Homer

Homer (9-8 eminyaka BC) - Umlobi wezindaba zasendulo ongumGreki, umlobi wezinkondlo zamaqhawe i-Iliad (itshe lesikhumbuzo lasendulo lezincwadi zaseYurophu) kanye ne-Odyssey. Cishe uhhafu wamakhophi ezincwadi zakudala zesiGreki atholakele avela kuHomer.

Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaHomer, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.

Ngakho-ke, nayi i-biography emfushane kaHomer.

Umlando kaHomer

Kusukela namuhla, akukho lutho olwaziwa ngokuthembekile ngempilo kaHomer. Ababhali bomlando basaphikisana ngosuku nendawo eyazalelwa kuyo imbongi.

Kukholelwa ukuthi uHomer wazalwa ngekhulu lesi-9 nesishiyagalombili. BC. Ngokusho kwezazi-mlando ezahlukahlukene, wayengazalelwa emadolobheni afana neSalamis, Colophon, Smyrna, Athens, Argos, Rhodes noma Ios.

Imibhalo kaHomer ichaza umlando omdala kunayo yonke emhlabeni. Bantula ulwazi ngabantu besikhathi sakhe, okwenza kube nzima ukubala isikhathi sokuphila sombhali.

Namuhla, imibhalo eminingi yangenkathi ephakathi isindile, echaza i-biography kaHomer. Kodwa-ke, izazi-mlando zanamuhla ziyayibuza le mithombo ngenxa yokuthi zikhuluma ngeziqephu eziningi lapho onkulunkulu babenethonya eliqondile empilweni yombalisi.

Isibonelo, ngokwenye yezinganekwane, uHomer wabona emehlweni ngemuva kokubona inkemba ka-Achilles. Ukuze ngandlela-thile amduduze, unkulunkulukazi u-Thetis wamnika isipho sokucula.

Emibhalweni yomlando wembongi kuthiwa uHomer wathola igama lakhe ngenxa yokuthola ubumpumputhe. Kuhunyushwe kusuka esiGrekini sasendulo, igama lakhe ngokwezwi nezwi lisho "impumputhe".

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kwezinye izincwadi zasendulo kuthiwa baqala ukumbiza ngokuthi uHomer lapho engaboni, kepha, kunalokho, waqala ukubona. Ngokwababhali abaningi basendulo, wazalwa ngowesifazane uCrifeida, owamqamba ngokuthi uMelesigenes.

Njengomuntu omdala, imbongi yayivame ukuthola izimemo zemikhosi evela ezikhulwini nakubantu abacebile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayevela njalo emihlanganweni yedolobha nasezimakethe.

Kunobufakazi bokuthi uHomer wahamba kakhulu futhi wayethokozela udumo olukhulu emphakathini. Kulandela lokhu ukuthi wayengeyena impela umhambuma oyisinxibi abanye ababhali bamlandisa ngaye.

Kunombono osabalele kakhulu wokuthi imisebenzi ye-Odyssey, Iliad neHomeric Hymns ingumsebenzi wababhali abahlukahlukene, kanti uHomer wayengumdlali nje kuphela.

Lesi siphetho sichazwa ngokuthi le ndoda ibingeyomndeni wabaculi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi imisebenzi eminingi yayivame ukudluliselwa isizukulwane ngesizukulwane.

Ngenxa yalokhu, noma yiliphi ilungu lomndeni lingenza ngaphansi kwegama likaHomer. Uma sithatha ukuthi konke bekunjalo ngempela, khona-ke lokhu kuyasiza ukuchaza isizathu sezikhathi ezahlukahlukene ekudalweni kwezinkondlo.

Ukuba yimbongi

Ngokwesazi-mlando uHerodotus, uHomer wayehlala endlini eyodwa nonina eSmirna. Kuleli dolobha, wafunda esikoleni iFemiya, ekhombisa amakhono amahle ezifundo.

