"Asikho isilo esinamandla ukudlula ikati!" - kusho igundane legundane enganekwaneni edumile I. I-fabulist enkulu yaseRussia yayihlala kulezo zikhathi zezinzalamizi, lapho umphakathi ohloniphekile wabona amagundane kuphela ezitebeleni, futhi izintokazi zaquleka ngegama elithi "rat". Lapho-ke, impela, kwakungekho sidingo sokuhlukanisa ukuthi yisiphi isilwane segundane lomndeni wegundane esasiphethe okusanhlamvu okuvela ezinqolobaneni: igundane elikhudlwana nelinolaka kakhulu noma igundane elinamahloni.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amagundane ahlala endaweni yawo yabaphangi abancane bemikhiqizo yasensimini. Kepha amagundane alandela le ndoda yaya phezulu kochungechunge lokudla. Kancane kancane kwavela ukuthi ukonakala kokudla kungububi obuncane ababudalayo. Ubuntu buphume ngokulambisa emgodini wezifo eziwumshayabhuqe eziqale ngamagundane. Lesi sifo asizange sibhekane nemiphefumulo yabantu abayizigidi kuphela, kodwa futhi nokulahlekelwa okungathethekiyo kwempucuko.
Kokubili kokusha nangesikhathi esisha kunazo zonke, itrifle enemilenze emine (isisindo esiphezulu efinyelela kuma-500 g enobude obufinyelela kuma-35 cm) idala umonakalo omkhulu esintwini. Ekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, lalinganiselwa ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane zamadola ngonyaka, futhi eminyakeni yamuva nje, liyekile ukuhlolwa - izinkampani zomshuwalense ziyakhokha, noma ngabe ikhanda lazo libuhlungu. Futhi ungahlola kanjani ukufakwa kwekhebula elinamandla uma kungakabikho isifunda esifushane okwamanje? Noma imbobo egundwe amagundane kukhonkolo womqoqi wamamitha amabili? Uma amakati ehlala "nomuntu", khona-ke amagundane ahlala "ngokumelene nomuntu", futhi ngasikhathi sinye azizwa emuhle. Awabesabi kakhulu ubuthi, azikho izilwane ezizingelayo ezikwazi ukuwasusa, umuntu uhlinzeka ngemfucuza yokudla, yini enye edingekayo ukuze isilwane esibambekayo sikhiqize futhi sizalane?
1. Umsebenzi wezombusazwe ososayensi waseNgilandi uBertrand Russell wabulawa ngamagundane. Ngo-1907, uRussell waphakanyiselwa iPhalamende laseBrithani eqenjini leLiberal. Iphuzu elibalulekile lohlelo lwabakhululekile bekungukusekelwa kwama-suffragists - abasekeli bokulingana okugcwele kwabesifazane. Ngokunjalo, izethameli zomhlangano uRussell avula ngawo lo mkhankaso zazinabesilisa abaningi abenza kahle. Ngasikhathi sinye nokuqala kwenkulumo yalowo osemele ukhetho ephalamende, kwavela amagundane amakhulu amakhulu endaweni enkulu yehholo. Ukumemeza nokwethuka kwaphoqa ukuba umhlangano uvalwe, futhi uRussell akazange azame ukungena kwezepolitiki kuhulumeni wendabuko futhi.
2. Ngo-1948, amasosha ase-US axosha abantu eMarshall Islands, ababathola njengefa eMpini Yezwe Yesibili. Iziqhingi ezisePacific Ocean, ezazinabantu abayishumi nambili, zabonakala kubantu basePentagon njengendawo ekahle yokuhlolwa kwenuzi. Ukuqhuma kokuqala kwe-athomu, ngokusho kwesibikezelo sososayensi, bekufanele kubhubhise zonke izinto eziphilayo kulesi siqhingi, ngakho-ke abacwaningi bafika e-Enewetok Atoll, lapho kwenzeka khona ukuqhuma, eminyakeni emibili kuphela kamuva. Bamangala ukuthi akuzona kuphela izitshalo ezasinda kulesi siqhingi - isiqhingi sasigcwele amagundane, kusobala ukuthi seqa emigodini engaphansi komhlaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babengenazo izinguquko zofuzo, futhi indlela yokuzivumelanisa nemvelo yavumela amagundane e-Eniwetok ukuthi aphindaphinde impilo yawo. Kungaleso sikhathi-ke lapho kwaba khona iziphakamiso lapho kwenzeka khona inhlekelele ebulalayo esintwini, amagundane azodla ifa loMhlaba.
