Ngo-Ephreli 12, 1961, uYuri Gagarin wenza indiza yokuqala yasemkhathini futhi ngasikhathi sinye wasungula umkhakha omusha - "cosmonaut". Ekupheleni kuka-2019, abantu abangu-565 bavakashele isikhala. Le nombolo ingahluka ngokuya ngokuthi kusho ukuthini umqondo we "astronaut" (noma "astronaut", kulokhu, imiqondo iyafana) emazweni ahlukene, kepha ukuhleleka kwezinombolo kuzohlala kunjalo.
Ama-semantics wamagama achaza abantu abenza izindiza zesikhala aqala ukwehluka ezindizeni zokuqala. U-Yuri Gagarin wagcwalisa umbuthano ogcwele ojikeleze umhlaba. Indiza yakhe yathathwa njengesiqalo, kanti e-USSR, bese eRussia, usomkhathi uthathwa njengowenze okungenani umzila owodwa emhlabeni wethu.
E-United States, indiza yokuqala yayiyi-suborbital - uJohn Glenn wavele wandiza endaweni ephakeme futhi ende, kepha evulekile. Ngakho-ke, e-United States, umuntu osekhuphuke ngamakhilomitha angama-80 ukuphakama angazithatha njengosomkhathi. Kepha lokhu, empeleni, kungumkhuba omsulwa. Manje osomajukujuku / osomkhathi babizwa yonke indawo ngabantu ababhale indiza yasemkhathini ehlala isikhathi esingaphezu kwesisodwa kumkhumbi-mkhathi olungisiwe.
1. Kosomkhathi abangu-565, abangama-64 ngabesifazane. Abesifazane abangama-50 baseMelika, abamele abayi-4 be-USSR / Russia, abesifazane baseCanada aba-2, abesifazane baseJapan nabesifazane baseChina kanye nommeleli oyedwa ngamunye waseGreat Britain, France, Italy naseKorea bavakashele isikhala. Sekukonke, kufaka phakathi amadoda, abamele amazwe angama-38 bavakashele isikhala.
2. Umsebenzi we-astronaut uyingozi enkulu. Noma singanaki izimpilo zabantu ezilahlekile ngesikhathi sokulungiselela, futhi hhayi ngesikhathi sendiza, ukufa kwabagibeli benkanyezi kubukeka kukubi - cishe ama-3.2% wabamele lo msebenzi bafa emsebenzini. Ukuqhathanisa, emkhakheni oyingozi kakhulu "wasemhlabeni" womdobi, inkomba ehambelana nayo ingu-0,04%, okungukuthi, abadobi bafa cishe izikhathi eziphindwe ngama-80. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufa kusatshalaliswa ngokungalingani ngokweqile. Oosomajukujuku baseSoviet (abane babo) bafa ngenxa yezinkinga zobuchwepheshe ngo-1971-1973. AbaseMelika, ngisho sebenze izindiza eziya enyangeni, baqala ukubhubha ngesikhathi salokho okwakukholakala ukuthi kuyimikhumbi-mkhathi ephephile evuseleleka kakhulu "i-Space Shuttle". I-US space shuttles i-Challenger ne-Columbia badlule nemiphefumulo engu-14 ngenxa yokuthi amathayili e-thermo-reflective ayexebula izikhumba zawo.
3. Impilo yayo yonke i-cosmonaut noma i-astronaut imfushane, yize inemicimbi. Ngokwezibalo ezingezona izinhloso ezinkulu, kepha isazi-mlando se-astronautics esisebenza ngonembeza uStanislav Savin, isilinganiso seminyaka yokuphila kwabosomkhathi baseSoviet yiminyaka engama-51, osomkhathi be-NASA baphila ngokwesilinganiso seminyaka emi-3.
