Uma ucabanga iqiniso lokuthi owesilisa ogama lakhe linguSherlock Holmes akakaze abekhona, ukuqoqa noma yimaphi amaqiniso ngaye kubukeka, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungumbhedo. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa kaSir Arthur Conan Doyle, ngokunakekela okukhulu imininingwane ngemisebenzi yakhe, kanye nebutho elikhulu labalandeli bomseshi omkhulu owavumbulula futhi wahlaziya le mininingwane, kungenzeka ukuthi angaqambi nje umfanekiso kuphela, kodwa futhi ne-biography ecishe ibe ngokunembile kaSherlock Holmes.
Ngokusho kukaGilbert Keith Chesterton, uHolmes nguyena kuphela umlingiswa wezincwadi ongena empilweni ethandwayo. Kuliqiniso, uChesterton wenze ukubhuka "kusukela ngesikhathi sikaDickens," kepha isikhathi sikhombisile nje ukuthi asikho isidingo saso. Izigidigidi zabantu zazi ngoSherlock Holmes, kuyilapho abalingiswa bakaDickens beyingxenye yomlando wokubhala.
UConan Doyle wabhala ngoHolmes iminyaka engama-40 ncamashi: incwadi yokuqala yashicilelwa ngo-1887, eyokugcina yango-1927. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi umbhali wayengalithandi iqhawe lakhe. Wazibheka njengombhali wamanoveli abucayi ngezihloko zomlando, futhi waqala ukubhala ngoHolmes ukuze athole imali ethe xaxa kuhlobo lwabaseshi ngaleso sikhathi olwaludumile. UConan Doyle akazange abe namahloni ngeqiniso lokuthi ngenxa kaHolmes waba ngumbhali okhokhelwa kakhulu emhlabeni - uHolmes washona elwa nenkosi yabaphansi, uSolwazi Moriarty. Intukuthelo evela kubafundi, kanye nalabo abasezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu, ishaye kakhulu kangangokuba umbhali wanikela futhi wavusa uSherlock Holmes. Vele, kuyajabulisa abafundi abaningi bese kuba ababukeli. Amafilimu asuselwa ezindabeni ezikhuluma ngoSherlock Holmes athandwa njengezincwadi.
UConan Doyle akakwazi ukuqeda uSherlock Holmes
1. Abashisekeli bakwazile ukuthola imvuthu kuphela kwi-biography kaSherlock Holmes ngaphambi kokuhlangana noDkt Watson. Usuku lokuzalwa luvame ukubizwa ngo-1853 noma ngo-1854, kubhekiswe eqinisweni lokuthi ngo-1914, lapho kwenzeka "Indaba yakhe Yokuvalelisa", uHolmes wabukeka eneminyaka engama-60 ubudala. UJanuwari 6 wabhekwa njengosuku lokuzalwa lukaHolmes ngokusikiselwa kweklabhu yaseNew York yabamhloniphayo, eyalela ukutadisha izinkanyezi. Ngemuva kwalokho badonsa izincwadi zokuqinisekisa. NgoJanuwari 7, omunye wabaphenyi wathola, endabeni ethi "Valley of Horror", uHolmes wasukuma etafuleni ngaphandle kokuthinta isidlo sakhe sasekuseni. Umcwaningi uthathe isinqumo sokuthi ucezu belungehli emphinjeni womseshi ngenxa yokulengiswa ngemuva komgubho wayizolo. Kuliqiniso, umuntu angavele acabange ukuthi uHolmes wayengumRussia, noma okungenani u-Orthodox, futhi wagubha uKhisimusi ebusuku. Ekugcineni, isazi esidumile sikaSherlock uWilliam Bering-Gould sathola ukuthi uHolmes wacaphuna ubusuku bukaShakespeare obunguShumi nambili kabili kuphela, obubusuku bukaJanuwari 5-6.