3. Ngaphandle kokuthi minyaka yonke izinkulungwane zabantu ziyafa ngenxa yokulunywa amagundane, futhi kulimale amakhulu ezinkulungwane, kunenani elikhulu labathandi bamagundane abathanda umphakathi wamagundane kunabantu. Imvamisa laba bantu basangulukile ngokuphelele ngokombono wezomthetho, futhi iziphathimandla kufanele zibe yinkimbinkimbi ukuze ngandlela thile babhekane nabathandi bezilwane zasendle. EChicago, ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1970, iziphathimandla zendawo nokho zaphendula kwizikhalazo ezivela kubahlali benye yezindawo ezihlonishwayo. Omakhelwane bakhala ngomama nendodakazi, abahlela umhlaba wonke wamagundane endlini encane - ngemuva kokubala ukuthi cishe kwakukhona amagundane angama-500 kule ndlu. Abesifazane, omdala kunabo bonke wayeneminyaka engama-74, futhi omncane kunabo bonke engu-47, basukuma ngokoqobo ukuvikela amagundane ngamabele abo. Ngenkathi amaphoyisa enquma ukungena endlini, ifulethi lawo lalimbozwe ngendle yendle engamasentimitha ambalwa ukushuba, abesifazane babahlasela ngezibhakela. Abasebenzi bethelevishini babaleka - amagundane abahlasela ngenhloso, sengathi bazi kahle kamhlophe ukuthi ngubani owayengumthombo wobubi ezweni lanamuhla. Abasebenzi benhlanzeko bangena endlini kuphela ngemuva kokuthi amaphoyisa ebulale amagundane amaningi - ngaphambi kwalokho ayesaba. Kwakungelula kubona - kwakumele bakhiphe ithani likadoti wegundane endlini "yamaRat Ladies".
4. Inhlekelele enkulu kakhulu kuMbusi waseFrance uNapoleon Bonaparte kwaba, njengoba wazi, iMpi yaseWaterloo, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho walahla wonke amathuba okugcina amandla. Kodwa-ke, njengoba ekwazile ukusinda kumuntu waseWaterloo, uNapoleon ushone ngenxa yegundane laseWaterloo. Esiqhingini saseSt. Helena, lapho umbusi owayesusiwe ayedingiselwe khona, amagundane ayezizwa ekhululekile kangangokuba ayegibela phezu kwetafula ngesikhathi sokudla kwasemini. Imizamo yokuba nezinkukhu kulesi siqhingi yagcina yehlulekile izinyoni - amagundane afunda ukukhuphuka ezihlahleni futhi agingqika phansi izinkukhu ezigxumayo ezazizama ukundiza. Umzamo wokufaka ubuthi kumagundane wasenza isimo saba sibi kakhulu - kwakungekho magundane amancane, kepha kunezelwa kubo iphunga elibi. Ngesinye isikhathi uNapoleon wathola igundane ngisho nasekhanda lakhe alithandayo. Ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi lesi sifo uNapoleon ahlaselwa futhi wafa ngesihluku ngaso sasibangelwa amagundane.
5. Izindaba zokuthi amagundane entshontsha futhi aqeda kanjani ama-banknotes angagcwalisa incwadi yonke. Okunomsoco kakhulu ngamagama amancane, amagundane ahlala esigodlweni sesheikh wase-United Arab Emirates. Ngawo-1960, abaseBrithani baqala ukukhokha imali engabalulekile kwizikhulu zamakholoni - ngokwabo - ngamafutha akhiqizwa endaweni yesheikh. Inkokhelo yenziwa ngokheshi ezikhwameni. Engazi lutho ngamathoyilethi egolide noma ngeRolls-Royces, umbusi wavele wafaka izikhwama ngaphansi kombhede. Amagundane afike kumakhilogremu amabi futhi abhubhisa amakhilogremu ayizigidi ezimbili. Uma kubhekwa ukwehla kwamandla emali, inani manje selizoba yizigidi ezingama-30. Futhi ukweba okuncane ngemali yokudla kwenzeka ngaso sonke isikhathi.