4. Kwadingeka ukuthi kube nezidingo zobungcweti empilweni yezimboni zokuqala. Ukusikisela okuncane kwezinkinga ezingenzeka ngomzimba onamathuba ayi-100% kuphele ekuxoshweni kwabazongenela osomkhathi. Abantu abangama-20 abafakiwe kuleli butho bakhethwa kuqala kubashayeli bezindiza abangama-3461, kwase kuba ngabangu-347. Esigabeni esilandelayo, ukukhethwa kwase kuphuma kubantu abangama-206, kanti nabangu-105 kubo bayeka ngenxa yezizathu zokwelashwa (abangama-75 bazenqaba). Kuphephile ukusho ukuthi amalungu eqembu lokuqala lomkhathi womkhathi ayengabantu ababenempilo okungenani eSoviet Union impela. Manje osomkhathi, futhi, bayahlolwa ngokujulile kwezokwelapha futhi bahlanganyela ngokuziqeqesha, kepha izidingo zempilo yabo sezilula ngokungenakulinganiswa. Isibonelo, usosayensi womkhathi (cosmonaut) nowaziwa kakhulu nge-cosmonautics uSergei Ryazansky ubhala ukuthi komunye wabasebenzi bakhe bobathathu osomkhathi babegqoke izibuko. URyazansky uqobo wakhe washintshela kuma-lens wokuxhumana. I-centrifuge efakwe eGorky Park inika ukulayishwa okulinganayo njengama-centrifuge lapho isitimela se-cosmonauts sisebenza khona. Kepha ukuqeqeshwa ngokomzimba ngezithukuthuku zegazi kusanikezwa kuqala.
5. Ngokubucayi komuthi womhlaba nowesikhala ngasikhathi sinye, ukubhoboza kubantu abasemabhantsini amhlophe kusenzeka. Kusukela ngo-1977 kuya ku-1978, uGeorgy Grechko noYuri Romanenko basebenze esiteshini sesikhala sakwaSalyut-6 izinsuku ezingama-96 ezirekhodiwe. Endleleni, babeka amarekhodi amaningi, abikwa kabanzi: okokuqala begubha uNyaka Omusha esikhaleni, bathola iqembu lokuqala lamazwe esiteshini, njll. Akuzange kubikwe ngokungenzeka, kepha akwenzekanga, ukuhlinzwa kwamazinyo kokuqala esikhaleni. Emhlabathini, odokotela bahlola ukubola kukaRomanenko. Emkhathini, lesi sifo sifinyelele emthanjeni ngemizwa ebuhlungu ehambisanayo. URomanenko washeshe wabhubhisa izinto zokubulala izinhlungu, uGrechko wazama ukwelapha izinyo lakhe ngemiyalo evela eMhlabeni. Wazama ngisho nomshini waseJapane owawungakaze ubonwe, okwakuthiwa welapha zonke izifo ngemizwa kagesi ethunyelwa ezingxenyeni ezithile ze-auricle. Ngenxa yalokho, ngaphezu kwezinyo, indlebe kaRomanenko nayo yaqala ukuqaqamba - izinsimbi zasha ngaye. Iqembu lika-Alexei Gubarev noCzech Vladimir Remek, abafike esiteshini, bafika nesethi encane yemishini yamazinyo. Ukubona izindlala ezicwebezelayo okumnyama nokuzwa ukuthi ulwazi lukaRemek lwamazinyo lukhawulelwe engxoxweni yehora nodokotela eMhlabeni, uRomanenko uthathe isinqumo sokubekezelela kuze kufike ukufika. Futhi wakhuthazela - izinyo lakhe lakhishwa ebusweni.
6. Umbono weso langakwesokudla ngu-0.2, kwesobunxele ngu-0.1. I-gastritis engapheli. I-Spondylosis (ukunciphisa umsele womgogodla) womgogodla we-thoracic. Lo akuwona umlando wezokwelapha, lolu lwazi ngesimo sempilo seCosmonaut No. 8 uKonstantin Feoktistov. Umklami Jikelele uSergei Korolev uqobo ulaya odokotela ukuthi bayibheke iso impilo kaFooktistov ebuthaka. UKonstantin Petrovich ngokwakhe wasungula uhlelo oluthambile lokufika lomkhumbi-mkhathi waseVoskhod futhi wayezozihlola yena ngesikhathi sendiza yokuqala. Odokotela baze bazama nokucekela phansi imiyalo kaKorolev, kodwa uFooktistov washeshe wanqoba wonke umuntu ngesimilo sakhe esimnene nesinomusa. Undiza kanye noBoris Egorov noVladimir Komarov ngo-Okthoba 12-13, 1964.