Ngemuva kokushona komeluleki wakhe, uHomer wathatha ubuholi besikole futhi waqala ukufundisa abafundi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, wayefuna ukwazi kangcono umhlaba omzungezile, ngenxa yalokho wathatha uhambo lwasolwandle.

Phakathi nohambo lwakhe, uHomer wabhala phansi izindaba ezahlukahlukene, amasiko nezinganekwane. Ekufikeni kwakhe e-Ithaca, impilo yakhe yaba nkene. Kamuva, wahamba izwe lonke ehamba ngezinyawo, eqhubeka nokuqoqa izinto ezibonakalayo.

UHerodotus ubika ukuthi le mbongi igcine ingasaboni emehlweni edolobheni laseColophon. Kwakungalesi sikhathi se-biography yakhe lapho aqala ukuzibiza ngoHomer.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ososayensi banamuhla bayasola ngomlando kaHerodotus, kodwa kanye nemisebenzi yabanye abalobi basendulo.

Umbuzo we-Homeric

Ngo-1795, uFriedrich August Wolf wethula umbono owaziwa ngokuthi yi-Homeric Question. Ingqikithi yayo yayinjengokulandelayo: njengoba izinkondlo ngesikhathi sikaHomer zazisesimweni somlomo, umbalisi wezindaba oyimpumputhe wayengeke abe ngumbhali wale misebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi.

Ngokusho kukaWolf, umsebenzi oqediwe watholakala ngenxa yemizamo yabanye ababhali. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ababhali be-Homer bahlukaniswe ngamakamu ama-2: "abahlaziyi" abasekela umbono kaWolf, kanye "nama-Unitarians" abathi imisebenzi ngeyombhali ofanayo - uHomer.

Ubumpumputhe

Ochwepheshe abaningi bomsebenzi kaHomer bayakuphika ukungaboni kwakhe. Bathi ngaleso sikhathi izazi zazivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ziyizimpumputhe ngomqondo wokuthi zazincishwa ukubona okujwayelekile, kepha zazi ukubheka ingqikithi yezinto.

Ngakho-ke, igama "ubumpumputhe" lalifana nokuhlakanipha, futhi uHomer ngokungangabazeki wayebhekwa njengomunye wabantu abahlakaniphe kakhulu.

Imisebenzi yobuciko

Imiqulu yasendulo esindayo ithi uHomer cishe wayengumuntu owazi konke. Izinkondlo zakhe ziqukethe imininingwane ephathelene nayo yonke imikhakha yempilo.

Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi uPlutarch wathi u-Alexander the Great akazange ahlukane ne-Iliad. Futhi ngokusho kwe- "Odyssey" eGrisi, izingane zazifundiswa ukufunda.

UHomer uthathwa njengombhali hhayi i-Iliad ne-Odyssey kuphela, kodwa futhi nomdlalo wamahlaya uMargit noHomer's Hymns. Ubizwa nangomjikelezo wemisebenzi: "I-Cypriot", "Ukuthatha i-Ilium", "i-Ethiopia", "i-Small Iliad", "i-Returns".

Imibhalo kaHomer yehlukaniswa ngolimi olwehlukile olungafani nemisebenzi yabanye ababhali. Indlela yakhe yokwethula okokusebenza ayithandeki nje kuphela, kepha futhi kulula ukuyifunda.

Ukufa

Ngokusho kwenye yezinganekwane, ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe, uHomer waya esiqhingini sase-Ios. Lapho wahlangana nabadobi ababili abambuza imfumbe elandelayo: "Sinakho esingakubambanga, futhi esikubambile sakulahla."

Isazi sangena emicabangweni emide, kodwa sangayithola impendulo. Ekugcineni, abafana babebamba izintwala, hhayi izinhlanzi.

UHomer wayethukuthele kakhulu ngokungakwazi ukuxazulula le phazili waze washelela washaya ikhanda.

Enye inguqulo ithi imbongi yazibulala, ngoba ukufa kwakungeyona into embi kuye njengokulahleka kwengqondo.