U-Alexander 2 Nikolaevich Romanov - Emperor of All Russia, Tsar of Poland noGrand Duke waseFinland. Ngesikhathi sokubusa kwakhe, wenza izinguquko eziningi ezithinta izindawo ezahlukahlukene. Ku-Russian pre-revolutionary kanye ne-historiography yaseBulgaria, ubizwa ngokuthi i-Liberator. Lokhu kungenxa yokuqedwa kweserfdom nokunqoba empini yenkululeko yeBulgaria.
I-biography ka-Alexander 2 iqukethe amaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo asuka empilweni yomuntu siqu nakwezepolitiki.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane ka-Alexander Nikolaevich Romanov.
Umlando ka-Alexander 2
Alexander Romanov wazalwa ngo-Ephreli 17 (29), 1818 eMoscow. Ukuhlonipha ukuzalwa kwakhe, kwaxoshwa isalvo yomkhosi yezibhamu ezingama-201.
Wazalelwa emndenini weSikhathi esizayo soMbusi waseRussia uNicholas 1 nomkakhe u-Alexandra Feodorovna.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Ngiseyingane, u-Alexander Romanov wafunda ekhaya, ngaphansi kweso likayise siqu. UNicholas 1 unake kakhulu ukukhulisa indodana yakhe, eqaphela ukuthi ngokuzayo kuzodingeka aphathe umbuso omkhulu.
Imbongi edumile yaseRussia nomhumushi uVasily Zhukovsky wayengumeluleki we-Tsarevich.
Ngaphezu kwezifundo eziyisisekelo, u-Alexander wafunda izindaba zempi ngaphansi kokuqondiswa nguKarl Merder.
Umfana wayenamakhono amahle kakhulu engqondo, ngenxa yokuthi washeshe wazi kahle isayensi ehlukahlukene.
Ngokusho kobufakazi obuningi, ebusheni bakhe wayethandeka kakhulu futhi enothando. Ngesikhathi sohambo oluya eLondon (ngo-1839), wayethandana neNdlovukazi uVictoria esencane.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi lapho elawula uMbuso WaseRussia, uVictoria uzobe esohlwini lwesinye sezitha zakhe ezimbi kakhulu.
Ukubusa nezinguquko zika-Alexander II
Lapho esefinyelele ekuvuthweni, u-Alexander, ngokugcizelela kukayise, waqala ukuzibandakanya ezindabeni zombuso.
Ngo-1834, lo mfana wayeseSenate, wabe eseba yilungu leSinodi Engcwele. Kamuva wabamba iqhaza kwiKomidi loNgqongqoshe.
Ngalesi sikhathi se-biography yakhe, u-Alexander 2 wavakashela amadolobha amaningi eRussia, futhi wavakashela amazwe amaningi aseYurophu. Ngokushesha waqeda ngempumelelo inkonzo yezempi futhi ngo-1844 waklonyeliswa isikhundla sokuba jikelele.
Njengoba waba umkhuzi we-Guards Infantry, u-Alexander Romanov waphatha izikhungo zemfundo zamasosha.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, le ndoda yafunda ngezinkinga zabalimi, ibona impilo yabo enzima. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho imibono yochungechunge lwezinguquko yakhula ekhanda lakhe.
Lapho kuqala Impi YaseCrimea (1853-1856), u-Alexander II wahola wonke amagatsha amabutho ahlomile atholakala eMoscow.
Ekuphakameni kwempi, ngo-1855, u-Alexander Nikolaevich wahlala esihlalweni sobukhosi. Lesi bekuyisinye sezikhathi ezinzima kakhulu kumlando wakhe. Bekuvele kucacile ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi iRussia ngeke ikwazi ukunqoba impi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo sezinto sicindezelwe wukushoda kwemali okuyinhlekelele kusabelomali. U-Alexander kwakudingeka asungule uhlelo oluzosiza izwe kanye nabantu bakubo bathole ukuchuma.
Ngo-1856, ngokomyalo wenkosi, osomaqhinga baseRussia baphetha ngokuthula kwaseParis. Futhi yize izigaba eziningi zalesi sivumelwano zazingazuzisi iRussia, u-Alexander II waphoqeleka ukuba enze noma yini ukuze anqande impi yezempi.
Ngawo lowo nyaka, umbusi waya eJalimane ukuyohlangana nenkosi uFriedrich Wilhelm 4. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi uFrederick wayengumalume ka-Alexander, ngasohlangothini lukamama.
Ngemuva kwezingxoxo ezibucayi, abaphathi baseJalimane nabaseRussia bangena "ekubambisaneni okubili" okuyimfihlo. Ngenxa yalesi sivumelwano, ukuvinjelwa kwenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yoMbuso WaseRussia kwaphela.
Manje u-Alexander 2 kwakudingeka axazulule zonke izindaba zangaphakathi zezombusazwe kuhulumeni.
Ehlobo lika-1856, umbusi wayala ukuxolelwa kwabakwa-Decembrists, uPetrashevists, kanye nabahlanganyeli ekuvukeleni kwePoland. Ngemuva kwalokho wayeka ukuqasha iminyaka emithathu futhi waqeda izindawo zokuhlala ezempi.
