NgoJulayi 5, 1943, kwaqala impi enkulu kakhulu ye-Great Patriotic War - i-Battle of the Kursk Bulge. Emathafeni eSifunda Somhlaba Omnyama waseRussia, impi yangena izigidi zamasosha namashumi ezinkulungwane zamayunithi emishini yomoya neyomoya. Empini eyathatha inyanga nohhafu, iRed Army yakwazi ukuhlula amasosha kaHitler ngamasu.
Kuze kube manje, izazi-mlando zehlulekile ukwehlisa inani lababambiqhaza nokulahleka kwamaqembu laya ezibalweni ezingaphezulu noma ezingaphansi ezinamadijithi owodwa. Lokhu kugcizelela kuphela ubukhulu nobudlova bezimpi - ngisho namaJalimane anama-pedantry awo kwesinye isikhathi awazange azizwe izibalo, isimo sashintsha ngokushesha okukhulu. Futhi iqiniso lokuthi kuphela ikhono lojenene baseJalimane nobuvila bozakwabo baseSoviet lavumela inqwaba yamasosha aseJalimane ukuthi igweme ukunqotshwa, njengaseStalingrad, akukunciphisi ukubaluleka kwalokhu kunqoba kweRed Army nayo yonke iSoviet Union.
Futhi usuku lokuphela kweMpi yaseKursk - Agasti 23 - lwaba uSuku Lenkazimulo Yezempi YaseRussia.
1. Kakade amalungiselelo okuhlasela ahlasele ngaseKursk akhombisile ukuthi iJalimane yayikhathele kangakanani ngo-1943. Iphuzu alikho ngisho nokungeniswa ngenkani kwama-Ostarbeiters futhi ngisho neqiniso lokuthi abesifazane baseJalimane baya emsebenzini (kuHitler kwaba ukuhlulwa kwangaphakathi okunzima kakhulu). Ngisho eminyakeni engu-3-4 eyedlule, iGreat Germany ezinhlelweni zayo yathatha wonke amazwe, futhi lawa macebo ayenziwa. AmaJalimane ahlasela iSoviet Union ngeziteleka zamandla ahlukahlukene, kepha kububanzi bonke bomngcele wombuso. Ngo-1942, amabutho athola amandla okugadla, yize ayenamandla amakhulu, kodwa iphiko elilodwa langaphambili. Ngo-1943, kwahlelwa isiteleka esisebenzisa cishe wonke amabutho nobuchwepheshe bamuva kuphela esiqeshini esincanyana, esimbozwe ngaphambili nengxenye yeSoviet. IJalimane laliba buthakathaka ngokungangabazeki ngisho nasekusebenzeni okugcwele kwamandla kulo lonke elaseYurophu ...
2. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ngenxa yezizathu ezaziwayo zepolitiki, iqhaza lezikhulu zezobunhloli eMpini Enkulu Yobuzwe lachazwa kuphela ngendlela yokuncoma. Izinhlelo nemiyalo yomyalo waseJalimane zawela etafuleni likaStalin cishe ngaphambi kokuba zisayinwe nguHitler, njll. Kwatholakala ukuthi ama-scouts, nawo abale iMpi yaseKursk. Kepha izinsuku azihlangani. UStalin waqoqela ojenene emhlanganweni ngo-Ephreli 11, 1943. Kwaphela izinsuku ezimbili, uMkhuzi Ophakeme wachazela uZhukov, uVasilevsky nabanye abaholi bezempi ukuthi wayefunani kubo esifundeni saseKursk nase-Orel. Futhi uHitler wasayina umyalo wokulungiselela ukuhlasela endaweni efanayo ngo-Ephreli 15, 1943. Yize kunjalo, kwakukhulunywa ngokuhlaselwa ngaphambi kwalokho. Olunye ulwazi luye lwaphuma, lwadluliselwa eMoscow, kepha kwakungekho lutho olucacile kulo. Ngisho nasemhlanganweni owawungo-Ephreli 15, i-Field Marshal Walter Model yakhuluma ngokusobala ngokumelene nabacasuli bebonke. Uhlongoze ukulinda ukuqhubeka kweRed Army, ayiphindise futhi anqobe isitha ngokulwa. Ukuhlukaniswa ngokwezigaba kukaHitler kuphela okuqeda ukudideka nokuchithwa.
