ULouis XIV

ULouis XIV de Bourbon, owathola lapho kuzalwa igama elithi Louis-Dieudonne, owaziwa nangokuthi "yiLanga King" kanye noLouis the Great (1638-1715) - iNkosi yaseFrance neNavarre ngonyaka ka-1643-1715.

Umsekeli oqinile wobukhosi ngokuphelele ophethe iminyaka engaphezu kwengama-72.

Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaLouis XIV, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.

Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane kaLouis 14.

Umlando kaLouis XIV

ULouis 14 wazalwa ngoSepthemba 5, 1638 esigodlweni saseFrance iSaint-Germain. Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini weNkosi uLouis XIII neNdlovukazi u-Anne wase-Austria.

Umfana wayeyizibulo labazali bakhe eminyakeni engama-23 yempilo yabo yomshado. Kungebangelo athiwa nguLouis-Dieudonne, okutjho bona - "Unikelwe nguZimu". Kamuva, lo mbhangqwana wasebukhosini waba nenye indodana, uPhilip.

Ubuntwana nentsha

Inhlekelele yokuqala ku-biography kaLouis yenzeke eneminyaka engu-5, lapho kushona uyise. Ngenxa yalokhu, umfana wamenyezelwa njengenkosi, kanti unina wayesebenza njenge-regent.

U-Anna wase-Austria ubuse umbuso ngokuhambisana noKhadinali Mazarin odumile. Kwaba owokugcina owazithathela amandla ezandleni zakhe, ethola ukufinyelela ngqo kumgcinimafa.

Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, uMazarin wayenenkinga yokuthi kwakukhona izingubo ezi-2 kuphela ekhabethe likaLouis, ngisho nalezo ezinamachashazi.

Ukhadinali wathi lo mnotho ubangelwe yimpi yombango - iFronde. Ngo-1649, ubalekela izidlamlilo, umndeni wasebukhosini wakha endaweni yokuhlala eyodwa, etholakala ku-19 km ukusuka eParis.

Kamuva, ukwesaba nobunzima obunolwazi kuzovusa kuLouis XIV isifiso samandla aphelele nokunethezeka.

Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu, izingxabano zacindezelwa, ngenxa yalokho uMazarin waphinde wathatha zonke izintambo zikahulumeni. Ngemuva kokushona kwakhe ngo-1661, uLouis waqoqa zonke izicukuthwane futhi wamemezela obala ukuthi kusukela ngalolo suku uzobusa ngokuzimela.

Ababhali be-biographer bakholelwa ukuthi kwakungaleso sikhathi lapho le nsizwa yasho khona umusho odumile: "Umbuso yimina." Izikhulu, njengoba, empeleni, umama wakhe abona ukuthi manje kufanele balalele uLouis 14 kuphela.

Ukuqala kokubusa

Ngokushesha ngemuva kokukhuphuka kwakhe ngombani ngokushesha esihlalweni sobukhosi, uLouis wabamba iqhaza ekuzifundiseni, ezama ukutadisha ngokujulile ngangokunokwenzeka bonke ubuqili bukahulumeni. Wafunda izincwadi futhi wenza konke okusemandleni ukuqinisa amandla akhe.

Ukuze enze lokhu, uLouis wabeka osopolitiki abangochwepheshe ezikhundleni eziphezulu, afuna kubo ukulalelwa okungabazeki. Ngasikhathi sinye, inkosi yayinobuthakathaka obukhulu ngokunethezeka, futhi yahlukaniswa nokuziqhenya nobudlova.

Ngemuva kokuhambela zonke izindawo zakhe zokuhlala, uLouis XIV wakhononda ngokuthi babenesizotha kakhulu. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ngo-1662 wayala ukuba kuphendulwe indawo yokuzingela eVersailles ibe yisakhiwo esikhulu esigodlweni, okwakungadala umona kubo bonke ababusi baseYurophu.

Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ekwakhiweni kwalesi sakhiwo sokuhlala, esathatha cishe isigamu sekhulu leminyaka, cishe imali engama-13% yezimali ezazingena kuyo yabelwa isikhwama semali minyaka yonke! Ngenxa yalokho, inkantolo yaseVersailles yaqala ukudala umona nokumangala cishe kubo bonke ababusi, empeleni, okwakufunwa yinkosi yaseFrance.

