Ngo-1919, ngemuva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, iNgilandi neFrance babefuna iJalimane lisayine isivumelwano sokuzinikela ngokushesha okukhulu. Ezweni elihluliwe ngalesi sikhathi kwaba nobunzima ngokudla, futhi ababambisene nabo, ukuze ekugcineni banciphise isikhundla samaJalimane, babamba ukuthutha ngokudla okuya eJalimane. Ngemuva kwamahlombe amaqembu alwayo, kwakukhona vele amagesi, ne-Verdun grinder yenyama, neminye imicimbi eyadlula nemiphefumulo yezigidi. Futhi nokho uNdunankulu waseBrithani uLloyd George wethukile ukuthi ukuze kufezeke izinhloso zezepolitiki, izimpilo zezakhamizi kumele zibekwe engcupheni.
Kwadlula iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30, futhi amabutho kaHitler avimbezela iLeningrad. AmaJalimane afanayo, ayebulawa yindlala ngo-1919, awagcinanga nje ngokuphoqa abantu bomuzi abayizigidi ezintathu ukuba babulawe yindlala, kodwa futhi ayehlala edubula kuwo ngezikhali futhi ewaqhuma emoyeni.
Kodwa izakhamuzi kanye abavikeli Leningrad basinda. Izitshalo namafektri kwaqhubeka nokusebenza ngezimo ezingabekezeleleki, ezingenabuntu, ngisho nezikhungo zesayensi aziwumisanga umsebenzi. Abasebenzi be-Institute of Plant Industry, ezimali zabo zazigcinwe amashumi amathani wembewu edliwayo yezitshalo zezolimo, bafa khona kanye ematafuleni abo, kodwa bagcina lonke iqoqo limi kahle. Futhi bangamaqhawe afanayo empi yaseLeningrad, njengamasosha ahlangana nokufa ephethe izikhali ezandleni zawo.
1. Ngokusemthethweni, usuku lokuqala kokuvinjelwa kubhekwa njengoSepthemba 8, 1941 - iLeningrad yasala ngaphandle kokuxhumana nezwe lonke ngomhlaba. Yize kwakungeke kwenzeke ukuthi izakhamizi ziphume ziphele edolobheni ngaleso sikhathi amasonto amabili.
2. Ngosuku olufanayo, ngoSepthemba 8, umlilo wokuqala waqala ezinqolobaneni zokudla zaseBadayevsky. Bashise izinkulungwane zamathani kafulawa, ushukela, amaswidi, amakhukhi neminye imikhiqizo yokudla. Ngezinga esingalilinganisela kusuka esikhathini esizayo, le mali ngabe ayilisindisanga lonke iLeningrad endlaleni. Kepha amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu ngabe asinda. Nobobuholi bezomnotho, obungasabalalisi ukudla, noma umbutho wezempi, abuzange busebenze. Ngokuhlushwa okuhloniphekile kakhulu kwezinhlelo zokuvikela umoya, amasosha enze intuthuko eminingana yizindiza zamaFascist, ezaziqhumisa ngamabhomu amadepho okudla.
3. UHitler wafuna ukubamba iLeningrad hhayi nje ngenxa yezizathu zepolitiki. Idolobha eliseNeva lalinenqwaba yamabhizinisi ezokuvikela, okubaluleke kakhulu kwiSoviet Union. Izimpi zokuzivikela zenza ukuthi kususwe amafektri angama-92, kepha cishe amanye ama-50 asebenza ngesikhathi sokuvinjelwa, enikeza izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-100 zezikhali, imishini nezinhlamvu. Isitshalo saseKirov, esasikhiqiza amathangi asindayo, sasingu-4 km ukusuka phambili, kepha asizange siyeke ukusebenza usuku. Ngesikhathi sokuvinjelwa, kwakhiwa imikhumbi-ngwenya engu-7 neminye imikhumbi engaba ngu-200 emagcekeni emikhumbi i-Admiralty.
4. Kusuka enyakatho, ukuvinjelwa kwahlinzekwa ngamasosha aseFinland. Kukhona umbono mayelana nezikhulu ezithile zaseFinland kanye nomkhuzi wabo uMarshal Mannerheim - abadlulanga ngaphezu komngcele wesifundazwe esidala. Kodwa-ke, ubungozi balesi sinyathelo baphoqa umyalo weSoviet wokugcina amabutho amakhulu emkhakheni osenyakatho we-blockade.
5. Izinga lokufa okuyinhlekelele ebusika bango-1941/1942 lasizwa amazinga okushisa aphansi ngokungajwayelekile. Njengoba nazi, asikho isimo sezulu esihle ikakhulukazi eNyakatho Capital, kepha imvamisa alikho iqhwa elibi lapho. Ngo-1941, aqala ngoDisemba aqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngu-Ephreli. Ngasikhathi sinye, kwakuvame ukukhithika. Izinsizakusebenza zomzimba olambile emakhazeni ziphela ngesilinganiso sesiphepho - abantu bafe ngokoqobo ekuhambeni, imizimba yabo ingalala emgwaqweni isonto lonke. Kukholakala ukuthi ebusika obubi kakhulu bokuvinjelwa, kushone abantu abangaphezu kuka-300,000. Lapho kuhlelwa amakhaya amasha ezintandane ngoJanuwari 1942, kwavela ukuthi izingane ezingama-30,000 zashiywa zingenabazali.
