswa bale ngoma benqaba ukuhlenga uzakwabo emfucumfucwini, othi "Uzoqala ukufeza izinkambiso ezintathu / Uzoqala ukunikeza amalahle ezweni - nathi ikhan!" Kuze kube ngo-1955, kwakunohlelo oluqhubekayo lwemiholo, ngokusho kwemikhiqizo eyakhiwe ngokweqile eyayikhokhelwa ngevolumu enkulu kunaleyo ebihleliwe. Kubukeka kwehlukile ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene, kepha ingqikithi ibifana: ukhiqiza uhlelo oluthe xaxa - uthola inani elikhulu. Isibonelo, i-Turner ikhokhelwe izingxenye ezingama-250 ezihleliwe ngenyanga kuma-ruble ama-5. Imininingwane ehlelwe ngokweqile kuze kufike kuma-50 ikhokhelwe ama-ruble ayi-7.5, ama-50 alandelayo - ama-ruble ayi-9, njll. Ngemuva kwalokho lo mkhuba wancishiswa, kepha waphinde wathathelwa indawo ukukhuphuka okuqhubekayo kwamazinga okukhiqiza ngenkathi kugcinwa usayizi weholo. Lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi ekuqaleni abasebenzi baqala ngokuthula futhi ngaphandle kokujaha ukufeza izinkambiso ezikhona, bazedlula kanye ngonyaka ngamaphesenti ambalwa. Futhi ngawo-1980, okujwayelekile, ikakhulukazi emabhizinisini akhiqiza izimpahla zabathengi, iningi lemikhiqizo ehleliwe yakhiqizwa ngendlela yokuqhekeka ekupheleni kwesikhathi sokubika (inyanga, ikota noma unyaka). Abathengi balibamba masinyane iphuzu, futhi, ngokwesibonelo, izinto zasendlini ezikhishwe ekupheleni konyaka bezingaba sezitolo iminyaka - bekucishe kube ngumshado oqinisekisiwe.
- Cishe ekuqaleni kweperestroika eyabhubhisa i-USSR, inkinga yobumpofu yaxazululwa ezweni. Yena, ekuqondeni kweziphathimandla, ubelokhu ekhona kusukela ngezikhathi zangemva kwempi, futhi akekho noyedwa ophikile ubuphofu. Izibalo ezisemthethweni zathi ngo-1960, kuphela izakhamizi ezingama-4% ezazithola imali engama-ruble angaphezu kwekhulu ngenyanga. Ngo-1980, kwase kunabantu abangu-60% kulezi zakhamizi (ezitholakala ngesilinganiso semali engenayo yomuntu ngamunye emindenini). Eqinisweni, ngaphambi kwamehlo esizukulwane esisodwa, kwakukhona ukweqa kwekhwalithi emholweni wabantu. Kepha le nqubo evame ukuba nemiphumela emihle nayo ibe nemiphumela emibi. Njengoba imali yayikhula, nezidingo zabantu zazikhula, umbuso owawungeke ukwazi ukuhlangabezana nazo ngesikhathi.
- I-ruble yaseSoviet "yayiyizinkuni". Ngokungafani nezinye, "igolide" zezimali, bekungashintshwa ngokukhululeka. Empeleni, kwakukhona imakethe yezimali yokushintshaniswa kwamanye amazwe, kepha abathengisi bayo abaphumelele ikakhulukazi, bathola iminyaka eyi-15 ejele, noma baze basukuma balindela ukudubula. Izinga lokushintshaniswa kule makethe lalingama-ruble ayi-3-4 ngedola laseMelika. Abantu babazi ngalokhu, futhi abaningi babheka izintengo zangaphakathi zaseSoviet njengezingalungile - amajini aseMelika abiza ama-dollar ayisi-5-10 phesheya, kwezentengiselwano kahulumeni intengo yawo yayingama-ruble ayi-100, kuyilapho abaqageli bengabiza ama-ruble angama-250. Lokhu kwabangela ukunganeliseki, okwaba ngesinye sezici zokuwa I-USSR - iningi elikhulu labantu bezwe beliqinisekile ukuthi umnotho wemakethe ungamanani aphansi nohlu olubanzi lwezimpahla. Bambalwa abantu ababecabanga ukuthi emnothweni waseSoviet ongathengisi, ama-kopecks ama-5 ayelingana okungenani ama-dollar ayi-1.5, uma kuqhathaniswa uhambo eMetro yaseMoscow naseNew York. Futhi uma siqhathanisa amanani ezinsiza - emndenini waseSoviet abiza inani eliphakeme lama-ruble ama-4 - 5 - izinga lokushintshana le-ruble ngokuvamile landizela phezulu.
