Yuri Andropov (1914-1984) - Isikhulu sikahulumeni waseSoviet nosopolitiki, umholi we-USSR ngo-1982-1984. UNobhala Jikelele weCPSU Central Committee (1982-1984).
Usihlalo weHhovisi likaHulumeni weSupreme Soviet ye-USSR (1983-1984). Esikhathini esiyi-1967-1982. wahola i-USSR State Security Committee. Iqhawe Lemisebenzi Yezenhlalakahle.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography ka-Andropov, esizokhuluma ngayo kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane kaJuri Andropov.
Biography Andropov
U-Yuri Andropov wazalwa ngoJuni 2 (15), 1914 edolobhaneni laseNagutskaya (esifundazweni saseStavropol). Imininingwane ngemvelaphi yakhe isahlukaniswa, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthi umama wakhe wayeyisikhulu sezobunhloli saseSoviet. Ngenxa yalokho, amaqiniso amaningi avela ku-biography ka-Andropov ayabuzwa.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Inhloko yesikhathi esizayo ye-USSR yakhuliswa emndenini wesisebenzi sikaloliwe uVladimir Andropov, owayengubaba wakhe wokutholwa. Le ndoda yashona ngo-1919 ngenxa ye-typhus lapho umfana eneminyaka engu-5 ubudala.
Ngokusho kuka-Yuri Vladimirovich, umama wakhe, u-Evgenia Karlovna, wayeyindodakazi yokutholwa yomJuda ocebile waseFinland uKarl Fleckenstein, owayenesitolo sezinto zokuhloba.
Owesifazane oneminyaka engu-17 wafundisa umculo ejimini yabesifazane.
Ngemuva kokushona kukayise omncane, u-Yuri wathuthela nomama wakhe eMozdok. Lapha waphumelela esikoleni esiphakeme futhi wajoyina iKomsomol. Ngaleso sikhathi, unina wayeseshade futhi.
Ngesikhathi se-biography ka-1932-1936. U-Andropov wafunda eRybinsk emfuleni isikole sobuchwepheshe, waba uchwepheshe wokusebenza kwezokuthutha emfuleni. Kamuva waphothula engekho esikoleni se-Higher Party School ngaphansi kweCentral Committee yeCPSU (b).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Yuri Andropov wafundela engekho emnyangweni wezomlando ne-philological we-Karelo-Finnish State University.
Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kokufunda eyunivesithi iminyaka engu-4, wayishiya. Lokhu kwakungenxa yokudluliselwa kwakhe eMoscow. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ebusheni bakhe wakwazi ukusebenza njengomqhubi we-telegraph futhi nanjengomsizi we-projectionist.
Ezombusazwe
Lapho esafunda, uYuri waqala ukuba nesithakazelo kwezepolitiki. Maphakathi no-30s, wayengumhleli weKomsomol esikhumulweni semikhumbi iRybinsk, ngemuva kweminyaka embalwa ekwazile ukukhuphukela esikhundleni sokuba ngunobhala wokuqala wekomiti lesifunda laseYaroslavl lenhlangano yaseKomsomol.
Kulesi sikhundla, u-Andropov wazibonakalisa njengomhleli onethalente futhi eyikhomanisi eyisibonelo, eyadonsa ukunaka kobuholi baseMoscow. Ngenxa yalokho, wayalwa ukuba ahlele inyunyana yentsha yaseKomsomol eRiphabhulikhi yaseKarelo-Finnish eyasungulwa ngo-1940.
U-Yuri wahlala lapha cishe iminyaka eyi-10, ebhekana nayo yonke imisebenzi ngokuphelele. Lapho kuqala iMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe (1941-1945), akazange abambe iqhaza kuyo, ngenxa yezinkinga zempilo. Ikakhulu, ubenezinkinga zezinso.
Noma kunjalo, u-Andropov usize izwe ekulweni nabahlaseli bamaFascist baseJalimane. Wenza imizamo eminingi yokugqugquzela intsha nokuhlela inhlangano yezinhlangano eKarelia, futhi ngemuva kokuphela kwempi wabuyisa umnotho wezwe.
Ngenxa yalokhu, lo mfana wanikezwa ama-oda ama-2 we-Red Banner of Labour kanye nendondo ethi "Partisan of the Patriotic War" degree.
Ngemuva kwalokho, umsebenzi kaJuri Vladimirovich waqala ukukhula ngokushesha okukhulu. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1950, wayiswa eMoscow futhi waqokwa esikhundleni sokuba ngumhloli weCentral Committee. Ngokushesha wathunyelwa eHungary njengenxusa laseSoviet.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ngo-1956 u-Andropov wayebandakanyeka ngqo ekucindezelweni kombhikisho waseHungary - ukuvukela umbuso kuhlonyiwe ngokumelene nombuso owawusekela iSoviet waseHungary, owabhujiswa ngamasosha aseSoviet.
I-KGB
NgoMeyi 1967, uYuri Andropov wagunyazwa njengosihlalo we-KGB, eyayibambe iminyaka eyi-15. Kwakungaphansi kwakhe ukuthi lesi sakhiwo saqala ukudlala indima enkulu kuhulumeni.
Ngoku-oda kuka-Andropov, kwasungulwa lokho okuthiwa yiFifth Directorate, eyayilawula abamele izazi futhi icindezela noma yikuphi ukuhlaselwa okulwa namaSoviet.