3. Umyalo waseSoviet wenza amalungiselelo amakhulu kakhulu okuhlasela amaJalimane. Amasosha kanye nezakhamizi ezithintekayo zakha izivikelo ezifika kumakhilomitha angama-300 ukujula. Cishe leli ibanga elisuka emaphethelweni edolobha laseMoscow liye eSmolensk, elimbiwe ngemisele, imisele futhi egcwele imayini. Ngendlela, abazisolanga ezimayini. Ubuningi bezimayini obumaphakathi bekuyimizuzu engama-7,000 ngekhilomitha, okungukuthi, yonke imitha yangaphambili ibembozwe ngemizuzu engu-7 (kunjalo, zazingatholakali ngokulinganayo, kepha zahlelwa ngokujula, kepha isibalo sisahlaba umxhwele). Izibhamu ezidumile ezingama-200 ngekhilomitha ngaphambili zazisekude kakhulu, kodwa zakwazi ukuklwebha ndawonye izibhamu ezingama-41 ngekhilomitha. Ukulungiselela ukuzivikela kweKursk Bulge kuvusa inhlonipho nosizi. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa, cishe emathafeni angenalutho, kwenziwa ukuzivikela okunamandla, lapho, amaJalimane abanjwa khona. Kunzima ukucacisa ngaphambili kwezokuvikela, ngoba yayiqiniswe lapho kungenzeka khona, kepha imikhakha esongelwa kakhulu yayingaphambili nangobubanzi obuphelele okungenani obungu-250-300 km. Kepha ekuqaleni kweMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, besidinga ukuqinisa amakhilomitha angama-570 kuphela emngceleni osentshonalanga. Ngesikhathi sokuthula, ukuba nezinsizakusebenza ze-USSR yonke. Le yindlela ojenene abalungiselela ngayo impi ...
4. Emahoreni ambalwa ngaphambi kuka-5: 00 ngoJulayi 5, 1943, abasebenza ngezikhali baseSoviet benza uqeqesho lokulwa - nokuthwebula amakhanda ezindawo zobuciko ezaphinde zaphinde zaphakanyiswa kanye nokuqoqwa kwamasosha nezinsiza kusebenza. Kunemibono ehlukene ngokusebenza kwayo: kusukela ekulimaleni okukhulu kuya kwesitha kuya ekusetshenzisweni okungenamqondo kwamagobolondo. Kuyacaca ukuthi ngaphambili kwamakhulu amakhilomitha ubude, i-artillery barrage ayinakusebenza ngokulinganayo yonke indawo. Endaweni yokuvikela yeCentral Front, ukulungiswa kwezikhali kubambezele ukuhlaselwa okungenani amahora amabili. Lokho wukuthi, amaJalimane anamahora amancane emini ngamahora amabili. Emgqeni weVoronezh Front, izibhamu zesitha zahanjiswa ngobusuku obandulelayo, ngakho izibhamu zaseSoviet zadubula lapho kunqwabelana khona imishini. Kunoma yikuphi, ukuqeqeshwa okuphikisayo kukhombise ojenene baseJalimane ukuthi ozakwabo baseSoviet babengazi nje kuphela indawo yokuhlasela, kodwa nesikhathi sabo.