2. Ngokuya ngezinsuku zangempela ezibalwa abalandeli bomsebenzi kaConan Doyle, into yokuqala uSherlock Holmes okufanele ayenze ukucabangela icala elichazwe endabeni ethi "Gloria Scott". Kodwa-ke, kulo, uHolmes, empeleni, waqonda inothi kuphela, ngaphandle kokwenza uphenyo. Kwakusekufundeni kwakhe, okungukuthi, kwenzeka cishe ngonyaka ka-1873 kuya ku-1874. Icala langempela lokuqala, kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekugcineni, elidalulwe nguHolmes, lichazwe ku- "Rite of the House of Mesgraves" futhi lihlehlela emuva ngonyaka we-1878 (yize kushiwo ukuthi umphenyi wayesenamacala ambalwa kwi-akhawunti).
3. Kungenzeka ukuthi isihluku sikaConan Doyle kuHolmes sashukunyiswa kuphela yisifiso sokunyusa imali yakhe. Kuyaziwa ukuthi okokuqala ememezela inhloso yakhe yokubulala umphenyi ngemuva kokubhala udaba lwesithupha (bekuthi "Indoda Enendebe Ehlukanisayo"). Umagazini iStrand, owawusebenzisa uchungechunge lukaSherlock Holmes, wakhuphula imali leyo ngaso leso sikhathi ngendaba isuka ku- £ 35 yaya ku- £ 50. Impesheni yempi kaDkt Watson yayingu- £ 100 ngonyaka, ngakho imali yayinhle. Okwesibili leli qhinga elilula lasebenza ngemuva kokukhishwa kwendaba ethi "Izinsimbi zethusi". Ngalesi sikhathi impilo kaHolm yasindiswa ngesamba samaphawundi ayi-1 wezindaba eziyi-12, noma ngaphezulu kwamakhilogremu angama-83 ngendaba ngayinye. Indaba yesi-12 kwakungu "The Last Case of Holmes", lapho umseshi waya ezansi eReichenbach Falls. Kepha kwathi lapho kudingeka iqhawe elinamandla futhi eliqondayo emsebenzini omkhulu mayelana nenja ehlukumeza izakhamuzi zasenqabeni yasendulo, uHolmes wavuswa ngokushesha.
4. Isibonelo sikaSherlock Holmes, okungenani enekhono lokugcina nokuthola iziphetho, kubhekwa, njengoba wazi, udokotela odumile waseNgilandi uJoseph Bell, okwake kwamsebenzela u-Arthur Conan Doyle njengombhalisi. Okumangazayo, okungenakho nhlobo ukubonakaliswa kwemizwelo, uBell wayevame ukuqagela umsebenzi, indawo yokuhlala ngisho nokuxilongwa kwesiguli ngaphambi kokuba athole isikhathi sokuvula umlomo wakhe, okwethusa hhayi iziguli kuphela, kepha nezabafundi ababukele le nqubo. Umbono wakhuliswa isitayela sokufundisa salesosikhathi. Ngenkathi bethula izinkulumo, othisha bebengafuni ukuxhumana nezethameli - abebeqonda, benze kahle, nalabo abangaqondi badinga ukufuna omunye umkhakha. Emakilasini asebenzayo, oprofesa bebengafuni mpendulo, bavele bachaza ukuthi benzani nokuthi kungani. Ngakho-ke, ukuxoxisana nesiguli, lapho uBell abika khona kalula ukuthi wayekade engusayitsheni embuthweni wamakoloni eBarbados futhi wayesanda kushonelwa ngumkakhe, kwanikeza isithombe sesenzo sekhonsathi.
5. IMycroft Holmes yisihlobo sikaHolmes okukhulunywa ngaso ngqo. Lapho umphenyi ekhumbula ngokunganaki ukuthi abazali bakhe babengabaninimhlaba abancane, futhi umama wakhe wayehlobene nomculi uHorace Verne. IMycroft ivela ezindabeni ezine. UHolmes uqala ukumethula njengesikhulu sikahulumeni esibucayi, futhi sekuvele ngekhulu lama-20 ukuthi iMycroft icishe yanquma isiphetho soMbuso WaseBrithani.