6. Isilinganiso esiphansi sesinkwa esingu-125 g sasiqukethe ufulawa ongaphezulu kwesigamu. Ngisho nofulawa kwakusetshenziswa cishe amathani ayinkulungwane okusanhlamvu okusatshisiwe futhi okumanzi okulondolozwe ezinqolobaneni zaseBadayev. Futhi ngesabelo esisebenzayo sama-250 g, kwakudingeka ukusebenza usuku lonke lokusebenza. Emikhiqizweni eseleyo, isimo besibuye sibe yinhlekelele. Ngenyanga kaDisemba - Januwari, akukho nyama, namanoni, noma ushukela onikeziwe. Ngemuva kwalokho eminye imikhiqizo yavela, kepha noma kunjalo, kusukela kwengxenye yesithathu kuya kwengxenye yamakhadi kwathengwa - kwakungekho okwanele kuyo yonke imikhiqizo. (Uma sikhuluma ngezinkambiso, kufanele kucaciswe: zazincane kusukela ngoNovemba 20 kuya kuDisemba 25, 1941. Bese-ke zanda kancane, kepha zanda njalo)
7. ELeningrad evinjezelwe, izinto zazisetshenziswa ngenkuthalo ekukhiqizweni kokudla, okwakubhekwa njengezinto esikhundleni sokudla, manje sezisetshenziswa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa eziwusizo. Lokhu kusebenza kubhontshisi, i-albumin, i-cellulose yokudla, ikhekhe likakotini kanye neminye imikhiqizo eminingi.
8. Amasosha aseSoviet awazange ahlale phansi ukuzivikela. Imizamo yokugqekeza ukuvinjelwa yenziwa njalo, kepha i-18th Army yeWehrmacht yakwazi ukuqinisa nokuphindisela konke ukuhlaselwa.
9. Ngentwasahlobo yango-1942, abaLeningrader abasinda ebusika baba ngabalimi kanye nabagawuli bemithi. Amahektha omhlaba ayi-10 000 abelwe izingadi zemifino; amathani amazambane angama-77,000 asuswe kubo ekwindla. Kuthe ebusika bagawula amahlathi ukuze bathole izinkuni, badilize izindlu zamapulangwe futhi bavuna ummbila. Ukuhamba kwethrafikhi kuqale kabusha ngomhlaka-15 Ephreli. Ngasikhathi sinye, umsebenzi wezitshalo nezimboni waqhubeka. Uhlelo lokuvikela lomuzi lwalulokhu luthuthukiswa njalo.
10. Ubusika bango-1942/1943 babulula kakhulu uma leli gama lingasetshenziswa edolobheni elivinjelwe nelinezibhamu. Ezokuthutha namanzi zisebenzile, impilo yamasiko neyenhlalo yayikhanya, izingane ziya ezikoleni. Ngisho nokungeniswa kwamakati amakhulu eLeningrad kukhulume ngokujwayelekile kokuphila - yayingekho enye indlela yokubhekana nenqwaba yamagundane.
11. Kuvame ukubhalwa ukuthi eLeningrad evinjezelwe, naphezu kwezimo ezinhle, zazingekho izifo eziwumshayabhuqe. Lokhu kungukufaneleka okukhulu kodokotela, nabo abathole ama-250 - 300 amagremu wesinkwa. Kwabhalwa ukuqubuka kwe-typhoid ne-typhus, ikholera nezinye izifo, kepha azivunyelwanga ukuba zibe umqedazwe.
12. Ukuvinjelwa kwaqala ukuphulwa ngoJanuwari 18, 1943. Kodwa-ke, ukuxhumana nezwekazi kwasungulwa kuphela esiqeshini esincane sogu lweLake Ladoga. Noma kunjalo, imigwaqo yafakwa ngokushesha kulo mkhawulo, okwakwenza ukuthi kusheshiswe ukuthuthwa kwabaLeningrader futhi kuthuthukise ukulethwa kwabantu abasele edolobheni.
13. Ukuvinjezelwa kwedolobha eNeva kwaphela ngoJanuwari 21, 1944, lapho uNovgorod ekhululwa. Ukuvikela okubuhlungu nobuqhawe kwezinsuku ezingama-872 kweLeningrad kuphelile. Januwari 27 kugujwa njengosuku olungasoze lwalibaleka - usuku lapho iziqhumane zomlilo ezaziduma khona eLeningrad.
14. "Umgwaqo Wokuphila" ngokusemthethweni wawunenombolo 101. Impahla yokuqala yayithwalwa ngezihlibhi ezidonswa ngamahhashi ngoNovemba 17, 1941, lapho ubukhulu beqhwa bufinyelela kumasentimitha ayi-18. Ekupheleni kukaDisemba, inzuzo yoMgwaqo Wokuphila yayingamathani ayi-1 000 ngosuku. Kufike abantu abangafika ku-5 000 bakhishwa baya kolunye uhlangothi. Sekukonke, ebusika buka-1941/1942, amathani angaphezu kuka-360,000 wezimpahla ahanjiswa eLeningrad futhi kwathathwa abantu abangaphezu kuka-550,000.
15. Emacaleni aseNuremberg, abashushisi baseSoviet bamemezela isibalo sabantu abangu-632,000 ababulawa eLeningrad. Kungenzeka, abamele i-USSR bazwakalise inani lokufa elabhalwa ngokunembile ngaleso sikhathi. Isibalo sangempela singaba yisigidi esisodwa noma isigidi esingu-1.5. Abaningi bafe vele ekuthuthweni futhi abathathwa njengabashonile ngesikhathi sokuvinjelwa. Ukulahleka kwabantu bezempi nabezempi ngesikhathi sokuvikela nokukhululwa kweLeningrad kudlula ukulahlekelwa okuphelele kweBrithani ne-United States kuyo yonke iMpi Yezwe Yesibili.