5. Igama "Prokhorovka", kunjalo, laziwa kunoma ngubani owazi cishe umlando we-Great Patriotic War. Kepha esinye isiteshi sesitimela, iPonyri, esifundeni saseKursk, sifanelwe inhlonipho efanayo. AmaJalimane amhlasela izinsuku ezimbalwa, ehlala ehlushwa kakhulu. Izikhathi ezimbalwa bakwazile ukugqekeza emaphethelweni edolobhana, kepha ukulwa nabo kwasheshe kwabuyisa isimo esasikhona. Amasosha nemishini yayisetshenzisiwe ngaphansi kwePonyri ngokushesha okukhulu kangangokuba ezitatimendeni zemiklomelo umuntu angazithola, ngokwesibonelo, amagama wabadubuli bezinhlamvu abavela emayunithi ahlukene abenza imisebenzi efanayo endaweni efanayo ngokuhluka kwezinsuku ezimbalwa - ibhethri elilodwa kuphela eliphukile lathathelwa indawo elinye. Usuku olubucayi ngaphansi kwePonyri kwakunguJulayi 7. Kwakunemishini eminingi, futhi yasha - nezindlu ezisemaphethelweni - kakhulu kangangokuba abaqaphi baseSoviet babengasazihluphi ngokungcwaba izimayini - bamane baphonswa ngaphansi kwezindlela zamathangi asindayo. Ngakusasa, kwaba nempi yakudala - amasosha aseSoviet avumela amaFerdinands namaTigers, ababemasha ezinhlwini zokuqala zokuhlasela kwamaJalimane, ngokusebenzisa izikhala zokufihla. Okokuqala, inqamuwe yempi yanqanyulwa kwabasindayo baseJalimane, kwase kuthi izinto ezintsha zamabhilidi aseJalimane zahanjiswa enkundleni yezimayini zacekelwa phansi. AmaJalimane akwazi ukungena ekuvikeleni amasosha ayalwe nguKonstantin Rokossovsky, kuphela amakhilomitha ayi-12.
6. Ngesikhathi sempi ebusweni baseningizimu, i-patchwork engacabangeki yayivame ukwenziwa hhayi kuphela amayunithi ayo kanye nama-subunits ayo, kepha futhi nokuvela okungalindelekile ngokuphelele kwezitha, lapho zazingenakuba khona. Umphathi welinye lamayunithi ahamba ngezinyawo avikela iProkhorovka wakhumbula ukuthi iqembu labo, elalisempini, labhubhisa kanjani amasosha ezitha angamashumi ayisihlanu. AmaJalimane ahamba phakathi kwezihlahla engacashile nakancane, ukuze kuthi lapho kuthunyelwa khona abuze ngocingo ukuthi kungani onogada bengadubuli. AmaJalimane amane avunyelwa asondele futhi aqothula wonke umuntu. Isimo esifanayo nesibonakaliso sokususa esakhiwe ngomhlaka 11 Julayi. Umphathi wezisebenzi zamathangi kanye nomphathi womnyango wezepolitiki wezinhlaka zamathangi bahamba nemephu emotweni yabagibeli bedlula endaweni yabo "." Imoto yahlaselwa, amaphoyisa abulawa - akhubeka ngesikhundla senkampani eqinisiwe yesitha.