- Kuyamukelwa jikelele ukuthi ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1970, lokho okubizwa nge- “stagnation” kwaqala emnothweni weSoviet Union. Akunakwenzeka ukuveza lokhu kumiswa ngamanani - umnotho wezwe ukhule ngo-3-4% ngonyaka, futhi bekungeyona inzalo yamanje ngokwezimali, kepha umphumela wangempela. Kepha ukuma kwakukhona ezingqondweni zobuholi baseSoviet. Ngokuya ngamanani amakhulu, babona ukuthi ekuhlangabezaneni nezidingo eziyisisekelo - ukusetshenziswa kokudla, izindlu, ukukhiqizwa kwempahla eyisisekelo yabathengi - iSoviet Union yayisondela noma ifinyelela emazweni aseNtshonalanga aholayo. Kodwa-ke, abaholi bePolitburo yeKomidi Elikhulu leCPSU abanaka kangako ushintsho lwengqondo olwenzeka ezingqondweni zabantu. Abadala baseKremlin, ababeziqhenya (futhi beqinisile) ngeqiniso lokuthi ngesikhathi sokuphila kwabo abantu basuka emigodini baya ezindlini ezinethezekile futhi baqala ukudla ngendlela ejwayelekile, babona sekwephuze kakhulu ukuthi abantu baqala ukubheka ukwaneliseka kwezidingo eziyisisekelo okungenakuphikwa.
- Iningi lesikhungo samanje, kubandakanya nesomlando, siyinzalo "yeziboshwa zaseGulag" ezivuselelwe. Ngakho-ke, uNikita Khrushchev, owahola iSoviet Union kusuka ngo-1953 kuya ku-1964, uvame ukwethulwa njengomholi onomqondo omncane, kodwa onomusa nozwela "ovela kubantu." Njengaye, kwakukhona indoda enjengommbila onempandla owangqongqoza ibhuthi lakhe etafuleni e-UN futhi waqalekisa abezamasiko. Kepha waphinde wavuselela izigidi zabantu abangenacala nabacindezelwe. Eqinisweni, indima kaKhrushchev ekubhujisweni kwe-USSR ifana naleyo kaMikhail Gorbachev. Eqinisweni, ngokunengqondo uGorbachev wakuphothula lokho okwakuqalwe nguKhrushchev. Uhlu lwamaphutha nokucekelwa phansi ngamabomu kwalo mholi ngeke lwanele encwadini yonke. Inkulumo kaKhrushchev engqungqutheleni ye-XX yeCPSU kanye ne-de-Stalinization eyalandela yahlukanisa umphakathi waseSoviet ngendlela yokuthi lokhu kwehlukana kuzwakale eRussia yanamuhla. Ukuhlekwa kokutshalwa kommbila esifundeni sase-Arkhangelsk kwabiza izwe ngo-1963 kuphela amathani angama-372 egolide - leli inani impela lensimbi eyigugu okwakumele ithengiswe ukuze kuthengwe okusanhlamvu okulahlekile e-USA naseCanada. Ngisho nokuthuthuka okukhazinyulisiwe okuphindwe kalikhulu kwamaVirgin Lands, okubize izwe ama-ruble ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-44 (futhi uma konke kwenziwa ngokwengqondo, kungathatha okuphindwe kabili), akuzange kunikeze ukwanda okukhethekile ekuvuneni - amathani ayizigidi eziyi-10 kakolweni oyintombi ngaphakathi kokuvuna okuphelele ezweni lonke alingana nesimo sezulu ukungabaza. Umkhankaso we-propaganda ka-1962 wawubukeka njengokuhlekisa kwabantu, lapho ukwenyuka kwamanani emikhiqizo yenyama ngo-30% (!) Kwabizwa ngesinqumo esinenzuzo kwezomnotho esasekelwa abantu. Futhi-ke, ukudluliswa ngokungemthetho kweCrimea kuya e-Ukraine kungumugqa ohlukile ohlwini lwezenzo zikaKhrushchev.
- Kusukela kwakhiwa amapulazi okuqala ahlanganisiwe, umholo wabasebenzi kuwo wenziwa ngokwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "izinsuku zokusebenza". Le yunithi ibiyahluka futhi incike ekubalulekeni komsebenzi owenziwayo. Abalimi abahlangene abenza umsebenzi odinga iziqu eziphezulu bangathola izinsuku zokusebenza ezi-2 nezingu-3 ngosuku. Amaphephandaba abhale ukuthi abasebenzi abaphambili basebenza ngisho nezinsuku zokusebenza eziyikhulu ngosuku. Kepha, ngokufanele, ngosuku olufushane lokusebenza noma umsebenzi ongagcwalisekanga, umuntu angathola ngaphansi kosuku olulodwa lomsebenzi. Sekukonke, bekukhona kusuka kumaqembu entengo we-5 kuye ku-7. Ngezinsuku zokusebenza, ipulazi elihlangene lalikhokhelwa ngomusa noma ngemali. Kaningi ungahlangabezana nezinkumbulo zokuthi izinsuku zokusebenza zikhokhwe kabi, noma azikhokhelwanga nhlobo. Ezinye zalezi zinkumbulo, ikakhulukazi lezo zabakhileyo eSifundeni Somhlaba Esingewona Abamnyama baseRussia noma eNyakatho, ziyiqiniso. Ngesikhathi seminyaka yempi, abalimi bebonke babenikezwa isilinganiso samakhilogremu angu-0.8 kuye ku-1.6 ngosuku lomsebenzi, okusho ukuthi, umuntu wayengahola ama-25 kg okusanhlamvu ngenyanga. Kodwa-ke, noma eminyakeni yokuvuna engeyona eyempi, abalimi ababumbene bathola okungaphezulu kakhulu - ama-3 kg okusanhlamvu ngosuku lomsebenzi athathwa njengenkokhelo enhle kakhulu. Kulondolozwe kuphela ngomnotho wabo. Le mali yokukhokha ivuselele ukufuduselwa kwabalimi emadolobheni. Lapho. lapho ukufuduswa okunjalo bekungadingeki khona, abalimi bebonke bathola okuningi kakhulu. Isibonelo, e-Asia Ephakathi, inkokhelo yabalimi bakakotini (izinsuku zokusebenza eziguqulwe zaba yimali) ngaphambi nangemva kweMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe yayiphezulu kunesilinganiso somkhakha.