6. Amagundane athwala okungenani izifo ezingama-35 eziyingozi kubantu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amagundane ngokwawo ayizithwali zakudala - izidalwa zawo cishe azihlushwa izifo (ngaphandle kwesifo). Futhi asikho isiqinisekiso sokuthi uhlu lwezifo esezitholakele seluphelile. Ngokungezelela ku-typhoid owaziwa kudala, i-leptospirosis nemfiva, izifo ezingabizwa ngokungajwayelekile, uma kungenjalo ngeziphetho ezibuhlungu, zitholwe muva nje. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1970, abadobi abaningana babulawa yisifo esithathelwanayo esingaziwa eNew York. Kuvele ukuthi bamangazwa yilokhu okuthiwa. Isifo sikaWeil ukutheleleka okutholakala kumchamo wegundane. Zawela enhlabathini, ngomhlabathi zadliwa yizibungu, lapho abadobi abangenanhlanhla babamba izinhlanzi.
7. Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi emthelela wabo emphakathini, ubhadane lwezifo olubangelwa amagundane namazeze ahlala kuwo awanawo umlando emlandweni. Ubhadane lwezifo (bebengu-85 sebebonke) kubangele kokubili (inani labantu kanye nenani lamadolobha lehle ngamashumi amaphesenti) kanye nezinguquko ezisezingeni eliphakeme emphakathini wesintu. Ikakhulu, kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi kube ukwehliswa okubangelwe yisifo kwinani labasebenzi okuholele ekuqedweni kokuncika kwamakhosi eYurophu.
8. Amagundane akwazi ukukhiqiza ngokushesha. Uma siqhubeka nezibalo ezimsulwa, khona-ke igundane elilodwa kanye nenzalo yalo kungakhiqiza abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-300 eminyakeni emithathu. Ngasikhathi sinye, izici zemvelo zangaphandle azikuthinti ukuzala kwamagundane ngokweqile. Imvelo ikunakekele ukukhawulela inani lala magundane "ngakolunye uhlangothi". Lapho nje inani labantu lifinyelela inani elithile, ingxenye yomhlambi iyishiya, ingxenye iba nolaka kangangokuba ifa ngokushesha, futhi ingxenye yempilo imane yehle. Ngenxa yalokho, ubude besikhathi sokuphila besilinganiso samadoda cishe izinyanga eziyi-6, kanti abesifazane bahlala isikhathi esijana.
9. Impela, lokhu akunikezi ngandlela thile amagundane nomonakalo odalekayo, kepha baququda yonke into ilandelana, hhayi ngemizamo yokufika ekudleni kuphela. Baphoqeleka ukuthi benze lokhu ngokuhlala bekhula izisiba. Zidinga ukugaywa ngo-14.3 no-11.3 cm, ngokulandelana, njalo ngonyaka. Lokhu kuyindaba ebaluleke kakhulu - noma ngabe ama-incisors aphambuka ukuze angaphumuli kwamanye amathambo ogebhezi, ngenxa yobude bawo, ngeke alungele umsebenzi wawo omkhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye amagundane asebenzisa umsindo wokugaya obangelwa yi-rangefinder radar, uthwebula umsindo ovela ezintweni zangaphandle.
10. Amagundane akhula kahle kakhulu emzimbeni. Bangakwazi ukukhuphuka, izindonga ezingenalutho. Bangakhasa ngaphakathi kwamapayipi amile mpo abushelelezi uma ububanzi bangaphakathi bufanele (ungaphumuza umhlane wakho obondeni lwamapayipi abhekene nawo). Amagundane agxuma imitha ubude nokuphakama. Lapho bewa kusuka ekuphakameni okukhulu, bahlala emilenzeni emine. Izikebhe zamaphoyisa okugada eMfuleni i-Hudson eNew York bake babuka njengamagundane amathathu amahora amathathu, ngaphandle kokuma nokugwema ukusondela emikhunjini, babhukuda bewela umfula obanzi besuka kwelinye ibhange beya kwelinye. Amatilosi abone amahlandla amaningi ezintantayo ekuphahlazekeni kwemikhumbi eyacwila olwandle oluvulekile ezinsukwini ezintathu ezedlule.