7. Ukuzivikela okulungiselelwe yiRed Army akuwavumelanga amaJalimane ukuthi asebenzise umkhuba abawuthandayo wokuguqula inkomba yokuhlasela okuyinhloko uma kwenzeka ukumelana ngamandla. Esikhundleni salokho, leli qhinga lasetshenziswa, kepha alisebenzanga - ukuphenya ukuzivikela, amaJalimane alahlekelwa kakhulu. Lapho besakwazi ukungena emigqeni yokuqala yokuzivikela, babengenalutho abangakuphonsa kulo mpumelelo. Yile ndlela u-Field Marshal Manstein alahlekelwe ngayo ukunqoba kwakhe okulandelayo (incwadi yokuqala yezikhumbuzo zakhe ibizwa ngokuthi "Ukunqoba Okulahlekile"). Njengoba ephonse wonke amandla akhe empini eyayiseProkhorovka, uManstein wayesezophumelela. Kepha umyalo weSoviet uthole amabutho amabili wokulwa, kuyilapho uManstein nomyalo ophakeme weWehrmacht babengenalutho oluvela ezinqolobaneni. Ngemuva kokuma eduze neProkhorovka izinsuku ezimbili, amaJalimane aqala ukubuyela emuva futhi abuyela ezingqondweni zawo ebhange langakwesokudla le-Dnieper. Imizamo yanamuhla yokwethula impi eProkhorovka njengokucishe kube ukunqoba kwamaJalimane ibukeka ingenangqondo. Ukuqaphela kwabo kuphuthelwe ukuba khona okungenani kwamabutho amabili okugcina esitheni (empeleni babebaningi). Omunye wabaphathi babo abakhulu wabamba iqhaza empini yamathangi enkundleni evulekile, okuyinto amaJalimane ayengakaze ayenze ngaphambili - kakhulu uManstein wayekholelwa kuma "Panther" naku "Tigers". Izigaba ezinhle kakhulu zeReich kuvele ukuthi azikwazi ukulwa, empeleni bekufanele zenziwe kabusha - lena yimiphumela yempi eProkhorovka. Kepha ensimini, amaJalimane alwa ngobuciko futhi enza ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwiRed Army. Amasosha kaGener Pavel Rotmistrov's Guards Tank Army alahlekelwe ngamathangi amaningi kunalawo abekade ekhona ohlwini - amanye amathangi alimele alungiswa, aphonswa empini futhi, akhishwa futhi, njll.
8. Ngesikhathi sokuzivikela se-Battle of Kursk, izinhlangano ezinkulu zaseSoviet zazizungezwe okungenani amahlandla amane. Sekukonke, uma uhlanganisa, kwakukhona ibutho lonke kuma-boilers. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kwakungasekho ngo-1941 - futhi kuzungezwe amayunithi baqhubeka nokulwa, bengagxili ekufinyeleleni kwabo, kepha ekwakheni ukuzivikela nokubhubhisa isitha. Imibhalo yabasebenzi baseJalimane icaphuna amacala okuhlaselwa ngokuzibulala kwamathangi aseJalimane ngamasosha angashadile ahlome ngeziphuzo ze-Molotov, izinyanda zamabhomu, ngisho nezimayini ezilwa namathangi.
9. Umlingiswa oyingqayizivele wabamba iqhaza eMpini yaseKursk. U-Count Hyacinth von Strachwitz eMpini Yezwe Yokuqala, ngesikhathi kuhlaselwa ngemuva kwamaFrance, wacishe wafika eParis - inhlokodolobha yaseFrance yayibonakala ngokusebenzisa izibonakude. AmaFulentshi ambamba futhi acishe amlengisa. Ngo-1942, ngokuba ngu-lieutenant colonel, wayehamba phambili embuthweni webutho likaPaulus futhi waba ngowokuqala ukufinyelela eVolga. Ngo-1943, ibutho lempi elihamba ngezimoto i-Flower Count laqhubekela phambili kude kakhulu nobuso baseningizimu yeKursk Bulge ngase-Oboyan. Kusukela ekuphakameni okwabanjwa yibutho lakhe, u-Oboyan wayebonakala ngama-binoculars njengeParis eyake yaba khona, kepha u-von Strachwitz akazange afike edolobheni laseRussia elingaphandle kwebhokisi kanye nasenhlokodolobha yaseFrance.