Isikhathi sesifikile sesinye sezinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu kumlando wezepolitiki ka-Alexander Nikolaevich. Uyalile ukuthi alusukumele udaba lokuqedwa kwe-serfdom, ngenkululeko yabalimi engenamhlaba.
Ngo-1858, kwashaywa umthetho, ngokusho lapho umlimi wayenelungelo lokuthenga indawo ayebelwe yona. Ngemuva kwalokho, umhlaba othengiwe waba yimpahla yakhe.
Esikhathini 1864-1870. U-Alexander II usekele imithethonqubo yeZemskoye neyeDolobha. Ngalesi sikhathi, izinguquko ezibalulekile zenziwa emkhakheni wezemfundo. Inkosi iphinde yaqeda umkhuba wokujezisa ngokushaya.
Ngasikhathi sinye, u-Alexander II waphuma njengonqobayo eMpini yaseCaucasus futhi wahlanganisa iningi lamaTurkestan endaweni yezwe. Ngemuva kwalokho, wanquma ukuya empini neTurkey.
Futhi, i-tsar yaseRussia yagcwalisa isabelomali sikahulumeni ngokuthengisa i-Alaska e-United States. Funda kabanzi ngalokhu lapha.
Izazi-mlando eziningi zithi ukubusa kuka-Alexander II, ngenxa yazo zonke izinzuzo zako, kwaba nokubi okukhulu: inkosi yabambelela "kwinqubomgomo yamaJalimane" eyayiphikisana nezintshisekelo zaseRussia.
URomanov wayemesaba uFrederick, emsiza ekwakheni impi enobumbano yaseJalimane.
Noma kunjalo, ekuqaleni kokubusa kwakhe, umbusi wenza izinguquko eziningi ezibalulekile, ngenxa yalokho wayekufanele ukubizwa ngokuthi "uMkhululi".
Impilo yomuntu siqu
U-Alexander 2 wayehlukaniswa ngothando lwakhe olukhethekile. Lapho eseyinsizwa, wayethandwa kakhulu yincekukazi yaseBorodzina ukuthi abazali bentombazane kwakudingeka bayishade ngokuphuthumayo.
Emva kwalokho, intombi ehloniphekile uMaria Trubetskaya waba othandekayo omusha we-Tsarevich. Ngokushesha wathandana kaninginingi nentombazane ehloniphekile - u-Olga Kalinovskaya.
Umfana wayethanda le ntombazane kangangokuthi ngenxa yomshado nayo, wayekulungele ukushiya isihlalo sobukhosi.
Ngenxa yalokho, kwangenelela abazali bendlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi kulesi simo, begcizelela ukuthi ashade noMaximiliana waseHesse, owabe esaziwa kamuva njengoMaria Alexandrovna.
Lo mshado ube yimpumelelo enkulu. Lo mbhangqwana wasebukhosini wayenabafana abayisithupha namantombazane ama-2.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umkakhe amthandayo wagula kakhulu ngesifo sofuba. Lesi sifo sakhula nsuku zonke, saba imbangela yokufa kweNdlovukazi ngo-1880.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngesikhathi sokuphila komkakhe, u-Alexander 2 wamkhohlisa kaningi nabesifazane abahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wazalelwa izingane ezingekho emthethweni ezivela kuzintandokazi zakhe.
Umfelokazi, inkosi yashada intombi ehloniphekile eneminyaka engu-18 u-Ekaterina Dolgorukova. Kwakungumshado we-morganatic, okungukuthi, ophethwe phakathi kwabantu bezimo ezihlukile zenhlalo.
Izingane ezine ezizalwe kule nyunyana bezingenalo ilungelo lokuhlala esihlalweni sobukhosi. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi zonke izingane zazalwa ngesikhathi lapho unkosikazi wenkosi wayesaphila.
Ukufa
Phakathi neminyaka yomlando wakhe, u-Alexander 2 wabhekana nemizamo eminingi yokubulawa. Ngokokuqala ngqá uDmitry Karakozov engenele empilweni yenkosi. Bese befuna ukubulala umbusi eParis, kepha kulokhu wasinda.
Okunye ukuzama ukubulala kwenzeka ngo-Ephreli 1879 eSt. Abasunguli bayo babengamalungu ekomidi eliphezulu le "Narodnaya Volya". Banqume ukuqhumisa isitimela sasebukhosini, kodwa ngephutha baqhumisa imoto engafanele.
Ngemuva kwalokho, ukuvikelwa kuka-Alexander II kwaqiniswa, kepha lokhu akuzange kumsize. Lapho inqola yasebukhosini igibela emgodini weCatherine Canal, u-Ignatius Grinevetsky waphonsa ibhomu ezinyaweni zamahhashi.
Kodwa-ke inkosi ibulawe ukuqhuma kwebhomu lesibili. Umbulali wamphonsa ezinyaweni zenkosi ngesikhathi ephuma enqoleni. U-Alexander 2 Nikolaevich Romanov washona ngoMashi 1 (13), 1881 eneminyaka engama-62.
Isithombe sika-Alexander 2