11. "IGundane leNkosi", owavezwa ngegundane elihlala emisileni ehlanganisiwe yamanye amagundane, empeleni kwesinye isikhathi lihlangana nabantu. Eqinisweni, lawa amagundane amaningana anemisila ehlangene kuze kube seqophelweni lokuhlangana. Zingafinyelela ku-32. Ososayensi bagcina ukubona amagundane anjalo ngo-1963. I-hypothesis eyanele kakhulu yokuvela "kwamakhosi wamagundane" kungaba ukucabanga ngokukhula okusheshayo kakhulu kwamazinyane angazange abe nesikhathi sokuqaqa imisila yawo, kepha kunzima ukukholelwa ezingeni lokukhula kwamazinyane egundane. Ngokwenkulumo efanelekile yomunye wabaphenyi, manje ososayensi sebazi "ngamakhosi amagundane" njengoba nje abalimi bangeNkathi Ephakathi babekwazi.
12. Ngekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, imidlalo yamagundane yayithandwa kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, amagundane asebenza kuwo kuphela njengento - afakwa ubuthi yizinja. Imibiko emincintiswaneni yashicilelwa emaphephandabeni, futhi kwabanjwa izimpi namagundane kuzo zonke izingxenye zomphakathi - lo "mdlalo" wawuwukuphela komthetho phakathi kwegazi. Ngokunjalo, imboni ehambisana nalokhu yathuthuka: ukubamba amagundane bese ukuthengisa kubanikazi bezitebele "zamahhashi". ELondon kuphela, ukufunwa kwamagundane kwafinyelela ku-2 000 ngesonto. Izwe laseMelika alizange lisalele emuva, laze lahlanganisa nezombusazwe namagundane. Kwezinye izifundazwe, ukunqunywa kwamagundane bekungavunyelwe, futhi abahleli balolu hlobo lokuzijabulisa baboshwa ngamaphoyisa, kanti kwezinye izifundazwe, ithikithi lokugaya lalingabiza kufika ku- $ 100. Izinja eziqeqeshiwe - izinkunzi zezinkunzi ezivelele phakathi kompetha - zingabulala amagundane angamakhulu amaningana ngehora nesigamu. Futhi fan odume kakhulu wokubamba amagundane kwakunguCharles Darwin.
13. Kudala abantu bezama ukufaka izilwane ezahlukahlukene ekulweni namagundane - izitha zabo zemvelo. Eminye imizamo yaphumelela ngisho nasekuqaleni. Isibonelo, emadolobheni, amakati anciphisa indawo yokwabiwa kwamagundane kahle, futhi ama-mongoose nezinyoni ezidla inyama zilwa kahle emasimini anamagundane. Kepha azikho izindlela zokulwa namagundane ezisizile ukunqoba okuphelele. Ama-mongooses aseHawaii yiwona asondele kakhulu empumelelweni. Babeqhuba impela amagundane emigodini yabo futhi bengabavumeli ukuthi baphume, kodwa emini kuphela. Ebusuku, amagundane, yize eqaphile, asalimaza amasimu. Futhi ama-mongooses, anciphisa inani lamagundane, athatha ezinye izilwane ezincane, futhi aqala ukuwaqothula, anciphisa kakhulu ukwehluka kwezilwane zalezi ziqhingi.
14. Umdobi omkhulu wamagundane kwaba futhi uhlala eyindoda. Ubungcweti bokubamba amagundane ngeNkathi Ephakathi babuhlonishwa; abalwa namagundane babenenhlangano namalungelo. EFrankfurt, eJalimane, umJuda owethula iziphathimandla ezinomsila ezingama-5000 kuziphathimandla wathola amalungelo alinganayo nezinye izakhamuzi. Isikhuthazo sezinto ezibonakalayo sinikeze imiphumela emihle, kepha umbono noma ukholo, ngokusho kweziphathimandla zaseNdiya noma eChina, lusebenze kahle kakhulu - kwaqothulwa amagundane ayizigidi eziyi-12 eNdiya, futhi amakhomanisi aseChina, aholwa nguMao Zedong, aze abika nangesigidi esisodwa nengxenye sabhubhisa izitha zezitshalo nezinqolobane. Kube nokuzifunela okuthile - esiqhingini sase-Indonesia iJava, ilayisensi yomshado ingatholakala ngokuletha imisila yamagundane engama-25. Imisila yokufakelwa yaqala ukuthengiswa ezindaweni zokufundisana zobuciko, futhi ekuphenduleni isidingo saso sonke isidumbu, kwavela amapulazi agcwele amagundane.
