U-Albert Einstein (1879-1955) - i-theoretical physicist, ongomunye wabasunguli be-physics yesimanje, owathola umklomelo weNobel Prize ku-physics (1921). Udokotela oHloniphekile wamayunivesithi angaba ngu-20 ahamba phambili emhlabeni futhi eyilungu lezinombolo zezifundo eziningi zeSayensi. Ukhulume wachitha impi nokusetshenziswa kwezikhali zenuzi, efuna ukuzwana phakathi kwabantu.
U-Einstein ungumbhali wamaphepha esayensi angaphezu kwe-300 ku-physics, kanye nezincwadi nama-athikili angaba ngu-150 ahlobene nezinsimu ezahlukahlukene. Kuthuthukiswe izinkolelo-mbono ezimbalwa ezibalulekile, kufaka phakathi ukuxhumana okukhethekile nokujwayelekile.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-Einstein's biography, esizokhuluma ngayo kulesi sihloko. Ngendlela, naka izinto ezihlobene no-Einstein:
- Amaqiniso athakazelisayo nezindaba ezihlekisayo ezivela empilweni ka-Einstein
- Izingcaphuno ezikhethiwe zika-Einstein
- Imfumbe ka-Einstein
- Kungani u-Einstein akhombise ulimi lwakhe
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane ka-Albert Einstein.
Umlando ka-Einstein
U-Albert Einstein wazalwa ngoMashi 14, 1879 edolobheni laseJalimane i-Ulm. Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini wamaJuda.
Uyise, uHermann Einstein, wayengumnikazi obambisene naye wefektri encane yokugcwalisa izimpaphe yomatilasi nemibhede yezimpaphe. Umama, uPaulina, wayeyindodakazi yomthengisi ocebile wommbila.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Cishe ngemuva nje kokuzalwa kuka-Albert, umndeni wakwa-Einstein wathuthela eMunich. Njengengane yabazali abangakholwa, wayefunda esikoleni sabaqalayo samaKatolika futhi waze waba neminyaka eyi-12 wayengumntwana okholwayo ngokujulile.
U-Albert wayengumfana obekiwe futhi ongakhulumisani, futhi futhi akazange ahluke empumelelweni ethile esikoleni. Kukhona inguqulo ngokuya yokuthi ebuntwaneni wayengenalo ikhono lokufunda.
Ubufakazi bukhombisa ukusebenza okuphansi akukhombisile esikoleni nokuthi waqala ukuhamba nokukhuluma sekwedlule isikhathi.
Kodwa-ke, lo mbono uphikiswa ngabalobi abaningi be-Einstein. Ngempela, othisha bamgxeka ngokuhamba kancane nokusebenza kahle, kepha lokhu akusho lutho.
Esikhundleni salokho, isizathu salokhu kwakuyisizotha somfundi ngokweqile, izindlela zokufundisa ezingasebenzi zaleso sikhathi kanye nokwakheka okuthile kobuchopho.
Ngakho konke lokhu, kufanele kuvunywe ukuthi u-Albert wayengazi ukuthi angakhuluma kanjani kuze kube yiminyaka engu-3, futhi eneminyaka engu-7 wayengafundile neze ukuphimisa amabinzana ngamanye. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ngisho nasebuntwaneni, waba nesimo sengqondo esingesihle ngempi waze wenqaba nokudlala amasosha.
Esemncane, u-Einstein wahlatshwa umxhwele kakhulu ikhampasi uyise ayemnike yona. Kwakuyisimangaliso sangempela kuye ukubona ukuthi inaliti yekhampasi ihlale ikhombisa indlela eyodwa, naphezu kokujika kwensimbi.
Uthando lwakhe lwezibalo lwafakwa ku-Albert ngumalume wakhe uJacob, owafunda naye izincwadi ezahlukahlukene futhi waxazulula izibonelo. Noma kunjalo, usosayensi wakusasa wakha uthando lwezesayensi ngqo.
Ngemuva kokuyeka isikole, u-Einstein waba umfundi esikoleni sokuzivocavoca sendawo. Othisha basamphatha njengomfundi okhubazeke ngokomqondo, ngenxa yokukhubazeka okufanayo ekukhulumeni. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi le nsizwa yayinentshisekelo kuphela kulezo zindlela ezithandayo, ingalweli ukuthola amamaki aphezulu emlandweni, ezincwadini nasekufundweni kwesiJalimane.