7. I-astronautics ibhizinisi elibizayo. Manje ingxenye yesabelomali seRoscosmos isetshenziswa ezindizeni ezinabantu - cishe ama-ruble angama-65 billion ngonyaka. Akunakwenzeka ukubala izindleko zendiza eyodwa ye-cosmonaut, kepha ngokwesilinganiso, ukwethula umuntu ku-orbit futhi ukuhlala lapho kubiza cishe ama-ruble ayi-5.5 - 6 billion. Ingxenye yemali "ilwa" ngokulethwa kwabokufika ku-ISS. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, abaseMelika bebodwa bakhokhe cishe isigidigidi samaRandi ngokulethwa "kwabagibeli besikhala" ku-ISS. Baphinde basindisa okuningi - indiza eshibhe kakhulu yamaShuttles abo ibiza ama- $ 500 wezigidi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukundiza ngakunye okulandelayo kwe-shuttle efanayo kwakubiza kakhulu. Ubuchwepheshe bunokuthambekela kokuguga, okusho ukuthi ukunakekelwa kwe- "Challengers" ne- "Atlantis" phansi kungabiza amadola amaningi. Lokhu kusebenza futhi naseSoviet ekhazimulayo "iBuran" - okuyinkimbinkimbi kube yintuthuko kusayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe, kepha kuyo bekungekho futhi namanje ayikho imisebenzi eyanele amandla ohlelo nezindleko zendiza.
8. Indida ethokozisayo: ukufaka amabutho e-cosmonaut, udinga ukuthi ube ngaphansi kweminyaka engama-35 ubudala, ngaphandle kwalokho umuntu ofisayo usongwe esigabeni semibhalo yokwamukelwa. Kodwa abadlali asebevele besebenza bahamba cishe kuze kube umhlalaphansi. Usomajukujuku waseRussia uPavel Vinogradov ugubhe usuku lwakhe lokuzalwa lwama-60 ngomkhumbi-mkhathi - wayese-ISS nje kuphela njengengxenye yabasebenzi bamazwe omhlaba. Futhi uPaolo Nespoli wase-Italy wangena emkhathini eneminyaka engama-60 nezinyanga ezi-3.
9. Amasiko, amasiko ngisho nezinkolelo-ze phakathi kosomkhathi bezilokhu ziqongelela amashumi eminyaka. Isibonelo, isiko lokuvakashela iRed Square noma ukuthatha izithombe etsheni lesikhumbuzo laseLenin e-Star City - eKorolev libuyela ezindizeni zokuqala. Uhlelo lwezepolitiki seluguquke kudala, kepha isiko lisekhona. Kepha ifilimu ethi "White Sun of the Desert" ibilokhu ibukelwe kusukela ngawo-1970, futhi-ke ayizange ikhishwe ukuze ikhishwe kabanzi. Ngemuva kokuyibuka, uVladimir Shatalov wenza indiza yasemkhathini ejwayelekile. UGeorgy Dobrovolsky, uVladislav Volkov noViktor Patsaev bandiza ngokulandelayo. Abazange bayibuke ifilimu futhi bafa. Ngaphambi kwesiqalo esilandelayo, banikela ngokubuka ngokukhethekile i- "White Sun of the Desert", futhi indiza yahamba kahle. Isiko seligcinwe cishe isigamu sekhulu leminyaka. Eduze kwasekuqaleni, izimpawu zimi njengodonga: i-autograph emnyango wehhotela eBaikonur, ingoma ethi "Utshani obusendlini", ithwebula izithombe, isitobhi lapho bema khona ngoYuri Gagarin. Amasiko amabili amasha ngokwengeziwe amukelwa ngokungenamibandela: osomajukujuku babuka ifilimu yokuhlukanisa eyenziwe ngabafazi babo, futhi umklami omkhulu uphelezela umphathi womkhumbi ezitebhisini ngokukhahlela okukhulu. Abapristi bama-Orthodox nabo bayakhangwa. Umpristi ubusisa irokhethi nakanjani, kepha osomkhathi bangala. Kepha, ngokumangazayo, ayikho imikhuba noma amasiko esikhaleni ngaphambi kokwehla.