10. Ngenxa yokushuba nobudlova bempi eKursk Bulge, azikho izibalo eziqondile zokulahleka. Ungasebenza ngokuzethemba ngezinombolo ezinembile kumashumi wamathangi kanye namashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu. Ngokufanayo, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuhlola ukusebenza kwesikhali ngasinye. Esikhundleni salokho, umuntu angahlola ukungasebenzi kahle - ayikho neyodwa inganono yaseSoviet ethi "Panther" eyakuthathela phezulu. Amathangi nabasebenza ngezikhali zempi kwakufanele bagweme ukushaya amathangi asindayo ohlangothini noma ngemuva. Ngakho-ke, inani elikhulu kangaka lokulahleka kwemishini. Ngokumangazayo, akusizakali ezinye izibhamu ezinamandla ezintsha, kepha amagobolondo aqoqayo anesisindo esingu-2.5 kg kuphela. Umklami we-TsKB-22 u-Igor Larionov wenza i-PTAB-2.5 - 1.5 projectile (ubukhulu bayo yonke ibhomu nokuqhuma, ngokulandelana) ekuqaleni kuka-1942. Ojenene, njengengxenye yawo, bagudluza eceleni izikhali ezingenamsebenzi. Kuphela ekupheleni kuka-1942, lapho kwaziwa ukuthi amathangi amasha asindayo aqala ukusebenza nebutho laseJalimane, ubuchopho bukaLarionov bangena ekukhiqizeni ngobuningi. Ngoku-oda komuntu siqu kuka-JV Stalin, ukusetshenziswa kwempi kwe-PTAB-2.5 - 1.5 kwahlehliswa kwaze kwaba yimpi eKursk Bulge. Futhi lapha ama-aviator avuna isivuno esihle - ngokusho kokunye ukulinganisela, amaJalimane alahlekelwa kuze kufike kwesigamu samathangi awo ngenxa yamabhomu ahlasela izindiza awela ezinsikeni nasezindaweni zokuhlushwa ezinkulungwaneni. Ngasikhathi sinye, uma amaJalimane akwazi ukubuyisa amathangi ama-3 kwayi-4 eshaywe ngamagobolondo, ngemuva kokushaywa yi-PTAB, ithangi lavele langena ekulahlekelweni okungenakulungiseka - inkokhelo emisiwe yashisa izimbobo ezinkulu kuyo. Okuthinteke kakhulu yi-PTAB yi-SS Panzer Division "Head's Death". Ngesikhathi esifanayo, akazange ngisho afike enkundleni yempi - abashayeli bezindiza baseSoviet bakhipha amathangi angama-270 nezibhamu ezizimele khona kanye kanye nokuwela umfula omncane.
11. Izindiza zezindiza zaseSoviet kungenzeka zazisondele eMpini yaseKursk, eyayingakalungi. Ngentwasahlobo ka-1943, abashayeli bezindiza bezempi bakwazi ukufinyelela ku-I. Stalin. Bakhombise koPhakeme izingcezu zendiza ngendwangu ehlutshiwe ngokuphelele (ngaleso sikhathi izindiza eziningi zaziqukethe uhlaka lwamapulangwe, olunamathiselwe ngendwangu yokukhulelwa). Abakhiqizi bezindiza baqinisekise ukuthi sebezolungisa yonke into, kepha lapho amaphuzu endiza enamaphutha eya emadolweni, amasosha anquma ukungathuli. Kwavela ukuthi ifektri eyayibandakanyeka ezindwangu ezikhethekile yanikezwa i-primer esezingeni eliphakeme. Kepha abantu bekufanele bafeze uhlelo bangatholi inhlawulo, ngakho banamathisela izindiza ngomshado. Ama-brigade akhethekile athunyelwa endaweni yaseKursk Bulge, okwazile ukufaka indawo yokumboza ezindizeni ezingama-570. Ezinye izimoto ezingama-200 bezingasekho ngaphansi kokubuyiselwa. Ubuholi bePeople's Commissariat of the Aviation Industry bavunyelwe ukusebenza kwaze kwaphela impi futhi "bacindezela ngokungemthetho" ngemuva kokuphela kwayo.
