I-Alcatrazobeye aziwe njengo Idwala Isiqhingi eSan Francisco Bay. Waziwa kakhulu ngejele elivikeleke kakhulu elinegama elifanayo, lapho kugcinwa khona izigebengu eziyingozi kakhulu. Futhi, lezo ziboshwa ezeqe ezindaweni zokuboshwa zangaphambilini zilethwe lapha.
Umlando wejele lase-Alcatraz
Uhulumeni wase-US uthathe isinqumo sokwakha ijele lamasosha e-Alcatraz ngezizathu eziningi, kubandakanya nezinto zemvelo. Lesi siqhingi sasiphakathi nendawo yetheku elinamanzi abandayo nemisinga enamandla. Ngakho-ke, noma ngabe iziboshwa zazikwazi ukweqa ejele, kwakungeke kwenzeke ukuthi zisuke kulesi siqhingi.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi maphakathi nekhulu le-19, iziboshwa zempi zathunyelwa e-Alcatraz. Ngo-1912, kwakhiwa isakhiwo esikhulu sejele esinezitezi ezintathu, kwathi eminyakeni engu-8 kamuva lesi sakhiwo sacishe sagcwala ngokuphelele ngeziboshwa.
Ijele lalihlukaniswa ngezinga eliphakeme lokuziphatha, ukuqina kwabahlukumezi kanye nokujeziswa kanzima. Ngasikhathi sinye, lezo ziboshwa zase-A'katras ezazikwazi ukuzibonakalisa zisohlangothini oluhle zazinelungelo lokuthola amalungelo ahlukahlukene. Isibonelo, abanye bavunyelwa ukusiza ngemisebenzi yasendlini yemindeni ehlala esiqhingini futhi babheke nezingane.
Lapho ezinye zeziboshwa zikwazi ukubaleka, iningi lazo kwakudingeka lizinikele konogada noma kunjalo. Babengeke babhukude ngaphesheya kwechweba ngamanzi abandayo. Labo abathathe isinqumo sokubhukuda kuze kube sekupheleni babulawa yi-hypothermia.
Ngawo-1920, izimo e-Alcatraz zaba nobuntu ngokwengeziwe. Iziboshwa zazivunyelwe ukwakha inkundla yezemidlalo yokuzijwayeza imidlalo ehlukahlukene. By the way, isibhakela umentshisi phakathi kweziboshwa, ngisho nabantu baseMelika abathobela umthetho ababezozibona ezweni, kwavusa isasasa elikhulu.
Ngama-30s okuqala, i-Alcatraz yathola isikhundla sejele lombuso, lapho kwakusathathwa khona iziboshwa eziyingozi kakhulu. Lapha, ngisho izigebengu onegunya kunabo ngandlela-thile ayikwazanga ukuthonya ukuphathwa, ukusizakala isikhundla sabo emhlabeni lobugebengu.
Ngaleso sikhathi, i-Alcatraz yayisenze izinguquko eziningi: ukuzithokozisa kwaqiniswa, ugesi walethwa kumaseli, futhi yonke imigudu yesevisi yayivinjwe ngamatshe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphepha kokuhamba konogada kwandisiwe ngenxa yemiklamo eyahlukahlukene.
Kwezinye izindawo, kwakukhona imibhoshongo eyayivumela onogada ukuba babe nombono omuhle ngayo yonke insimu. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi enkantini yejele kwakukhona iziqukathi ezinesisi esikhalisa unyembezi (esilawulwa kude), esasihloselwe ukwehlisa iziboshwa ngesikhathi sokulwa kwabantu abaningi.
Kwakunamaseli angama-600 esakhiweni sejele, ehlukaniswe ngamabhulokhi ama-4 futhi ehlukile ezingeni lobukhulu. Lezi kanye nezinye izindlela zokuphepha zidale isithiyo esithembekile kubabaleki abaphelelwe yithemba kakhulu.
Ngokushesha, imithetho yokusebenza isikhathi e-Alcatraz yashintsha kakhulu. Manje, isigwetshwa ngasinye sasisesitokisini saso kuphela, cishe singenamathuba okuthola amalungelo. Zonke izintatheli zenqatshelwe ukufinyelela lapha.
Isigelekeqe esidumile u-Al Capone, owabekwa endaweni yakhe ngokushesha, ubedonsa isigwebo sakhe lapha. Isikhathi esithile, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "inqubomgomo yokuthula" kwakwenziwa e-Alcatraz, lapho iziboshwa zazingavunyelwe ukwenza imisindo isikhathi eside. Izigebengu eziningi zazibheka ukuthula njengesigwebo esinzima kunazo zonke.
Kwakunamahlebezi okuthi ezinye zeziboshwa zazilahlekelwe yingqondo ngenxa yalo mthetho. Kamuva "inqubomgomo yokuthula" ikhanseliwe. Amawadi okuhlukaniswa afanele ukunakwa ngokukhethekile, lapho iziboshwa zazinqunu ngokuphelele futhi zazaneliseka ngesabelo esincane.
Izephulamthetho zazigcinwa ewadini ebandayo yokuzihlukanisa futhi kumnyama bhuqe usuku olungu-1 kuya kwezi-2, ngenkathi zinikwa umatilasi ebusuku kuphela. Lokhu kwakuthathwa njengesijeziso esiqine kakhulu sokwephula umthetho, ezazesatshwa zonke iziboshwa.
Ukuvalwa kwejele
Ngentwasahlobo ka-1963, ijele lase-Alcatraz lavalwa ngenxa yezindleko ezeqile zokuligcina. Ngemuva kweminyaka eyishumi, lesi siqhingi savulelwa izivakashi. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi cishe abantu abayisigidi esingu-1 bayalivakashela minyaka yonke.
Kukholakala ukuthi phakathi neminyaka engama-29 yokusebenza kwejele, bekungekho ngisho nokuphunyuka okuyimpumelelo okuhlelekile, kepha njengoba iziboshwa ezi-5 ezake zeqa e-Alcatraz azitholakalanga (aziphili noma zafa), leli qiniso liyabuzwa. Kuwo wonke umlando, iziboshwa zikwazile ukwenza imizamo engu-14 yokuhluleka ukweqa.