U-Albert wayekuzonda ukuya esikoleni, ngoba ngokubona kwakhe othisha babezikhukhumeza futhi beqine. Wayevame ukuphikisana nothisha, ngenxa yalokho isimo sengqondo kuye sakhula kakhulu.
Ngaphandle kokuphothula esikoleni sokuzivocavoca, lo mfana wathuthela e-Italy nomndeni wakhe. Cishe ngokushesha, u-Einstein wazama ukungena eHigher Technical School etholakala edolobheni laseSwitzerland iZurich. Wakwazi ukuphasa isivivinyo ngezibalo, kepha wehluleka i-botany neFrench.
Umphathi wesikole weluleka le nsizwa ukuba izame isandla sayo esikoleni esise-Aarau. Kulesi sikhungo semfundo, u-Albert wakwazi ukuthola isitifiketi, ngemuva kwalokho wangena eZurich Polytechnic.
Umsebenzi weSayensi
Ngo-1900, u-Albert Einstein waphothula izifundo zePolytechnic, waba nguthisha oqinisekisiwe we-physics kanye ne-mathematics. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi akekho noyedwa othisha owayefuna ukumsiza athuthukise umsebenzi wakhe wesayensi.
Ngokusho kuka-Einstein, othisha babengamthandi ngoba wayehlala njalo ezimele futhi enombono wakhe ngezinto ezithile. Ekuqaleni, le nsizwa ayikwazanga ukuthola umsebenzi noma kuphi. Ngaphandle kwemali engenayo ezinzile, wayevame ukulamba. Kwenzeka ukuthi angadli izinsuku ezimbalwa.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abangane basiza u-Albert ukuthola umsebenzi ehhovisi lobunikazi, lapho asebenza khona isikhathi eside. Ngo-1904 waqala ukushicilela kumagazini waseJalimane i-Annals of Physics.
Ngemuva konyaka, iphephabhuku lashicilela imisebenzi emi-3 evelele yesazi sesayensi yemvelo eyaguqula umhlaba wesayensi. Babezinikele kumqondo wokuhlobana, i-quantum theory kanye nokunyakaza kweBrownian. Ngemuva kwalokho, umbhali wezindatshana wazuza ukuthandwa okukhulu negunya phakathi kozakwabo.
Umbono wokuhlobana
U-Albert Einstein waphumelela kakhulu ekwakheni umbono wokuhlobana. Imibono yakhe yakha kabusha imiqondo yesayensi ngokoqobo, eyayikade isuselwa kumakhenikha aseNewtonian.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi isakhiwo semfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo besiyinkimbinkimbi kangangokuba bambalwa kuphela abantu abasiqonda ngokugcwele. Ngakho-ke, ezikoleni nasemanyuvesi, kwafundiswa kuphela umbono okhethekile wokuhlobana (i-SRT), owawuyingxenye yento ejwayelekile.
Ikhulume ngokuncika kwesikhala nesikhathi ngejubane: lapho into ihamba ngokushesha okukhulu, kulapho kuhlanekezelwa khona kakhulu ubukhulu bayo nesikhathi.
Ngokusho kwe-SRT, ukuhamba kwesikhathi kuyenzeka ngaphansi kwesimo sokunqoba isivinini sokukhanya; ngakho-ke, kusuka ekungenzeki kohambo olunjalo, kunqunyelwa umkhawulo: ijubane lanoma yimuphi umzimba alikwazi ukudlula isivinini sokukhanya.
Ngejubane eliphansi, isikhala nesikhathi akuphambukiswa, okusho ukuthi ezimweni ezinjalo imithetho yendabuko yemishini iyasebenza. Kodwa-ke, ngejubane eliphezulu, ukuhlanekezela kuyabonakala ukuthi kufakazelwe ukuhlolwa kwesayensi.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lokhu kuyingxenyana encane yokuhlangana okukhethekile nokujwayelekile.
U-Albert Einstein waqokwa kaninginingi ukuthola uNobel Prize. Ngo-1921 wathola lo mklomelo wokuhlonishwa "Wezinsizakalo ze-theoretical physics kanye nokutholakala komthetho we-photoelectric effect."
