I-Voltaire (igama lokuzalwa UFrançois-Marie Arouet. Umsuka wegama mbumbulu elithi "Voltaire" awaziwa.
I-biography kaVoltaire igcwele amaqiniso athakazelisayo. Kwakunezikhathi eziningi nezikhathi eziningi, kepha, noma kunjalo, igama lefilosofi ligxile emlandweni.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane kaVoltaire.
Umlando kaVoltaire
UVoltaire wazalwa ngoNovemba 21, 1694 eParis. Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini wesikhulu uFrançois Marie Arouet.
Umama wesazi esizayo, uMarie Margaret Daumard, wayevela emndenini ohloniphekile. Sebebonke, abazali bakaVoltaire babenezingane ezinhlanu.
Ubuntwana nentsha
UVoltaire wazalwa eyingane ebuthakathaka kangangokuba umama nobaba wakhe ekuqaleni babengakholelwa ukuthi umfana angaphila. Baze babiza nompristi, becabanga ukuthi indodana yabo isizokufa. Kodwa-ke, ingane yakwazi ukuphuma.
Lapho uVoltaire eneminyaka engu-7 ubudala, umama wakhe washona. Lokhu kwaba inhlekelele yokuqala enkulu kumlando wakhe.
Ngenxa yalokho, ukukhuliswa nokunakekelwa kwendodana yakhe kwawela ngokuphelele emahlombe kababa. UVoltaire wayevame ukungazwani nomzali wakhe, ngenxa yalokho kwaba nokuxabana okuphindaphindiwe phakathi kwabo.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uVoltaire waqala ukufunda ekolishi lamaJesuit. Eminyakeni edlule, waqala ukuzonda amaJesuit, ayebheka amasiko enkolo ngaphezu kwempilo yomuntu.
Kamuva, ubaba wakhe wahlela uVoltaire ehhovisi lezomthetho, kodwa lo mfana washeshe wabona ukuthi izindaba zomthetho zazingenandaba naye. Esikhundleni salokho, wakujabulela kakhulu ukubhala imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yokubhuqa.
Izincwadi
Lapho eneminyaka engu-18, uVoltaire wabhala umdlalo wakhe wokuqala. Uqhubeke nokubhala, wazitholela idumela njengenkosi yokuhlekwa usulu.
Ngenxa yalokhu, abanye ababhali nezicukuthwane besaba ukuthola imisebenzi kaVoltaire, lapho beyikhonjiswe khona kabi.
Ngo-1717, umFulentshi onobuhlakani wakhokha inani lamahlaya akhe abukhali. Ngemuva kokuhlekisa ngomphathi nendodakazi yakhe, uVoltaire waboshwa wathunyelwa eBastille.
Ngesikhathi esejele, umbhali uqhubeke nokufunda izincwadi (bona amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngezincwadi). Lapho ededelwa, uVoltaire wathola ukuthandwa ngenxa yomdlalo wakhe i-Oedipus, owawudlalwa ngempumelelo enkundleni yemidlalo yasendaweni.
Ngemuva kwalokho, umbhali wemidlalo ushicilele ezinye izinhlekelele ezingaba ngu-30, eziningi zazo ezifakwe kwizigaba zakudala zaseFrance. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imilayezo, izingoma ezihlabayo nama-odes kwaphuma ngaphansi kwepeni lakhe. Emisebenzini yomFulentshi, inhlekelele ne-satire yayivame ukuhlangana.
Ngo-1728 uVoltaire washicilela i-epic yakhe ethi "Henriad", lapho agxeka khona ngokungesabi amakhosi acindezelayo ngokholo lwawo olunenzondo kuNkulunkulu.
Eminyakeni emi-2 kamuva, isazi sefilosofi sanyathelisa inkondlo ethi "The Virgin of Orleans", eyaba ngomunye wemisebenzi ekhanya kakhulu kumlando wakhe wokubhala. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi le nkondlo yavunyelwa ukushicilelwa eminyakeni engama-32 kuphela ngemuva kokuvela kwayo, ngaphambi kwalokho yashicilelwa kuphela ezincwadini ezingaziwa.
Maid of Orleans wakhuluma Heroine odumile French Jeanne d'Arc. Kodwa-ke, kwakungeyona kangako ngoJeanne kepha ngohlelo lwezepolitiki kanye nezikhungo zenkolo.
UVoltaire uphinde wabhala kuhlobo lwephrozi yefilosofi, ephoqa umfundi ukuthi acabange ngencazelo yempilo, imikhuba yokuziphatha, indlela yokuziphatha komphakathi nezinye izici.