12. Umsebenzi ohlaselayo waseJalimane "iCitadel" waphela ngokusemthethweni ngoJulayi 15, 1943. Amasosha amaNgisi namaMelika afika eningizimu ye-Italy, asongela ukuvulwa kwengaphambili lesibili. Amasosha ase-Italy, njengoba amaJalimane azi kahle ngemuva kweStingradrad, ayengathembekile neze. UHitler uthathe isinqumo sokudlulisela ingxenye yamasosha e-Eastern Theatre ayise e-Italy. Kodwa-ke, akulungile ukusho ukuthi ukufika kwe-Allied kulondoloze iRed Army eKursk Bulge. Ngalesi sikhathi, bekuvele kucacile ukuthi iCitadel ayikwazanga ukufeza inhloso yayo - ukunqoba iqembu lamaSoviet futhi okungenani ingahlelanisi umyalo nokulawula okwesikhashana. Ngakho-ke, uHitler ngokufanelekile wanquma ukumisa izimpi zendawo futhi alondoloze amasosha nemishini.
13. Umkhawulo amaJalimane akwazi ukuwufinyelela kwakuwukuhlanganisa amasosha aseSoviet ngamakhilomitha angama-30 kuya kwangama-35 ebusweni baseningizimu yeKursk Bulge ngaseProkhorovka. Indima kule mpumelelo idlalwe wukuhlolwa okungalungile komyalo weSoviet, owawukholelwa ukuthi amaJalimane azoshaya kakhulu ebusweni basenyakatho. Kodwa-ke, ngisho nokuphumelela okunjalo kwakungeyona inkinga, yize kwakukhona izindawo zokugcina amasosha endaweni yaseProkhorovka. AmaJalimane awakaze angene esikhaleni sokusebenza, edlula lonke ikhilomitha ngezimpi nokulahleka. Futhi ukuqhuma okunjalo kuyingozi kakhulu kubahlaseli kunabaphikisi - ngisho nokuhlasela okunamandla okunamandla phansi kwesisekelo kungakwazi ukunqamula ukuxhumana kudale nosongo lokuzungezwa. Kungakho amaJalimane, ngemuva kokunyathela phansi lapho, abuyela emuva.
14. Impi yaseKursk ne-Orel yaqala ukwehla komsebenzi womklami wezindiza ovelele waseJalimane uKurt Tank. ILuftwaffe isebenzise izindiza ezimbili ezidalwe yiTank: "FW-190" (isosha elinzima) kanye ne- "FW-189" (indiza ebukeka kahle, "uhlaka" oludumile). Isilwi besilungile, yize besindayo, futhi sibiza kakhulu kunabalwela impi. "I-Rama" isebenze kahle ekulungisweni, kepha umsebenzi wayo wawusebenza kuphela ngaphansi kwesimo somoya, amaJalimane ayengenawo kusukela lapho kuliwa neKuban. Ithangi laqala ukudala ama-jet fighters, kepha i-Germany yahlulwa empini, sasingekho isikhathi sezindiza ze-jet. Lapho imboni yezindiza yaseJalimane iqala ukuvuseleleka, izwe lase selivele liyilungu le-NATO, futhi uTank waqashwa njengomxhumanisi. Ngawo-1960, waqashwa amaNdiya. Ithangi laze lakwazi ukudala indiza enegama lokuzenzisa elithi "Spirit of the Storm", kodwa abaqashi bayo abasha bakhetha ukuthenga ama-Soviet MiGs.
15. I-Battle of Kursk, kanye ne-Battle of Stalingrad, kungathathwa njengokushintsha kweMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe. Futhi ngasikhathi sinye, ungenza ngaphandle kokuqhathanisa, ukuthi iyiphi impi "okuguqukayo". Ngemuva kukaStalingrad, iSoviet Union kanye nomhlaba wonke bakholelwa ukuthi iRed Army yayikwazi ukuchoboza amabutho kaHitler. Ngemuva kweKursk, ekugcineni kwacaca ukuthi ukunqotshwa kweJalimane njengombuso kwakuyindaba yesikhathi kuphela. Vele, kwakusekhona igazi eliningi nokufa ngaphambili, kepha ngokujwayelekile, uMbuso Wesithathu ngemuva kokuthi iKursk ibhujisiwe.