10. I-mascot ebaluleke kakhulu yokundiza iyithoyizi elithambile, amaMelika aqala ukulithatha emikhunjini yabo njengenkomba yokungabi nasisindo. Khona-ke isiko bathuthela cosmonautics Soviet futhi Russian. Osomkhathi bakhululekile ukukhetha ukuthi bazothatha ini lapho behamba ngendiza (yize ithoyizi kumele livunyelwe onjiniyela bezokuphepha). Amakati, ama-gnomes, amabhere, ama-transformer andizela emkhathini - futhi ngaphezu kokukodwa. Futhi abasebenzi baka-Alexander Misurkin ekwindla ka-2017 bathatha njengesitokisi itoyitoyi yesathelayithi yokuqala yokufakelwa - indiza yayo yayineminyaka engama-60 ubudala.
11. I-astronaut ingcweti ebiza kakhulu. Izindleko zokuqeqeshwa kwama-cosmonauts ziphakeme kakhulu. Uma amaphayona ayelungiselela unyaka nohhafu, isikhathi sokuzilungiselela saqala ukwelula. Kwakukhona amacala lapho kudlula iminyaka emi-5 - 6 ukusuka ekufikeni kukasomkhathi kuya endizeni yokuqala. Ngakho-ke, kuyaqabukela noma yimuphi wabahambi bendawo anqunyelwe endizeni eyodwa - ukuqeqeshwa kukasomkhathi wesikhathi esisodwa okunjalo akunanzuzo. AbakwaLoner bavame ukushiya isikhala ngenxa yezinkinga zempilo noma ukungajwayelekile. Cishe icala elingalodwa - i-cosmonaut yesibili i-Titov yaseJalimane. Ngesikhathi esendiza amahora angama-24, wazizwa kabi kangangokuthi akagcinanga ngokubikela ikhomishini ngemuva kohambo lwendiza, kodwa futhi wenqaba ukuqhubeka nokuhlala ezinhlakeni ze-cosmonaut, waba ngumshayeli wokuhlola.
12. Ukondleka kwesikhala kumashubhu izolo. Ukudla okudliwa osomkhathi manje kufana nokudla kwasemhlabeni. Yize kunjalo, ukungabi nasisindo kubeka izidingo ezithile ekuhambisaneni kwezitsha. Amasobho namajusi kusamele kuphuzwe ngeziqukathi ezivaliwe, kanti izitsha zenyama nenhlanzi zenziwa ngejeli. AbaseMelika basebenzisa kabanzi imikhiqizo eyomiswe yiqhwa, ozakwabo baseRussia bathanda ama-schnitzels abo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imenyu ye-cosmonaut ngayinye inezici ezithile. Ngaphambi kwendiza, batshelwa ngabo eMhlabeni, futhi imikhumbi yezimpahla iletha izitsha ezihambisana ne-oda. Ukufika komkhumbi wezimpahla kuhlale kungumkhosi, njengoba “amaloli” eletha izithelo nemifino emisha njalo, kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zezimanga zokupheka.
13. Osomkhathi ku-ISS babamba iqhaza kudluliso lwethoshi lwe-Olimpiki ngaphambi kweMidlalo eSochi. Ithoshi lilethwe ku-orbit ngabasebenzi bakaMikhail Tyurin. Osomkhathi bazimele naye ngaphakathi esiteshini nasemkhathini. Ngemuva kwalokho iqembu elibuyayo lehla naye laya eMhlabeni. Kwakukulesi sibani lapho u-Irina Rodnina noVladislav Tretyak babasa khona umlilo esitsheni esikhulu senkundla yaseFisht.