Phakathi kwemisebenzi ephumelele kakhulu kaVoltaire kubhekwa indaba emfushane ethi "Candide, noma i-Optimism", okwathi ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu yaba ngumthengisi othengisa kakhulu emhlabeni. Isikhathi eside, bekungavunyelwe ukuphrinta ngenxa yenani elikhulu lemishwana yokubhuqa kanye nezingxoxo ezingcolile.
Zonke izigigaba zamaqhawe encwadi zazihloselwe ukuhlekisa ngomphakathi, izikhulu nabaholi bezenkolo.
ISonto LamaRoma Katolika lafaka ohlwini ohlwini lwenoveli, kepha lokhu akuzange kukuvimbe ekutholeni ibutho elikhulu labalandeli, kufaka phakathi uPushkin, uFlaubert noDostoevsky.
Ifilosofi
Ngesikhathi se-biography ka-1725-1726. kwaqubuka ingxabano phakathi kukaVoltaire nenduna eyi-de Rogan. Lesi sakamuva sashaya isazi sefilosofi ngoba sasifuna ukuhlekisa ngaye.
Ngenxa yalokhu, uVoltaire waphinde wathunyelwa eBastille. Ngakho-ke, umcabangi wayeqiniseka ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe ngokwenzelela nokungabi nabulungisa emphakathini. Ngokuzayo waba ngumvikeli oshisekayo wobulungiswa kanye nezinguquko kwezenhlalo.
Ngemuva kokukhululwa, uVoltaire waxoshelwa eNgilandi ngokomyalo wenhloko yezwe. Lapho wahlangana nabacabangi abaningi abamqinisekisa ukuthi ngaphandle kosizo lwesonto akunakwenzeka ukusondela kuNkulunkulu.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uVoltaire washicilela Izincwadi Zefilosofi, lapho athuthukisa khona imibono kaJohn Locke, kanye nokwenqatshwa kwefilosofi yokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo.
Emsebenzini wakhe, umbhali wakhuluma ngokulingana, ukuphepha kanye nenkululeko. Kodwa-ke, akazange anikeze mpendulo eqondile embuzweni wobukhona bokuphila emva kokufa.
Yize uVoltaire egxeke kakhulu amasiko nabefundisi, akazange asekele ukungakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu. Umcabangi wayeyi-deist - inkolelo yokuba khona koMdali, lapho kunqatshwa khona noma yiziphi izimfundiso noma izimangaliso.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngaphezu kokubhala, uVoltaire wayethanda ukudlala i-chess. Cishe iminyaka engama-20, imbangi yakhe kwakungu-Adamit ongumJesuit, ayedlala naye izinkulungwane zemidlalo.
Othandekayo womFulentshi odumile kwakunguMarquis du Châtelet, owayethanda izibalo ne-physics. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ngesikhathi esisodwa le ntombazane yayihileleke ekuhumusheni eminye yemisebenzi ka-Isaac Newton.
I-marquise yayingowesifazane oshadile, kepha wayekholelwa ukuthi yonke imisebenzi kumyeni wakhe kufanele igcwaliswe kuphela ngemuva kokuzalwa kwezingane. Ngenxa yalokho, intombazane yaqala kaningi ukuthandana isikhashana nososayensi abahlukahlukene.
UDu Châtelet wafaka eVoltaire uthando lwezibalo nezinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi abantu abasha ababevame ukuzixazulula ndawonye.
Ngo-1749, owesifazane washona ngemuva kokubeletha ingane, okwaba yinhlekelele yangempela kumcabangi. Isikhathi esithile waphelelwa yintshisekelo empilweni, wawela ekucindezelekeni okujulile.
Bambalwa abantu abazi ukuthi uVoltaire wayengusozigidi. Ngisho nasebusheni bakhe wathola izeluleko eziningi ezinhle kubabhange, abamfundisa ukuphatha kahle imali.
Ngeminyaka engamashumi amane, uWalter wayeqongelele inqwaba yemali ngokutshala imishini yezempi nokwabela imali yokuthenga imikhumbi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, wathola imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yobuciko, futhi wathola imali ngomkhiqizo wobumba owawusendaweni yakhe eSwitzerland.
Ukufa
Ekugugeni, uVoltaire wayethandwa ngendlela emangalisayo. Abezombusazwe abadumile, abomphakathi namasiko bebefuna ukuxhumana naye.
Isazi sefilosofi sihambisana nezinhloko ezahlukahlukene zombuso, kufaka phakathi uCatherine II kanye nenkosi yasePrussia uFrederick II.
UVoltaire ushone ngoMeyi 30, 1778 eParis eneminyaka engama-83. Kamuva, izinsalela zakhe zadluliselwa ePantheon yaseParis, lapho zihlala khona namuhla.