Empeleni, ngaphandle kokuvunywa ubuholi be-KGB, akukho nesisodwa isikhundla esibalulekile esingadlula kuzo zonke izindawo, kubandakanya oNgqongqoshe, izimboni, amasiko, ezemidlalo kanye neminye imikhakha.
IKomidi Lezokuphepha Lombuso lilwe ngenkuthalo nokulwa nezinhlangano eziphikisayo nezikazwelonke. Ngaphansi kuka-Andropov, abaphikisi babevame ukuthunyelwa ukwelashwa okuyimpoqo ezibhedlela zabagula ngengqondo. Ngokomyalo wakhe ngo-1973, kwaqala ukuxoshwa kwabaphikisi.
Ngakho-ke, ngo-1974, u-Alexander Solzhenitsyn waxoshwa eSoviet Union futhi waphucwa ubuzwe bakhe. Eminyakeni eyisithupha kamuva, usosayensi odumile u-Andrei Sakharov wadingiselwa edolobheni laseGorky, lapho aqashwa khona ubusuku nemini ngamaphoyisa e-KGB.
Ngo-1979, u-Yuri Andropov wayengomunye wabaqali bokungeniswa kwamasosha aseSoviet e-Afghanistan. Umphakathi ukholelwa ukuthi uNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela uDmitry Ustinov kanye nenhloko ye-KGB uYuri Andropov yibo abayizimbangela zokugqashuka kwempi yezempi.
Izici ezinhle zomsebenzi wakhe zifaka phakathi ukulwa okunzima nokulwa nenkohlakalo. Amacala akhe ayenemiholo ephezulu kakhulu, kodwa uma ethola ngokufumbathisa, umuntu onecala wayejeziswa kanzima.
Unobhala Jikelele
Ngemuva kokushona kukaLeonid Brezhnev ngo-1982, u-Yuri Andropov waba ngumholi omusha wase-USSR. Lokhu kuqokwa bekungenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu kumlando wakhe wezepolitiki. Okokuqala, waqala ukuphoqelela ukuqondiswa kwabasebenzi, ezama ukuqeda ngokuphelele ukungcola.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi kuleyo minyaka, ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa emini ema-cinema, kwagasela amaphoyisa. Ababukeli ababoshiwe kwakudingeka batshelwe ukuthi benzani ebhayisikobho emini lapho bonke abantu besemsebenzini.
Impi enzima yokulwa nenkohlakalo, imali engatholakalanga kanye nokuqagela kwaqala ezweni. Sinyukile isibalo sabantu abalahlwe ngamacala obugebengu. Ngokufana nalokhu, umkhankaso wokulwa notshwala wethulwa, ngenxa yalokho ukukhanya kwenyanga kwashushiswa kanzima.
Futhi uma ngenqubomgomo yasekhaya u-Andropov ekwazile ukufeza impumelelo ethile, kunqubomgomo yezangaphandle konke bekuhlukile. Impi e-Afghanistan kanye nobudlelwano obabuxabene ne-United States abuzange buvumele ukunciphisa ukungathembani kwabokufika e-USSR.
Mhlawumbe u-Yuri Vladimirovich angaxazulula izinkinga eziningi, kepha ngenxa yalokhu wayedinga isikhathi esithe xaxa. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi wahola izwe iminyaka engaphansi kwemibili.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Kuyo yonke iminyaka yomlando wakhe, u-Andropov washada kabili. Umkakhe wokuqala kwakunguNina Engalycheva, ahlala naye iminyaka engaba mihlanu. Kule nyunyana, intombazane u-Evgenia nomfana uVladimir bazalwa.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi indodana kaNobhala Jikelele kabili wakhonza ejele ngamacala okweba. Ngemuva kokukhululwa kwakhe, waphuza kakhulu futhi wayengasebenzi ndawo. U-Yuri Andropov wafihla iqiniso lokuthi indodana yakhe uVladimir wayesejele, ngoba akekho noyedwa kumalungu abaphathi abaphezulu owayenezihlobo ezinjalo.
Ngenxa yalokho, uVladimir washona eneminyaka engama-35. Okuxakayo ukuthi ubaba wayengafuni ukuya emngcwabeni wakhe. Kamuva, u-Yuri Andropov washada noTatyana Lebedeva. Lo mbhangqwana wawunendodakazi, u-Irina nendodana, u-Igor.
Ukufa
Eminyakeni engu-4 ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, u-Andropov wahambela e-Afghanistan, lapho athola khona ingxibongo. Ukwelashwa kwakunzima, futhi lesi sifo sabangela inkinga enkulu yezinso nokubona kwamehlo.
Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, impilo kaNobhala Jikelele yaya ngokuya isiba nzima. Isikhathi esiningi wasichitha endaweni yokuhlala ezweni. Le ndoda ibibuthakathaka kangangokuthi imvamisa ibingakwazi ukuvuka embhedeni. NgoSepthemba 1983 waya kophumula eCrimea.
Kule nhlonhlo Yuri Vladimirovich wabanjwa umkhuhlane, ngenxa yalokho waba ubovu ukuvuvukala cellulose. Wahlinzwa ngempumelelo, kodwa isilonda sangemva kokuhlinzwa asipholanga nganoma iyiphi indlela. Umzimba ubukhathele ungasakwazi nokulwa nokudakwa.
U-Yuri Andropov ushone ngoFebhuwari 9, 1984 eneminyaka engama-69. Imbangela esemthethweni yokufa kwaba ukwehluleka kwezinso.
Izithombe zeAndropov