6. Ikheli lodumo elingu-221B, eBaker Street, alivelanga ngengozi. UConan Doyle wayazi ukuthi kwakungekho ndlu enaleyo nombolo kuBaker Street - ukubalwa kweminyaka yakhe kwaphela ngo- # 85. Kodwa-ke umgwaqo wanwetshwa. Ngo-1934, izakhiwo eziningana ezinezinombolo ezisuka ku-215 kuya ku-229 zathengwa yinkampani yezezimali neyokwakha i-Abbey National. Kwakufanele ethule isikhundla esikhethekile njengomuntu wokuhlunga izikhwama zezincwadi kuSherlock Holmes. Ngo-1990 kuphela, lapho kuvulwa iHolmes Museum, babhalisa inkampani eno “221B” egameni base belengisa uphawu olufanayo endlini No. 239. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, ukubalwa kwezindlu kuBaker Street kwashintshwa ngokusemthethweni, futhi manje izinombolo ezisepuletini zihambelana nenombolo yangempela ye "Holmes House", ehlala umnyuziyamu.
Umgwaqo uBaker
7. Emisebenzini engama-60 ekhuluma ngoSherlock Holmes, mibili kuphela ebhalwe kumuntu womphenyi uqobo, neminye emibili ivela kumuntu wesithathu. Zonke ezinye izindaba nama-novellas zilandiswa nguDkt Watson. Yebo, kunembile impela ukumbiza ngo- "Watson", kepha yile ndlela isiko elithuthuke ngayo. Ngenhlanhla, okungenani uHolmes nomlobi wakhe wezindaba abahlali noNkk. Hudson, kodwa bangahlala.
8. UHolmes noWatson bahlangana ngoJanuwari 1881. Baqhubeka nokugcina ubudlelwane kwaze kwaba okungenani ngo-1923. Endabeni ethi "The Man on All Fours", kuyashiwo ukuthi bakhulumisana, yize bengasondelene kakhulu, ngo-1923.
9. Ngokomqondo wokuqala kaDkt Watson, uHolmes akanalo ulwazi ngemibhalo nefilosofi. Kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uHolmes uvame ukucaphuna futhi abeke izingcaphuno ezivela emibhalweni. Ngasikhathi sinye, akagcini kubabhali baseNgilandi nezimbongi, kepha ucaphuna uGoethe, uSeneca, idayari kaHenry Thoreau kanye nencwadi kaFlaubert ayibhalela uGeorges Sand. Ngokuqondene noShakespeare ocashunwe njalo, abahumushi baseRussia bamane nje abazibonanga izingcaphuno eziningi ezingacashuniwe, ngakho-ke bangena ngokunembile kulokho kulandisa. Isifundo sikaHolmes emibhalweni sigcizelelwa izingcaphuno zakhe ezisebenzayo ezivela eBhayibhelini. Futhi yena wabhala i-monograph kumqambi we-Renaissance.
10. Ngokuhlala uHolmes uvamise ukuxhumana namaphoyisa. Kunezingu-18 zazo emakhasini emisebenzi kaConan Doyle mayelana nomphenyi: abahloli abangu-4 namaphoyisa angu-14. Okudume kakhulu kulokho yi-Inspector Lestrade. Kumfundi waseRussia nombukeli, umbono weLestrade wakhiwa ngomfanekiso kaBorislav Brondukov ovela kumafilimu wethelevishini. U-Lestrade Broodukova uyiphoyisa elinomqondo omncane, kodwa uyaziqhenya kakhulu futhi uyaziqhenya ngokuzidla okukhulu. UConan Doyle, ngakolunye uhlangothi, uchaza iLestrade ngaphandle kwamahlaya. Kwesinye isikhathi baba nokungqubuzana noHolmes, kepha ngenxa yezintshisekelo zecala, uLestrade uhlala evumela. Futhi ongaphansi kwakhe uStanley Hopkins uzibheka njengomfundi kaHolmes. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezindabeni okungenani ezimbili, amaklayenti eza kumseshi ngesincomo esiqondile esivela emaphoyiseni, futhi endabeni ethi "Isiliva" umhloli wamaphoyisa kanye nesisulu bafika ndawonye eHolmes.
