UFrancis Lukich Skaryna - Umshicileli wokuqala wase-East Slavic, isazi sefilosofi se-humanist, umbhali, umqophi, usomabhizinisi nososayensi-udokotela. Umhumushi wenguqulo yaseBelarusian yeSonto ulimi lwesiSlavonic lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli. E-Belarus, uthathwa njengomunye wabantu abakhulu emlandweni.
Ku-biography kaFrancysk Skaryna, kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo athathwe empilweni yakhe yesayensi.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane kaFrancysk Skaryna.
I-Biography kaFrancysk Skaryna
UFrancis Skaryna wazalwa ngokusobala ngo-1490 edolobheni lasePolotsk, ngaleso sikhathi elalisendaweni yaseGrand Duchy yaseLithuania.
UFrancis wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini wabathengisi kaLucian nomkakhe uMargaret.
USkaryna uthole imfundo yakhe yamabanga aphansi ePolotsk. Ngaleso sikhathi, wafunda esikoleni sezindela zaseBernardine, lapho akwazi khona ukufunda isiLatini.
Ngemuva kwalokho, uFrancis waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe eKrakow Academy. Lapho wafunda ngokujulile ubuciko bamahhala obungu-7, obabandakanya ifilosofi, umthetho, ezokwelapha nezenkolo.
Ngemuva kokuphothula kulesi sikole ngeziqu ze-bachelor, uFrancis wafaka isicelo sobudokotela e-Italian University of Padua. Ngenxa yalokho, umfundi onekhono wakwazi ukuphasa ngokugqamile zonke izivivinyo futhi waba ngudokotela wesayensi yezokwelapha.
Izincwadi
Izazi-mlando namanje azikwazi ukusho ngokuqinisekile ukuthi yiziphi izenzakalo ezenzeka ku-biography kaFrancysk Skaryna esikhathini esingu-1512-1517.
Ngokwamadokhumende asindile, kuyacaca ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi washiya ubudokotela futhi waba nentshisekelo yokunyathelisa izincwadi.
Lapho esezinze ePrague, uSkaryna wavula igceke lokuphrinta futhi waqala ukuhumusha ngenkuthalo izincwadi ezisuselwa olimini lweSonto ziye olimini lwaseMpumalanga Slavic. Uhumushe ngempumelelo izincwadi zeBhayibheli ezingama-23, kubandakanya nePsalter, ethathwa njengohlobo lokuqala olunyathelisiwe lwaseBelarus.
Ngaleso sikhathi, izincwadi ezashicilelwa nguFrancysk Skaryna zazibaluleke kakhulu.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi umbhali unezele ngemisebenzi yakhe ngezandulela nangamazwana.
UFrancis walwela ukwenza izinguqulo ezingaqondwa ngisho nabantu abavamile. Ngenxa yalokhu, ngisho abafundi abangafundile noma abangafundile bangaqonda imibhalo Engcwele.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uSkaryna wanaka kakhulu ukwakheka kwezincwadi eziphrintiwe. Isibonelo, wenza ukuqoshwa, ama-monograms nezinye izinto zokuhlobisa ngesandla sakhe.
Ngakho-ke, imisebenzi yomshicileli ayizange ibe ngabathwali bolwazi oluthile kuphela, kodwa futhi yaphenduka izinto zobuciko.
Ekuqaleni kwawo-1520, isimo senhlokodolobha yaseCzech sashintsha saba sibi kakhulu, okwaphoqa uSkaryna ukuthi abuyele ekhaya. EBelarus, wakwazi ukusungula ibhizinisi lokuphrinta, eshicilela iqoqo lezindaba zenkolo nezenkolo - "Incwadi encane yokuhamba".
Kulo msebenzi, uFrancis wabelana nabafundi ngolwazi oluhlukahlukene oluhlobene nemvelo, isayensi yezinkanyezi, amasiko, ikhalenda nezinye izinto ezithokozisayo.
Ngo-1525 uSkaryna washicilela incwadi yakhe yokugcina ethi, "The Apostle", ngemuva kwalokho wahamba waya emazweni ase-Europe. Ngendlela, ngo-1564 kuzokhipha incwadi enesihloko esifanayo eMoscow, umbhali wayo ozoba ngomunye wabanyathelisi bokuqala bencwadi baseRussia ogama lakhe lingu-Ivan Fedorov.
Ngesikhathi ezulazula, uFrancis wahlangabezana nokungaqondani okuvela kubamele abefundisi. Wadingiselwa imibono eyimbuka, futhi zonke izincwadi zakhe, ezazinyatheliswa ngemali yamaKatolika, zashiswa.
Ngemuva kwalokho, usosayensi akazange ahlanganyele ekunyatheliseni izincwadi, esebenza ePrague enkantolo yenkosi uFerdinand 1 njengomlimi noma udokotela.
Ifilosofi nenkolo
Emazwini akhe ngemisebenzi yezenkolo, uSkaryna wazibonakalisa njengesazi sefilosofi, esithanda ukwenza imisebenzi yezemfundo.
Iphrinta ibifuna ukuthi abantu bafunde kakhulu ngosizo lwayo. Kuyo yonke impilo yakhe, unxuse abantu ukuthi baphumelele ekufundeni.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izazi-mlando namanje azikwazi ukufika esivumelwaneni ngokuhlangana kwezenkolo kukaFrancis. Ngasikhathi sinye, kuyaziwa ukuthi wayebizwa kaningi njengesihlubuki saseCzech nesihlubuki.
Abanye ababhali bezinto eziphilayo baseSkaryna bathambekele ekukholweni ukuthi wayengaba ngumlandeli weSonto LamaKristu LaseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Kodwa-ke, kunabaningi ababheka usosayensi njengomuntu ohambisana ne-Orthodoxy.
Inkolo yesithathu futhi esobala kakhulu ekhonjiswe kuFrancysk Skaryna ubuProthestani. Lesi sitatimende sisekelwa ubudlelwano nabashisekeli bezinguquko, kubandakanya noMartin Luther, kanye nokusebenza noMbusi waseKönigsberg Albrecht waseBrandenburg wase-Ansbach.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Cishe akukho lwazi olugcinwe ngempilo yomuntu siqu kaFrancysk Skaryna. Kuyaziwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi wayeshade nomfelokazi womthengisi ogama lakhe linguMargarita.
Ku-biography kaSkaryna, kunesiqephu esingemnandi esihlotshaniswa nomfowabo omdala, owashiya izikweletu ezinkulu kumphrinta wokuqala ngemuva kokufa kwakhe.
Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1529, lapho uFrancis elahlekelwa ngumkakhe futhi wakhulisa indodana yakhe encane uSimeon eyedwa. Ngokomyalo wombusi waseLithuania, umfelwa oshonile waboshwa futhi waboshwa.
Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yemizamo yomshana wakhe, uSkaryna wakwazi ukudedelwa futhi athole idokhumende eqinisekisa ukuzivikela kwakhe empahleni nasezinkantolo.
Ukufa
Usuku oluqondile lokufa komkhanyisi alukaziwa. Kwamukelwa ngokuvamile ukuthi uFrancis Skaryna washona ngo-1551, ngoba kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho indodana yakhe yafika ePrague izothola ifa.
Imigwaqo nezindlela eziningi seziqanjwe ngenhloso yokukhumbula impumelelo yesazi sefilosofi, usosayensi, udokotela nomshicileli eBelarus, futhi sekumiswe nezikhumbuzo eziningi.
