Ekupheleni kweSoviet Union, ngaphambi kokukhululeka kohambo lwaphesheya kwezilwandle, ukuvakasha kwamanye amazwe kwakuyiphupho futhi kuyisiqalekiso. Iphupho, ngoba imuphi umuntu ongafuni ukuvakashela amanye amazwe, ahlangane nabantu abasha, afunde ngamasiko amasha. Isiqalekiso, ngoba umuntu ofuna ukuya phesheya uzilahlisele izinqubo eziningi zokuphatha. Impilo yakhe yafundwa ngesibonakhulu, amasheke athatha isikhathi esiningi nezinzwa. Futhi phesheya, uma kwenzeka kube nomphumela omuhle wamasheke, ukuxhumana nabangaphandle bekunganconyiwe, futhi cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi bekudingeka ukuvakashela izindawo ezivunyelwe ngaphambilini njengengxenye yeqembu.
Kepha, noma kunjalo, abaningi bazamile ukuya phesheya okungenani kanye. Empeleni, ngaphandle kwenqubo yokungenangqondo yokuqinisekisa, umbuso wawungaphikisani nawo. Ukugeleza kwabavakashi kwakhula ngokuqinile futhi kuphawuleka, amaphutha, ngangokunokwenzeka, azama ukuqeda. Ngenxa yalokho, ngawo-1980, izakhamizi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezine ze-USSR zaya phesheya ngamaqembu ezivakashi ngonyaka. Njengabanye abaningi, ezokuvakasha zakwamanye amazwe zaseSoviet zazinezici zazo.
1. Kuze kube ngo-1955, kwakungekho ukuvakasha kwangaphandle okuhleliwe okuphumayo eSoviet Union. Inkampani ehlangene yamasheya "i-Intourist" yayikhona kusukela ngo-1929, kodwa abasebenzi bayo babebandakanyeka kuphela ekusizeni abantu bokufika abeza e-USSR. Ngendlela, babengekho abambalwa kakhulu - ekuphakameni kuka-1936, izivakashi zakwamanye amazwe eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-13.5 zavakashela i-USSR. Ukuhlola lesi sibalo, umuntu kufanele anake ukuthi ukuvakasha kwamanye amazwe ngaleyo minyaka emhlabeni jikelele kwakuyilungelo elikhethekile labantu abacebile. Ukuvakasha okukhulu kwavela kamuva kakhulu.
2. Ibhaluni lesivivinyo kwakuyisikebhe esihamba olwandle emzileni iLeningrad - eMoscow ngocingo oluya eDanzig, eHamburg, eNaples, eConstantinople nase-Odessa. Abaholi abangama-257 bohlelo lokuqala lweminyaka emihlanu benze uhambo ngomkhumbi wezimoto "Abkhazia". Ukuhamba ngomkhumbi ofanayo kwenzeka ngonyaka olandelayo. Lolu hambo aluzange lujwayeleke - empeleni, imikhumbi eyakhiwe ngezimoto - esimweni sesibili, kwakuyi- "Ukraine" eyayisuselwa eLeningrad yaya eLwandle Olumnyama, ngasikhathi sinye ilayishwa ngabasebenzi abaphambili.
3. Iminyakazo yokufuna amathuba okuhlela uhambo oluhlangene lwezakhamizi zaseSoviet phesheya kwaqala ekupheleni kuka-1953. Kwaphela iminyaka emibili kwaba nokuxhumana okuphumule phakathi kweminyango neKomidi Elikhulu leCPSU. Kuphela ekwindla ka-1955, iqembu labantu abangu-38 laya eSweden.
4. Ukulawulwa kokukhethwa kwabaqokelwe kwenziwa yizinhlangano zeqembu ezingeni lamakomidi eqembu amabhizinisi, amakomidi ezifunda, amakomidi amadolobha namakomidi ezifunda e-CPSU. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iKomidi Elikhulu leCPSU esinqumweni esikhethekile linqume ukukhethwa kuphela ezingeni lebhizinisi, konke okunye ukuhlola kwakuyizinyathelo zasendaweni. Ngo-1955, kwavunywa imiyalo yokuziphatha kwezakhamizi zaseSoviet phesheya. Imiyalo yalabo abahambela amazwe ososhiyali nongxiwankulu yayihlukile futhi yamukelwa ngezinqumo ezihlukene.