11. UHolmes wasungula uhlelo lwakhe lokuhlela nokugcina imibiko yamaphephandaba, imibhalo yesandla namafayela. Ngemuva kokushona komngani wakhe, uWatson wabhala ukuthi angathola kalula izinto kumuntu onentshisekelo kuye. Inkinga bekuwukuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwale ngobo yomlando kuthatha isikhathi, futhi imvamisa bekulethwa ngendlela ecishe yamukeleke kuphela ngemuva kokuhlanzwa kwendlu. Isikhathi esisele sonke, igumbi likaHolmes negumbi labo lokuhlala elijwayelekile noWatson bekugcwele amaphepha angahlanganisiwe alele ngokuphelele.
12. Ngaphandle kokuthi uSherlock Holmes wayazi ukuthi kunezinto imali engakwazi ukuzithenga, akazange aphuthelwe yithuba lokuthatha imali enhle uma ikhasimende likwazi ukuyikhokha. Uthole isamba esikhulu "sezindleko" kumvundla waseBohemia, yize bekungadingeki ukuthi asebenzise imali ekuphenyweni kuka-Irene Adler. UHolmes akazange athole isikhwama semali esisindayo nje kuphela, kodwa wathola nebhokisi lesinemfu legolide. Futhi amakhilogremu ayizinkulungwane eziyisi-6, atholakele ukufunwa kwendodana yombusi ku "Case at the Boarding School," ngokuvamile kwakuyimali eqolo - uNdunankulu wathola okuncane. Amanye ama-akhawunti asho ukuthi umsebenzi onamakhilogremu ambalwa ngesonto wabhekwa njengolungile. Umninisitolo omncane uJabez Wilson we-Union of Redheads wayekulungele ukubhala kabusha i-Encyclopedia Britannica ngamakhilogremu amane ngesonto. Kepha, yize kwakukhokhwa imali enkulu, uHolmes akazange alwele ukuthola ingcebo. Ngokuphindaphindiwe waze wathatha izinto ezithokozisayo mahhala.
"Ukuhlanganiswa kwamakhanda abomvu". Isimo sokugcina
13. Isimo sikaHolmes ngabesifazane sibonakala kahle ngegama elithi "ukuzola". Kwesinye isikhathi uvezwa njengomuntu ocabanga kabi ngabesifazane, kepha lokhu akunjalo. Uhloniphekile kubo bonke abesifazane, uyakwazi ukwazisa ubuhle besifazane futhi uhlale ekulungele ukusiza owesifazane osenkingeni. UConan Doyle uchaza uHolmes cishe kuphela ngesikhathi kwenziwa uphenyo, ngakho-ke akanikeli imininingwane mayelana nesikhathi somseshi ngaphandle kwakhe. Okuwukuphela kwento obekuyi- "Scandal eBohemia," lapho uSherlock Holmes ehlakazeke khona edumisa u-Irene Adler ngaphandle komongo wophenyo. Futhi uhlobo lwabaseshi kuleyo minyaka lwalungasho ukuthi amaqhawe ayolalisa onobuhle cishe kuwo wonke amakhasi. Lesi sikhathi safika ngemuva kwesikhathi, ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili.