- Omunye wemiklamo emikhulu yokwakha emlandweni weSoviet Union kwaba ukwakhiwa kweBaikal-Amur Mainline (BAM). Ngo-1889, ukwakhiwa kwesitimela eduze komzila wamanje we-BAM kwathiwa "akunakwenzeka ngokuphelele". Ukwakhiwa kwesitimela sesibili esidlula eSiberia kwaqala ngo-1938. Ukwakhiwa kwaqhubeka nezinkinga ezinkulu nokuphazamiseka. Ngesikhathi seMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, ingxenye yensimbi yasuswa ngisho nokwakhiwa komgwaqo obheke phambili esifundeni iStalingrad. Kuphela ngemuva kokuthi i-BAM iqanjwe njenge- "Shock Komsomol Construction" ngo-1974, umsebenzi wavela ezingeni le-Union ngokuphelele. Abantu abasha abavela kulo lonke elaseSoviet Union baya ekwakheni ujantshi. NgoSepthemba 29, 1984, kwabekwa isixhumanisi segolide ekhilomitha elingu-1602 le-BAM enhlanganweni e-Balabukhta eTrans-Baikal Territory, ekhombisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwezingxenye ezisempumalanga nezentshonalanga zokwakhiwa komgwaqo omkhulu. Ngenxa yemicimbi eyaziwayo eyenzeka ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1980 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1990, i-BAM yayingenanzuzo isikhathi eside. Kodwa-ke, selokhu kuqale iminyaka yama-2000, ulayini wafinyelela kumthamo wawo wokuklama, futhi emgubhweni weminyaka engu-45 wakhiwa, kwamenyezelwa izinhlelo zokuvuselela lo jantshi ukuze uqhubeke nokukhulisa umthamo wawo. Ngokuvamile, i-BAM ibe yiphrojekthi yengqalasizinda enkulu kunazo zonke emlandweni we-USSR.
- Kukhona ukugomela kokuthi "Noma ngubani wasePapuan osanda kukhuphuka esihlahleni sesundu wamemezela indlela yentuthuko yenhlalakahle, wavele wathola usizo lwezezimali lwezigidi eziningi ezivela eSoviet Union." Kuyiqiniso ngemigede emibili emikhulu kakhulu - izwe elithola usizo kufanele noma libe nesisindo esifundeni kanye / noma emachwebeni olwandle. Imikhumbi yolwandle iyinjabulo ebizayo, hhayi kuphela ngokwakhiwa kwemikhumbi. Ukuba sengozini kwale mikhumbi ngamachweba asekhaya. Ngenxa yabo, bekufanele ukusekela iCuba, iVietnam, iSomalia, i-Ethiopia, iMadagascar nezinye izifundazwe eziningi. Vele, ukuxhasa imibuso kula mazwe nakwamanye kubiza imali. Kodwa le mikhumbi, egqwala emachwebeni ase-Arkhangelsk naseLeningrad, nayo idinga imali. Njengezisekelo, ikhambi elifanele kwakuwukuthenga amachweba avela eJapan, e-Uruguay naseChile, kepha lawa mazwe, ngeshwa, ayephethwe kakhulu yi-United States.
- I-Perestroika, eyabhubhisa iSoviet Union, yaqala hhayi ngesikhathi senhlekelele, kodwa ekuqaleni kokuqhuma okusha kwezentuthuko yezomnotho. Inkinga yabonwa ngo-1981 nango-1982, kepha ngemuva kokushona kukaLeonid Brezhnev kanye noshintsho olulandelayo lobuholi, ukukhula komnotho kwaqala kabusha, futhi izinkomba zokukhiqiza zaqala ukuba ngcono. Inkulumo kaMikhail Gorbachev ngokusheshisa yayisungulwe kahle, kepha izinguquko azenzile azizange ziholele ekuqhamukeni kwekhwalithi, kepha enhlekeleleni. Noma kunjalo, iqiniso lihlala likhona - ngaphambi kokuthi uGorbachev angene embusweni, umnotho waseSoviet wakhula ngokushesha ukwedlula umnotho wamazwe aseNtshonalanga ahambayo.