5. Labo ababehlose ukuya phesheya bathola ukuhlolwa okuningana, futhi noma ngabe umuntu waseSoviet wayehambela amazwe ase-socialism achumile noma wethuka ngomyalo wamazwe ongxiwankulu. Uhlu lwemibuzo olude olude lwagcwaliswa ngemibuzo ngomoya wokuthi "Ingabe ubuhlala endaweni eyakhiwe ngesikhathi seMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe?" Kwakudingeka ukuthi kuthathwe ubufakazi enhlanganweni yezinyunyana, ukuze kudluliswe isheke kwiKomidi Lezokuphepha Lombuso (KGB), inhlolokhono ezinhlanganweni zeqembu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasheke awazange enziwe ngohlamvu ojwayelekile omubi (bekungenjalo, bekungenjalo, bekungabandakanyeki, njll.). Kwakudingeka kuboniswe izimfanelo zabo ezinhle - kusuka ekuhlanganyeleni nasekuhlanganyeleni kuma-subbotnik kuya emakilasini ezigabeni zemidlalo. Amakhomishini abukeza abuye abhekelela nesimo somshado salabo abazongenela lolu hambo. Abavoti abaphase amazinga wokukhetha aphansi babhekwa yiKhomishini lapho kusukwa, badalwa kuwo wonke amakomidi ezifunda e-CPSU.
6. Abavakashi bakusasa ababedlulisa wonke amasheke bathola iziyalezo ezahlukahlukene ngokuziphatha phesheya kanye nokuxhumana nabantu bakwamanye amazwe.Kwakungekho imiyalo eyenziwe yaba semthethweni, ngakho-ke kwenye indawo amantombazane ayengathatha iziketi ezincane, futhi afune ithimba laseKomsomol ukuthi ababambiqhaza bahlale begqoka amabheji eKomsomol. Emaqenjini, kwakukhethwa iqembu elincane elikhethekile, ababambiqhaza ababefundiswa ukuphendula imibuzo engaba yinkohliso (Kungani amaphephandaba ekhala ngokuthuthuka kwezolimo, kuyilapho iSoviet Union ithenga okusanhlamvu eMelika?). Cishe nakanjani, amaqembu abavakashi baseSoviet avakashele izindawo ezingalibaleki ezihlotshaniswa nabaholi benhlangano yamakhomanisi noma imicimbi yezinguquko - izikhumbuzo ze-IV Lenin, iminyuziyamu noma izikhumbuzo. Umbhalo wokungena encwadini yokuvakashela izindawo ezinjalo uvunyelwe emuva e-USSR, ukungena bekufanele kwenziwe yilungu leqembu elivunyelwe.
7. Kwaba ngo-1977 kuphela lapho incwajana ethi “USSR. Imibuzo nezimpendulo eziyi-100 ”. Iqoqo elinengqondo laphinde lanyatheliswa kaningana - izimpendulo zalo zehluke kakhulu kunkulumo-ze yeqembu eyayikhishwe ngokuphelele ngaleso sikhathi.
8. Sesidlulile sonke isheke, amadokhumende ohambo lokuya ezweni lobusoshiyali kwakufanele athunyelwe ezinyangeni ezi-3 ngaphambi kohambo, nasezweni longxiwankulu - izinyanga eziyisithupha ngaphambili. Ngisho nochwepheshe abaziwa ngokuma komhlaba baseLuxembourg babengazi ngomzana waseSchengen ngaleso sikhathi.
9. Ipasipoti yakwamanye amazwe yanikezwa kuphela ukushintshanisa eyomphakathi, okungukuthi, umuntu angaba nombhalo owodwa kuphela esandleni. Kwakungavunyelwe ukuthatha noma yimiphi imibhalo phesheya, ngaphandle kwepasipoti, efakazela ubunikazi, nase-USSR, yayingagunyaziwe ngaphandle kwekhefu lokugula nezitifiketi ezivela ehhovisi lezindlu.
10. Ngaphezu kokuvinjelwa okusemthethweni, kwakunemikhawulo engakahleleki. Isibonelo, bekuyivelakancane kakhulu - futhi kuphela ngemvume yeKomidi Elikhulu - ukuthi indoda nomkayo bavunyelwe ukuhamba njengengxenye yeqembu elifanayo uma bengenazo izingane. Ungahamba uye emazweni onxiwankulu kanye njalo eminyakeni emithathu.