14. U-Arthur Conan Doyle impela wayengumbhali onekhono, kodwa hhayi unkulunkulu. Futhi wayengenayo i-Intanethi ukubheka amaqiniso athile. Ngale ndlela, ababhali banamuhla bane-Intanethi, futhi ingabe lokho kuyayithuthukisa indalo yabo? Ngezikhathi ezithile umbhali wayewenza amaphutha eqinisweni, futhi kwesinye isikhathi wayeziphinda iziphambeko zesayensi yangaleso sikhathi. Inyoka, eyisithulu ngokwemvelo, ekhasa empempeni ku- "Colour Ribbon", isiphenduke isibonelo sencwadi. Njengababhali abaningi baseYurophu, uConan Doyle akakwazanga ukumelana nephutha lapho ekhuluma ngeRussia. UHolmes, empeleni, akazange ahlale ngaphansi kwama-cranberries asakazekayo ngebhodlela le-vodka nebhere. Uvele wabizelwa e-Odessa mayelana nokubulawa kukaTrepov. Akuzange kubulawe imeya (imeya) yaseSt. Petersburg Trepov, kwakukhona ukuzama ukubulala okwenziwa nguVera Zasulich. Ijaji likhulule leli phoyisa, futhi ozakwabo basichaza kahle lesi siginali futhi ukuhlasela kwamaphekula kwahlasela iRussia, kubandakanya nokuhlaselwa kwezikhulu zikahulumeni e-Odessa. Kwakunomsindo omkhulu kulo lonke elaseYurophu, kodwa nguConan Doyle kuphela owayengawuxhuma wonke ngomusho owodwa.
15. Ukubhema kudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu empilweni kaSherlock Holmes nasezinhlelweni zemisebenzi ngaye. Kumanoveli angama-60 aphathelene nomseshi, wabhema amapayipi angama-48. Ababili baya kuDkt Watson, abanye abahlanu babhenywa ngabanye abalingiswa. Akekho obhemayo noma yini ngezindaba ezi-4 kuphela. UHolmes ubhema cishe ipayipi kuphela, futhi unamapayipi amaningi. UMycroft Holmes uhogela ugwayi, kanti ngababulali kuphela abanjengoDkt Grimsby Roylott ovela eMotley Ribbon oshunqa ugwayi ezindabeni. UHolmes uze wabhala isifundo ngezinhlobo ezingama-140 zikagwayi nomlotha wazo. Uhlola izindaba ngenani lamapayipi adinga ukubhenywa ngesikhathi sokucabanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenkathi esebenza, ubhema izinhlobo zogwayi ezishibhile neziqine kakhulu. Ngenkathi uWilliam Gillette enkundleni yaseshashalazini noBasil Redbone kumabhayisikobho beqala ukuveza uHolmes ebhema ipayipi elide eligobile, ababhemayo bavele babona ukungalungi - epayipini elide ugwayi uyaphola futhi uyahlanza, ngakho-ke akunasizathu sokubhema izinhlobo zawo eziqinile. Kepha bekukulungele ukuthi abalingisi bakhulume ngepayipi elide - elibizwa ngokuthi "ligobile" - emazinyweni abo. Futhi ithubhu elinjalo langena endaweni ejwayelekile yomseshi.
16. UHolmes wayazi ngaphezu kogwayi, izigxivizo zeminwe namafonti we-typographic. Kwenye yezindaba, ucaphuna ngandlela thile ukuthi ungumbhali womsebenzi odidayo lapho kuhlaziywa khona ama-cipher ayi-160. Uma kukhulunywa ngama-cipher, ithonya lika-Edgar Poe lisobala, iqhawe lakhe eladlulisa umyalezo ngokusebenzisa ukuhlaziywa kwemvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezinhlamvu. Lokhu yikho kanye okwenziwa nguHolmes lapho evula i-cipher ku-The Dancing Men. Kodwa-ke, uchaza le cipher njengenye yezinto ezilula kakhulu. Ngokushesha, umphenyi uyawuqonda umyalezo obethelwe ku- "Gloria Scott" - udinga kuphela ukufunda lonke igama lesithathu kusuka kumyalezo ongaqondakali, ekuqaleni, umlayezo.