15. NgoJulayi 20, 1944, ngo-19: 00, umsakazo waseBerlin wawuzosakaza umbiko omfishane wezindaba. Esikhundleni salokho, amaJalimane amangala lapho ezwa ukuthi uHitler ubulewe. Ngenxa yokuqhuma, uFuhrer akalimalanga, kunemihuzuko nokusha okuncane kuphela. Azisekho izindaba, futhi isiteshi somsakazo, sikhansela uhlelo, saqala ukusakaza amamashi amasosha. Ingxoxo ngezindlela zokulwa namagundane yamenyezelwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
16. Ephephandabeni elisesifundazweni saseMelika i-Illinois, kwashicilelwa isihloko esasineprojekthi enenzuzo enkulu yekati elihlanganisiwe nelipulazi lamagundane. Ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane, kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi ngasikhathi sinye kufuywe amakati angu-100 000 namagundane ayisigidi. Amakati anikelwa ukuzalisela izikhumba, ezibiza amasenti angama-30. Ungondla amakati ngenyama yenzalo yamagundane, ekhiqiza ngokushesha okuphindwe kane kunamakati. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amagundane kufanele adle inyama yamakati asevele akhishwa esikhunjeni. Lo mjikelezo omuhle wekati-rat wabukeka umsulwa kangangokuthi lo mbhalo waphinde washicilelwa amaphephandaba ombuso ahamba phambili. Baqala ukuthola izincwadi, ababhali bazo babenesifiso sokuthi unganikela kuphi, nokuthi siyimalini esilinganiselwe. Okudumisa umbhali wenothi, wahlala engaziwa, futhi empeleni, ngo-1875, lapho kwashicilelwa khona i-opus yakhe evelele, ngaphandle kwehaba, akuzange kwenziwe imikhonyovu enjalo e-United States.
17. Emuva ngo-1660, amaNgisi uRobert Boyle negama lakhe elithi Hook benza izivivinyo ezingamakhambi amnyama ngengxenye yezokwelapha, nengxenye yezinto eziphilayo. Kamuva, ozakwabo babona ukuthi eminyakeni emibili zonke izinqubo ezenzeka emzimbeni womuntu kusukela ekuzalweni kuze kube semdala zenzeka emzimbeni wegundane. Sekungamakhulu eminyaka ambalwa, igundane libe ngesinye sezilwane ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuhlolweni kwemitholampilo. Amakhulu ezigidi zamagundane asetshenziselwa ucwaningo minyaka yonke. ICharles River Laboratory e-USA kuphela ithengisa amagundane okuhlola afinyelela kwizigidi ezingama-20 ngonyaka. Izidakamizwa, eziqale zafundwa ngamagundane, zisetshenziselwa ukuhlinzwa kanye namanxeba okudutshulwa, imikhuhlane nezilonda, isifo sikashukela kanye nezifo zenhliziyo. Eqinisweni, umuntu ophilile ngokuphelele kuphela ongaziqhayisa ngokungabhekani nezidakamizwa ezihlolwe kumagundane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le ndoda enkulu ayikakatholi ngisho umuthi wokugoma owodwa.