11. Ulwazi lwezilimi zakwelinye izwe aluzange lubhekwe njengokuhlanganisa kwalowo ozongenela ukhetho. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuba khona kwabantu abaningana eqenjini abakhuluma olunye ulimi ngasikhathi sinye kwabangela ukukhathazeka okukhulu. Lawa maqembu afuna ukuncibilika kwezenhlalo noma kuzwelonke - ukwengeza abasebenzi noma abamele imingcele yezwe kuma-intelligentsia.
12. Ngemuva kokudlula kuyo yonke imibuthano yesihogo se-party-bureaucratic ngisho nokukhokhela uhambo (futhi zazibiza kakhulu ngamazinga aseSoviet, futhi ezimweni ezingavamile ibhizinisi lavunyelwa ukukhokha kuze kufike ku-30% wezindleko), kwakungenzeki ukuthi ungayi lapho. "U-Intourist" kanye nezinhlangano zezinyunyana azisebenzi noma zibhidlika. Inani lamaqembu angayanga phesheya ngephutha lezakhiwo zaseSoviet laliya kaningi minyaka yonke. Ngesikhathi sokujwayelekile kobudlelwano neChina, kwesinye isikhathi abakwazanga ukwenza ngokusemthethweni futhi bakhansela "Izitimela Zobungane" eziphelele.
13. Noma kunjalo, naphezu kwabo bonke ubunzima, amaqembu abavakashi baseSoviet avakashela cishe umhlaba wonke. Isibonelo, ngemuva nje kokuqala kokuhlelwa kwezokuvakasha okuphumayo, ngo-1956, amaklayenti e-Intourist ahambela amazwe angama-61, futhi ngemuva kweminyaka engu-7 - amazwe angaphandle angama-106. Kuyaqondakala ukuthi iningi lala mazwe lavakashelwa izivakashi zemikhumbi. Isibonelo, bekukhona umzila wokuhamba ngesikebhe e-Odessa - Turkey - Greece - Italy - Morocco - Senegal - Liberia - Nigeria - Ghana - Sierra Leone - Odessa. Imikhumbi ehamba ngesikebhe yayihambisa izivakashi eNdiya, eJapan naseCuba. Ukuhamba ngesikebhe kukaSemyon Semyonovich Gorbunkov kusuka kwifilimu ethi "The Diamond Arm" kungaba ngokoqobo impela - lapho kuthengiswa izaphulelo zolwandle, kwagcinwa isiko le- "Abkhazia" - kwabekwa phambili abasebenzi abaphambili.
14. Ukukhuluma "ngezivakashi ezigqoke izingubo ezingezona ezomphakathi" - Izikhulu ze-KGB, okusolwa ukuthi zinamathele cishe kubo bonke abavakashi baseSoviet abaya phesheya, kungenzeka ukuthi kuyihaba. Okungenani okuvela emibhalweni yokugcina umlando kuyaziwa ukuthi i-Intourist ne-Sputnik (enye inhlangano yaseSoviet ebibambe ezokuvakasha eziphumayo, ikakhulukazi ezokuvakasha kwentsha) zithole ukushoda okukhulu kwabasebenzi. Kwakunokushoda kwabahumushi, imikhombandlela (khumbula futhi i- "Diamond Hand" - umhlahlandlela kwakungumfuduki waseRussia), abaphelezeli abafanelekayo nje. Abantu baseSoviet bahambela phesheya ngamakhulu ezinkulungwane. Ngonyaka wokuqala we-1956, abantu abangama-560,000 bavakashela amazwe aphesheya. Kusukela ngo-1965 umthethosivivinywa ungene ezigidini waze wafika ezigidini ezingama-4,5 ngo-1985. Vele, izikhulu ze-KGB zazikhona ohambweni lwezivakashi, kodwa hhayi kuwo wonke amaqembu.
15. Ngaphandle kokuphunyuka ngezikhathi ezithile kwezazi, abaculi nabagijimi, izivakashi ezejwayelekile zaseSoviet azivamile ukunika isizathu sokukhathazeka. Abaholi bamaqembu ikakhulukazi abanemigomo barekhoda ukwephula umthetho, ngaphezu kokuphuza utshwala okungasho lutho, uhleko olukhulu endaweni yokudlela, ukuvela kwabesifazane bebhulukwe, ukwenqaba ukuhambela inkundla yemidlalo nezinye izinto ezingasho lutho.