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Lapho u-Einstein eba neminyaka engama-26, washada nentombazane egama linguMileva Maric. Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-11 beshadile, kwaba nokungezwani okukhulu phakathi kwabashadile. Ngokwenye inguqulo, uMileva akakwazanga ukuxolela ukungathembeki okwenziwa njalo ngumyeni wakhe, okusolwa ukuthi wayenabafazi abangaba yishumi.
Kodwa-ke, ukuze angahlukanisi, u-Albert wanikeza umkakhe isivumelwano sokuhlala ndawonye, lapho ngamunye wabo wayebophezelekile ukwenza imisebenzi ethile. Isibonelo, owesifazane kufanele enze ilondolo neminye imisebenzi.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi inkontileka ayizange inikeze noma yibuphi ubudlelwano obuseduze. Ngalesi sizathu, u-Albert noMileva balala ngokwehlukana. Kule nyunyana, lo mbhangqwana wawunamadodana amabili, eyodwa eshonele esibhedlela sabagula ngengqondo, kanti isazi semvelo sasingenabo ubudlelwano nesesibili.
Kamuva, lo mbhangqwana nokho bahlukanisa ngokusemthethweni, ngemuva kwalokho u-Einstein washada nomzala wakhe u-Elsa Leventhal. Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, lo mlisa ubethanda nendodakazi ka-Elsa, engazange iphindisele.
Abantu besikhathi sika-Albert Einstein bakhuluma ngaye njengomuntu onomusa nolungile owayengasabi ukuvuma amaphutha akhe.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography yakhe. Isibonelo, cishe akazange agqoke amasokisi futhi wayengathandi ukuxubha amazinyo. Ngobuhlakani bososayensi, akazange akhumbule izinto ezilula, ezinjengezinombolo zocingo.
Ukufa
Ezinsukwini ezandulela ukufa kwakhe, impilo ka-Einstein yaba nkenenkene kakhulu. Odokotela bathole ukuthi une-aortic aneurysm, kepha udokotela we-physicist akazange avume ukuhlinzwa.
Wabhala incwadi yefa futhi wathi kubangani bakhe: "Ngiwufezile umsebenzi wami eMhlabeni." Ngalesi sikhathi, u-Einstein wavakashelwa yisazi-mlando uBernard Cohen, owakhumbula:
Ngangazi ukuthi u-Einstein wayeyindoda enhle futhi eyisazi se-physics, kodwa ngangingenalo ulwazi ngemfudumalo yobuntu bakhe obunobungane, ngomusa wakhe nangamancoko akhe. Ngesikhathi sixoxa, bekungazwakali ukuthi ukufa sekusondele. Ingqondo ka-Einstein yahlala iphila, wayenobuhlakani futhi ebonakala ehlekisa kakhulu.
Indodakazi yokutholwa uMargot ukhumbula umhlangano wakhe wokugcina no-Einstein esibhedlela ngala mazwi alandelayo:
Ukhulume ngokuzola okujulile, ngodokotela ngisho nokuhlekisa okuncane, futhi walinda ukufa kwakhe "njengesimo semvelo" esizayo. Wayengesabi kangakanani empilweni, indlela athule ngayo nokuthula wahlangabezana nokufa. Ngaphandle kwemizwa futhi ngaphandle kokuzisola, washiya lo mhlaba.
U-Albert Einstein washona ePrinceton ngo-Ephreli 18, 1955 eneminyaka engama-76. Ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, usosayensi washo okuthile ngesiJalimane, kodwa umhlengikazi wayengakwazi ukuqonda incazelo yamagama, ngoba wayengakhulumi isiJalimane.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi u-Einstein, owayenombono ongemuhle nganoma yiluphi uhlobo lokukhulekelwa kobuntu, wakwenqabela ukungcwatshwa ngobukhazikhazi ngemikhosi enomsindo. Wayefuna ukuthi indawo nesikhathi sokungcwatshwa kwakhe kugcinwe kuyimfihlo.
Ngo-Ephreli 19, 1955, umngcwabo kasosayensi omkhulu wabanjwa ngaphandle kokukhulunywa kabanzi, owawuthanyelwe ngabantu abangaphezu nje kwayishumi. Isidumbu sakhe sishisiwe nomlotha wakhe usakazeke emoyeni.
Zonke izithombe ezingavamile neziyingqayizivele zika-Einstein, bheka lapha.