14. Ngeshwa, izikhathi lapho osomkhathi bezungezwe uthando oludumile nomsebenzi wabo uhlolwe ngokwezinga eliphakeme kakhulu seziphelile. Ngaphandle kokuthi isihloko esithi "Iqhawe laseRussia" sisanikezwa wonke umuntu owenze indiza yasemkhathini. Kokunye, osomkhathi bacishe balinganiswe nabasebenzi abajwayelekile abasebenzela iholo (uma isosha lifika kososayensi, kufanele lisule). Ngo-2006, abezindaba bashicilela incwadi evela koosomkhathi abangu-23 bebacela ukuba babanikeze izindlu okwakudingeka ngokomthetho kudala. Le ncwadi ibibhekiswe kuMongameli waseRussia. UV. Putin wabeka isinqumo esifanele kuye futhi wafuna ngamazwi ukuthi izikhulu zixazulule lolu daba hhayi ukuthi zilwenze “ngendlela efanele”. Ngisho nangemva kwezenzo ezingacacile zikaMongameli, izikhulu zanikeza amaflethoni koosomkhathi ababili kuphela, kanti abanye abahlanu bababona bedinga izimo zezindlu ezingcono.
15. Indaba nokuhamba kosomkhathi osuka esikhumulweni sezindiza saseChkalovsky eduze kwaseMoscow kuya eBaikonur nayo iyakhomba. Iminyaka eminingi, indiza yenzeka ngo-8: 00 ngemuva kwesidlo sasekuseni somkhosi. Kepha-ke onogada basemngceleni nezikhulu zamasiko abasebenza esikhumulweni sezindiza bakujabulele ukuqoka ushintsho kulelihora. Manje osomajukujuku nabantu abahamba nabo bashiya phambilini noma kamuva - njengokufuna komthetho.
Njengasolwandle abanye abantu bahlushwa ukugula kwasolwandle, ngakho-ke esikhaleni abanye osomkhathi ngezinye izikhathi bathola ubunzima ekuguleni kwasemkhathini. Izimbangela nezimpawu zalezinkinga zempilo ziyefana. Ukuphazamiseka ekusebenzeni kwempahla yokusebenza, okudalwa ukuzigingqa olwandle nokungabi nesisindo esikhaleni, kuholele ekucanuzelweni yinhliziyo, ebuthakathakeni, ekuxhumaneni okungafanelekile, njll. ...
17. Ngemuva kokundiza endaweni ende, osomkhathi babuyela eMhlabeni benokukhubazeka kokuzwa. Isizathu salokhu kuncishiswa umsindo ongemuva njalo esiteshini. Kunenqwaba yamadivayisi nabalandeli abasebenza ngasikhathi sinye, bakha umsindo wangemuva ngamandla we-60 - 70 dB. Ngomsindo ofanayo, abantu bahlala esitezi sokuqala sezindlu eduze kwezitimela ezigcwele abantu. Umuntu uzivumelanisa ngokuthula naleli zinga lomsindo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuzwa kukasomkhathi kuqopha ushintsho oluncane kuthoni yemisindo ngayinye. Ubuchopho buthumela isignali yengozi - okuthile akusebenzi ngendlela efanele. Iphupho elibi lanoma yimuphi usomkhathi ngukuthula esiteshini. Kusho ukunqamuka kukagesi futhi, ngokufanele, ingozi yokufa. Ngenhlanhla, akekho owake wezwa ukuthula ngokuphelele ngaphakathi esiteshini sasemkhathini. Isikhungo esilawula imishini sake sathumela umyalo oyiphutha esiteshini seMir ukucisha iningi labalandeli, kepha osomkhathi abalele bavuka bashaya i-alamu ngisho nangaphambi kokuba abalandeli bama ngokuphelele.
18. I-Hollywood ngandlela-thile ingene ocwaningweni lwayo lwesakhiwo isiphetho samawele, osomkhathi oScott noMark Kelly. Ngezindlela ezinamandla kakhulu, amawele athola okukhethekile kwabashayeli bezindiza bezempi, base beza kubaphathi be-astronaut. UScott ungene esikhaleni okokuqala ngo-1999. UMark wangena emjikelezweni eminyakeni emibili kamuva. Ngo-2011, la mawele kwakumele ahlangane kwi-ISS, lapho uScott ayesebenza khona kusukela ngoNovemba wonyaka odlule, kodwa ukuqala kwe-Endeavor ngaphansi komyalo kaMark kwahlehliswa kaningi. UScott waphoqeleka ukuba abuyele eMhlabeni ngaphandle kokuhlangana noMark, kodwa enerekhodi laseMelika lezinsuku ezingama-340 emkhathini endizeni eyodwa, nezinsuku ezingama-520 zendiza ephelele yasemkhathini. Wathatha umhlalaphansi ngo-2016, eminyakeni emihlanu kamuva kunomfowabo. UMark Kelly ushiye isikhundla sakhe somsebenzi ukusiza umkakhe. Unkosikazi wakhe, uCongressman Gabrielle Giffords, walinyazwa kanzima ekhanda ngumsangano uJared Lee Lofner, owadubula isuphamakethe iSafeway ngo-2011.
19. Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezifezwe ngusomajukujuku waseSoviet ngumsebenzi kaVladimir Dzhanibekov noViktor Savinykh, owathi ngo-1985 wavuselela isiteshi somgwaqo iSalyut-7. Isiteshi samamitha ayi-14 besivele silahlekile, umkhumbi-mkhathi ofile ubuzungeza uMhlaba. Kwaphela isonto bonke osomkhathi, abasebenza ngokushintshana ngezizathu zokuphepha, babuyisa ukusebenza okuncane kwesiteshi, kwathi kungakapheli nenyanga iSalyut-7 yalungiswa ngokuphelele. Akunakwenzeka ukuqoqa noma uze ne-analogue yasemhlabeni yomsebenzi owenziwe Dzhanibekov noSavinykh. Ifilimu ethi "Salyut-7", empeleni, ayiyimbi, kepha ingumsebenzi wenganekwane, lapho ababhali bengenakwenza ngaphandle komdlalo balimaze izingqinamba zobuchwepheshe.Kodwa sekukonke, ifilimu inika umbono ofanele ngesimo semishini kaDzhanibekov noSavinykh. Umsebenzi wabo wawubaluleke kakhulu kusukela ekuphepheni kwezindiza. Ngaphambi kwendiza yakwaSoyuz-T-13, osomkhathi babeyi-kamikaze empeleni - uma kukhona okwenzekile, yayingekho indawo yokulinda usizo. Abasebenzi beSoyuz-T-13 bafakazele, okungenani ngomqondo, ithuba lokwenza umsebenzi wokuhlenga ngesikhathi esifushane.
20. Njengoba kwaziwa, iSoviet Union yaqhakambisa ukubaluleka okukhulu ekuqiniseni ubudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe ngalokhu okuthiwa. izindiza zesikhala esihlangene. Abasebenzi babantu abathathu baqala ukufaka abameleli be- "People's Democracies" - amaCzech, amaPoland, amaBulgaria, neVietnam. Ngemuva kwalokho osomkhathi bandiza nje bevela emazweni anobungani afana neSyria ne-Afghanistan (!), Ngasekugcineni, amaFulentshi namaJapane bese bevele begibele. Vele, osebenza nabo bakwamanye amazwe bebengaqhakambisi osonkanyezi bethu, futhi baqeqeshwa ngokugcwele. Kepha kungenye into lapho izwe lakho lineminyaka engu-30 yezindiza ngemuva kwalo, kungenye into lapho wena, umshayeli wendiza, kufanele undize emkhathini nabaseRussia, emkhunjini wabo, futhi nasesikhundleni esingaphansi. Kwaqubuka izingxabano ezahlukahlukene nabo bonke abantu bakwamanye amazwe, kepha icala elibaluleke kakhulu lenzeka nomFulentshi uMichel Tonini. Lapho ehlola umkhumbi-mkhathi womkhumbi-mkhathi, wamangala ngobuqili bengilazi engaphambili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakukhona nemihuzuko kuyo. UTonini wayengakholelwa ukuthi le ngilazi ingamelana nemithwalo emkhathini. AbaseRussia banengxoxo emfushane: "Awu, yithathe uyiphule!" UmFulentshi waqala ngeze ukushaya ingilazi nganoma yini etholakalayo. Ngokubona ukuthi uzakwabo waphesheya ubesesimeni esifanele, abanikazi bamfaka ngephutha ngesando (ngokusobala, eCosmonaut Training Centre babamba izigaxa ngamandla amakhulu), kepha ngombandela wokuthi uma kwehluleka, uTonini ukhipha ibrandy engcono kakhulu yaseFrance. Ingilazi yasinda, kepha i-cognac yethu yayingabonakali kahle kakhulu.