18. Njengenjwayelo ekulweni nezinto zemvelo, intando yeningi enoshintsho lwakudala lwamandla nokunye okufeziwe, ekulweni nokuhlaselwa kwamagundane akunamandla. Ezifundazweni eziningi zase-United States, ukulwa namagundane kudlule ezigabeni eziningi ezifanayo. Ekuqaleni, amagundane asuka ezindaweni zezimboni aya ezindaweni ezihlwempu zokuhlala. Ngemuva kwalokho amagundane angena endaweni yokuhlala esezingeni eliphakathi nendawo, okuvame ukunquma inqubomgomo yeziphathimandla zendawo. Kwaba nokuxokozela, okwakuthi kwesinye isikhathi kunyukele ezingeni likazwelonke. Ngawo-1960, izimfuno zokunqoba amagundane zaqondana nomzabalazo wamalungelo omphakathi wase-Afrika.UMartin Luther King nabafowabo baklolodela "Sifuna Umthethosivivinywa Wegundane!" - bathi, izinkinga zethu zibaluleke kakhulu kunezingane ezilunywe amagundane. Ngemuva kwalokho ukwabiwa kwemali yokulwa namagundane kusaqhutshekelwa phambili. Ngenxa yalokhu, ezifundeni ezithola imali ngokwesilinganiso sama- $ 50 umuntu ngamunye, inkinga yegundane yaxazululwa. Kepha amaCongressman akhethwa ngokwesilinganiso njalo eminyakeni emibili, futhi inani lamagundane liyalulama ngonyaka. Esabelomali esilandelayo, amagundane akhohliwe futhi abuyela ngokushesha emigqonyeni yezakhi. EBerlin ngawo-1920, imikhankaso ejwayelekile yayingagcini nje ngokulwa namagundane, kodwa futhi yayihlawulisa njalo abanikazi lapho amagundane abo ayeqashelwa khona. Izinhlawulo ezingekho emthethweni zenze ukuthi amagundane aphinde avele phakathi neMpi Yezwe II.
19. Amagundane anomuzwa ojulile wokuhogela, futhi ngokombono kungasetshenziselwa izinhloso ezahlukahlukene, njengokuthola iziqhumane noma ukuxilonga izifo. Kodwa-ke, ukuqondisa umsebenzi wegundane endaweni enenzuzo kuvame ukuza nezindleko ezihambisanayo kangangokuba izindlela zendabuko zishibhile kakhulu futhi zisebenziseka kalula. Cishe okufanayo kungashiwo ngekhono eliphindaphindwayo lamagundane lokucabanga ngokunengqondo, ukubikezela izehlakalo nokuhlanganisa imizamo yokuhlangana. Lokhu, noma kunjalo, akuvimbi ososayensi ekutholeni izibonelelo zocwaningo futhi nokumemezela amagundane cishe umqhele wokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
20. ENyakatho-mpumalanga yeNdiya, ezifundazweni eziphakathi kweMyanmar neBangladesh, inhlekelele yemvelo engachazeki yenzeka cishe kanye njalo ekhulwini leminyaka. Ngemuva koqalo oluqhakazayo, olunhlobonhlobo oluqhakaza kule ndawo kanye njalo eminyakeni engama-50, amagundane amnyama aqeda sonke isivuno selayisi nezinye izinhlamvu. Uqalo luqala ukuqhakaza eningizimu. Izimbali zihamba kancane ziye enyakatho. Ngokufanayo, izigidi zamagundane amnyama zihamba ngaphansi kwamasimu abalimi ukuze zivune sonke isivuno ngobusuku obubodwa. Le nhlekelele yaqashelwa emuva ngekhulu le-18, kepha kusenzima ukungayihumushi noma ukumelana nayo. Bobabili uhulumeni waseBrithani kanye nohulumeni omkhulu waseNdiya basiza abantu bendawo abalahlekelwe yizitshalo zabo, kepha kusenzima ukuqeda amagundane. Uhulumeni eDelhi minyaka yonke umemezela umklomelo wamarandi ama-2 (i-rupee ngesilinganiso esisodwa esingaphansi kwe-ruble) ngomsila wegundane. Izinduku zibulawa emashumini ezinkulungwane, futhi ngonyaka ojwayelekile le yimali enhle eyengeziwe kubahlali bendawo, kepha ngonyaka wokuhlaselwa kwamagundane, naye akaqinisekisi ukuthi uzophila. Futhi engxenyeni elandelayo yekhulu leminyaka, amagundane amnyama anyamalala cishe kwizilwane zasendaweni, kubalwa kuphela i-10% yabo bonke abantu bamarati.
