U-Adam Smith - Isazi sezomnotho saseScotland kanye nesazi sefilosofi sokuziphatha, omunye wabasunguli bemfundiso yezomnotho njengesayensi, umsunguli wesikole saso sendabuko.
I-biography ka-Adam Smith igcwele izinto ezahlukahlukene ezitholakele namaqiniso athakazelisayo avela empilweni yakhe.
Sikwazisa nge-biography emfushane ka-Adam Smith.
Umlando ka-Adam Smith
U-Adam Smith kuthiwa wazalwa ngoJuni 5 (16), 1723 enhlokodolobha yaseScotland, e-Edinburgh. Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini ofundile.
Uyise, u-Adam Smith, wadlula emhlabeni emasontweni ambalwa ngemuva kokuzalwa kwendodana yakhe. Wayesebenza njengommeli nesikhulu samasiko. Umama wososayensi wesikhathi esizayo, uMargaret Douglas, wayeyindodakazi yomnikazi womhlaba ocebile.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Lapho u-Adam eneminyaka engu-4 ubudala, wathunjwa ngama-gypsy. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yemizamo kamalume nabangani bomndeni, ingane yatholwa yabuyiselwa kunina.
Kusukela ebuntwaneni, uSmith wayekwazi ukufinyelela ezincwadini eziningi, lapho athola khona ulwazi oluhlukahlukene. Lapho esefinyelele eminyakeni eyi-14, waziphasa ngempumelelo izivivinyo eNyuvesi yaseGlasgow.
U-Adam wabe eseba ngumfundi eBalliol College, e-Oxford, efunde khona iminyaka eyi-6. Ngalesi sikhathi se-biography yakhe, wayehlala egula, echitha sonke isikhathi sakhe sokuphumula efunda izincwadi.
Ngo-1746, lo mfana waya eKirkcaldy, lapho afunda khona iminyaka engaba ngu-2.
Imibono nokutholakele kuka-Adam Smith
Lapho uSmith eneminyaka engama-25, waqala ukufundisa eNyuvesi yase-Edinburgh kwezomthetho, izincwadi zesiNgisi, ezenhlalo nezomnotho. Kwakungalesi sikhathi ku-biography yakhe lapho waba nentshisekelo enkulu ezinkingeni zezomnotho.
Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, u-Adam wethula imibono yakhe ngenkululeko yezomnotho emphakathini. Ngokushesha wahlangana noDavid Hume, owayenemibono efanayo hhayi ngezomnotho kuphela, kodwa nangepolitiki, inkolo nefilosofi.
Ngo-1751, u-Adam Smith waqokwa waba nguprofesa we-logic e-University of Glasgow, kwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi wakhethwa waba yi-Dean of the Faculty.
Ngo-1759 Smith washicilela iTheory of Moral Sentiments. Kuyo, wagxeka izisekelo zesonto, waphinde wacela ukulingana kwabantu ngokuziphatha.
Ngemuva kwalokho, usosayensi wethule umsebenzi "Ucwaningo ngemvelo nangezimbangela zomnotho wezizwe." Lapha umbhali wabelana ngemibono yakhe ngendima yokwehlukaniswa kwabasebenzi futhi wagxeka i-mercantilism.
Kule ncwadi, u-Adam Smith wafakazela lokho okwakuthiwa yisimiso sokungangeneleli - imfundiso yezomnotho ngokulandela ukungenelela kukahulumeni kwezomnotho okufanele kube kuncane.
Ngenxa yemibono yakhe, uSmith wazuza ukuthandwa okukhulu hhayi ezweni lakubo kuphela, kodwa futhi nangaphezulu kwemingcele yayo.
Kamuva, isazi sefilosofi sathatha uhambo oluya eYurophu. Ngenkathi evakashele eGeneva, wahlangana noVoltaire efeni lakhe. EFrance, wakwazi ukujwayelana nemibono yabaphathi bomzimba.
Lapho ebuyela ekhaya, u-Adam Smith wakhethwa njengoMuntu weRoyal Society yaseLondon. Ngesikhathi se-biography ka-1767-1773. wayephila impilo yokuzibandakanya, ebhala kuphela.
USmith waduma umhlaba wonke ngencwadi yakhe ethi The Wealth of Nations, eyashicilelwa ngo-1776. Phakathi kokunye, umbhali wachaza ngayo yonke imininingwane ukuthi umnotho ungasebenza kanjani ezimweni zenkululeko yezomnotho ephelele.
Futhi, umsebenzi ukhulume ngezici ezinhle ze-egoism ngayinye. Kwagcizelelwa ukubaluleka kokusatshalaliswa kwabasebenzi kanye nobukhulu bemakethe yokukhula komkhiqizo wabasebenzi.
Konke lokhu kwenza ukuthi sikwazi ukubheka ezomnotho njengesayensi esekelwe kwimfundiso yebhizinisi lamahhala.
Emisebenzini yakhe, uSmith waqinisekisa umsebenzi wemakethe yamahhala ngesisekelo sezinqubo zezomnotho zasekhaya, hhayi ngomthelela wenqubomgomo yezangaphandle. Le ndlela isabhekwa njengesisekelo semfundo yezomnotho.
Mhlawumbe i-aphorism ethandwa kakhulu ka-Adam Smith "yisandla esingabonakali". Ingqikithi yalesi sisho ukuthi ukuzuza komuntu kutholakala kuphela ngokwanelisa izidingo zomunye umuntu.
Ngenxa yalokhu, "isandla esingabonakali" sikhuthaza abakhiqizi ukuthi babone izintshisekelo zabanye abantu, futhi, ngenxa yalokho, inhlalakahle yomphakathi wonke.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, u-Adam Smith wacishe washada kabili, kepha ngasizathu simbe wahlala eyisidlakela.
Usosayensi wayehlala nonina nomzala wakhe ongashadile. Ngesikhathi sakhe samahhala, wayethanda ukuvakashela izinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayethanda izinganekwane kunoma yikuphi ukubonakaliswa kwayo.
Ekuphakameni kokuthandwa kwakhe nomholo oqinile, uSmith wahola impilo enesizotha. Wenza umsebenzi wokupha futhi wagcwalisa umtapo wakhe wezincwadi.
Ezweni lakubo, u-Adam Smith wayeneqembu lakhe. Njengomthetho, ngeSonto wayehlela amadili wobungani. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi wake wavakashela iNdlovukazi u-Ekaterina Dashkova.
USmith wayegqoka izingubo ezijwayelekile kanti futhi wayevame ukuphatha induku. Kwesinye isikhathi indoda iqale ikhulume yodwa, inganaki abantu abaseduze nayo.
Ukufa
Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, u-Adam waphathwa yisifo samathumbu, esaba isizathu esiyinhloko sokufa kwakhe.
U-Adam Smith ushone e-Edinburgh ngoJulayi 17, 1790 eneminyaka engama-67.