16. “Abahlubuki” abadumile emaqenjini okuvakasha babeyivelakancane - iningi labo bahlala eNtshonalanga ngemuva kokuhambela umsebenzi. Okuwukuphela kokuhlukile ngumgxeki odumile wezincwadi u-Arkady Belinkovich, owaphunyuka nomkakhe phakathi nohambo lwezivakashi.
17. Amavawusha aphesheya, njengoba sekushiwo, ayebiza. Ngawo-1960, ngeholo esifundeni sama-ruble angama-80 - 150, ngisho nohambo lwezinsuku eziyi-9 oluya eCzechoslovakia ngaphandle komgwaqo (ama-ruble ayi-120) lubiza ama-ruble ayi-110. Uhambo lwezinsuku eziyi-15 oluya eNdiya lubiza ama-ruble angama-430 kanye nama-ruble angaphezu kwama-200 wamathikithi omoya. Izikebhe zemikhumbi zazibiza kakhulu. Ukuhambela eNtshonalanga Afrika futhi emuva kubiza ama-ruble angama-600 - 800. Ngisho nezinsuku ezingama-20 eBulgaria zibiza ama-ruble angama-250, kuyilapho ithikithi lezinyunyana ezikhetha okufanayo eSochi noma eCrimea libiza ama-ruble 20. Umzila we-chic iMoscow - eCuba - eBrazil wawuyintengo yokuqoshwa - ithikithi labiza ama-ruble ayi-1214.
18. Ngaphandle kwezindleko eziphakeme kanye nobunzima be-bureaucratic, bekulokhu kukhona abantu abazimisele ngokuya phesheya. Uhambo lwaphesheya kwezilwandle kancane kancane (ebelivele ngama-1970s) luthole inani lesimo. Ukuhlolwa okwenziwa ngezikhathi ezithile kuveza ukwephulwa okukhulu ekusabalalisweni kwabo. Imibiko yocwaningomabhuku ifaka amaqiniso abonakala engenakwenzeka eSoviet Union. Isibonelo, umakhenikha wezimoto waseMoscow wahamba izikebhe ezintathu ehambela amazwe ongxiwankulu eminyakeni eyisithupha, yize lokhu kwakwenqatshelwe. Ngasizathu simbe, ama-voucher ahloselwe abasebenzi noma abalimi abahlangene anikezwa abaqondisi bezimakethe nezitolo zeminyango. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokombono wobugebengu, akukho lutho olubucayi olwenzekile - ubudedengu obusemthethweni, akukho okunye.
19. Uma izakhamizi ezejwayelekile zaphatha uhambo oluya eBulgaria ngomoya wesisho esaziwa kakhulu esinqabela inkukhu ilungelo lokuthiwa inyoni, neBulgaria - phesheya, khona-ke kubaholi beqembu uhambo oluya eBulgaria kwakungumsebenzi onzima. Ukuze ungangeni emininingwaneni isikhathi eside, kulula ukuchaza isimo ngesibonelo esivela ezikhathini zanamuhla. Ungumholi weqembu labesifazane abaningi abavakashele e-Turkey noma e-Egypt. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi wakho akukhona nje kuphela ukuletha amawadi ekhaya ephephile futhi ezwakala, kepha futhi nokubheka isimilo sabo nokuziphatha kwamakhomanisi ngazo zonke izindlela. Futhi abantu baseBulgaria ngobunjalo babo cishe bangamaTurkey afanayo, kodwa bahlala kude kancane enyakatho.
20. Imali yayiyinkinga enkulu ekuhambeni kwamanye amazwe. Bayishintsha kancane. Esimeni esibi kakhulu izivakashi ebezihamba kulokho okubizwa "ngokushintshaniswa okungeyona imali". Banikezwa izindlu zamahhala, indawo yokuhlala nezinsizakalo, ngakho-ke bashintsha imali eningi kakhulu - kuphela okwanele ugwayi, isibonelo. Kepha ezinye azange zonakaliswe. Ngakho-ke, ukugcwala okugcwele kwezimpahla ezivunyelwe ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwathunyelwa phesheya: ama-gramu angu-400 we-caviar, ilitha le-vodka, ibhulokhi logwayi. Ngisho nemisakazo namakhamera kumenyezelwe futhi bekumele kubuyiswe. Abesifazane bavunyelwe ukugqoka izindandatho ezingekho ngaphezu kwezintathu, kufaka phakathi indandatho yomshado. Konke okwakutholakala kwakuthengiswa noma kushintshelwa izimpahla zabathengi.