17. Umdwebi uSidney Paget nomlingisi nombhali wemidlalo yokudlala uWilliam Gillette baba negalelo elikhulu ekwakhiweni kwesithombe esibonakalayo sikaSherlock Holmes. Owokuqala udwebe isibalo esincanyana, semisipha esigqokweni esinama-visor amabili, owesibili ugcwalise isithombe ngengubo ene-cape kanye nesibabazo esithi "Elementary, umbhali!" Indaba, ifana nebhayisikili, ithi uGillette, uya emhlanganweni wokuqala noConan Doyle, egqoke ngendlela ayecabanga ngayo ukuthi uHolmes ubukeka kanjani. Ephethe ingilazi yokukhulisa, wakhombisa umbhali i-pantomime "Holmes eCrime Scene". UConan Doyle wamangazwa kakhulu ukuqondana kokuvela kukaGillette nemibono yakhe ngoHolmes waze wavumela nomlingisi owayebhala umdlalo waseshashalazini ukuthi ashade noHolmes. Emdlalweni ohlanganyelwe nguConan Doyle noGillette, umseshi ushada nentokazi efana no-Irene Adler. Nokho, ngenxa yobuhle waqanjwa ngokuthi u-Alice Faulkner. Wayengeyena owenza, kepha wayengowesifazane wesigaba esihle futhi waphindisela udadewabo.
18. Isithombe sikaHolmes, esenziwe nguConan Doyle noSidney Paget, sasinamandla kangangokuba isiNgisi sokuqala saze saxolela nobuze obusobala: ikepisi elinama-visor amabili kwakuyikhanda elalenzelwe kuphela ukuzingela. Edolobheni, izigqoko ezinjalo zazingagqokiwe - kwakungamnandi ukunambitheka.
19. Iziqu zesinema nezethelevishini zikaSherlock Holmes zikufanelekela ukwaziswa okukhulu okuhlukile. Amafilimu angaphezu kuka-200 anikezelwe kumseshi - irekhodi leGuinness Book. Abalingisi abangaphezu kwama-70 bahlanganise isithombe sikaSherlock Holmes esibukweni. Kodwa-ke, akunakwenzeka ukubheka uHolmes "wezincwadi" kanye nomfowabo "wesinema" bebonke. Kakade kusukela ekushintsheni kokuqala kwefilimu, uHolmes waqala ukuphila impilo yakhe, ehlukile emisebenzini kaConan Doyle. Vele, ezinye izimfanelo zangaphandle zihlala zigcinwa - ipayipi, ikepisi, uWatson othembekile oseduze. Kepha nakumafilimu aneBasil Rathbone, aqoshwe maphakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili, indawo nesikhathi sokwenza, necebo, nabalingiswa bayashintsha. USherlock Holmes usephenduke uhlobo oluthile lwe-franchise: qaphela izimo eziningana, futhi iqhawe lakho, ngisho nakuMars, lingabizwa ngokuthi uSherlock Holmes. Into esemqoka ukukhumbula ipayipi ngezikhathi ezithile.Impumelelo yezinguquko zakamuva, lapho iHolmes yadlalwa khona nguBenedict Cumberbatch, uRobert Downey Jr. noJohnny Lee Miller, ikhombisile ukuthi ifilimu iHolmes neHolmes yezincwadi zaba ngabalingiswa abahluke ngokuphelele. Ngesinye isikhathi, umbhali waseMelika uRex Stout wabhala indatshana yamahlaya lapho, ngokususelwa emibhalweni kaConan Doyle, afakazela ukuthi uWatson wayengowesifazane. Kwavela ukuthi awukwazi ukwenza ihlaya ngalokhu kuphela, kodwa futhi wenze amafilimu.
20. Icala lokugcina likaSherlock Holmes ngokokulandelana kwezikhathi ngokoqobo okwenziwe kabusha lichazwe endabeni ethi “Umnsalo wakhe wokuvalelisa”. Kwenzeka ehlobo lika-1914, yize kukhonjisiwe ukuthi uphenyo lwaqala eminyakeni emibili edlule. ISherlock Holmes Archive, eyashicilelwa emuva kwesikhathi, ichaza uphenyo lokuqala lwomseshi.