Iminyaka yokuqala engama-20 yokubusa kwakhe, uLouis 14 wayehlala eLouvre, ngemuva kwalokho wazinza eTuileries. IVersailles nayo yaba yindawo yokuhlala unomphela yenkosi ngo-1682. Zonke izikhulu nezinceku zanamathela emikhubeni eqinile. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi lapho inkosi ifuna ingilazi yamanzi noma iwayini, izisebenzi ezi-5 zabamba iqhaza enkambisweni yokunikela ngengilazi.

Ngokusuka kulokhu ungaphetha ngokuthi kwakudle kangakanani ukudla kwasekuseni, ukudla kwasemini namadili okudla kwaseLouis. Kusihlwa wayethanda ukuhlela amabhola nezinye izinto ezijabulisayo eVersailles, ezazethanyelwe yibo bonke abantu abaseFrance.

Ama-salon esigodlo ayenamagama awo, ngokuya ngawo anikezwa ifenisha efanele. I-Mirror Gallery kanokusho idlule ngamamitha angama-70 ubude namamitha ayi-10 ububanzi. Imabula ekhazimulayo, izinkulungwane zamakhandlela nezibuko eziya phansi ophahleni zagcwala ingaphakathi lekamelo.

Enkantolo yaseLouis the Great, ababhali, abasebenzi bezamasiko nezobuciko babevumelana. Imidlalo ibivame ukuqhutshelwa eVersailles, kumasquerades nakweminye imikhosi eminingi ebibanjelwa. Ngababusi abambalwa kuphela bomhlaba abakwazi ukukhokhela ukunethezeka okunjalo.

Ezombusazwe

Ngenxa yobuhlakani nokuqonda, uLouis XIV ukwazile ukukhetha abazobhapathizwa abafaneleke kakhulu kulokhu noma kwalokhu okuthunyelwe. Isibonelo, ngenxa yemizamo kaNgqongqoshe Wezezimali, uJean-Baptiste Colbert, umgcinimafa waseFrance uye wanothiswa kakhulu minyaka yonke.

Ezohwebo, ezomnotho, ezasolwandle kanye neminye imikhakha eminingi zachuma kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iFrance ifinyelele ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu kwezesayensi, kakhulu ngaphambi kwamanye amazwe. Ngaphansi kukaLouis, kwakhiwa izinqaba ezinamandla, namuhla ezingaphansi kokuvikelwa yi-UNESCO.

Ibutho laseFrance lalilikhulu kunawo wonke, linabaphathi abahle kakhulu futhi liholwa kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uLouis 14 uqobo waqoka abaholi ezifundazweni, ekhetha abazongenela ukhetho.

Abaholi bekudingeka hhayi kuphela ukuthi bagcine ukuhleleka, kepha futhi, uma kunesidingo, ukuhlala belungele impi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amadolobha ayengaphansi kokuqondiswa kwezinkampani noma imikhandlu eyakhiwe ngama-burgomasters.

Ngaphansi kukaLouis XIV, iCommercial Code (i-Odinensi) yasungulwa ukunciphisa ukufuduka kwabantu. Yonke impahla yathathwa kulabo baseFrance ababefisa ukuphuma ezweni. Futhi lezo zakhamizi ezazingenela abakhi bemikhumbi bangaphandle babebhekene nesigwebo sentambo.

Okuthunyelwe nguhulumeni kuthengisiwe noma kwazuzwa njengefa. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi izikhulu azitholanga imiholo yazo hhayi kwisabelomali, kodwa zivela enteleni. Lokho wukuthi, bebengathembela kuphela kumaphesenti athile womkhiqizo ngamunye othengiwe noma othengisiwe. Lokhu kubenze baba nentshisekelo kwezohwebo.

Ngokukholelwa kwakhe enkolweni, uLouis 14 wanamathela ezimfundisweni zokuziphatha zamaJesuit, okwamenza waba ithuluzi lokusabela okukhulu kwamaKatolika. Lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi eFrance noma yiziphi ezinye izivumo zenkolo zazivinjelwe, ngenxa yalokho wonke umuntu kwakudingeka athi ubuKatolika kuphela.

Ngalesi sizathu, amaHuguenot - abalandeli beCalvinism, bashushiswa kabuhlungu. Amathempeli athathwa kubo, kwakungavunyelwe ukubamba izinkonzo zaphezulu, kanye nokuletha abantu bakubo ekukholweni kwabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nemishado phakathi kwamaKatolika namaProthestani yayingavunyelwe.

Ngenxa yokushushiswa ngokwenkolo, amaProthestani angaba ngu-200 000 abaleka embusweni. Ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaLouis 14, iFrance yaphumelela ukulwa izimpi namazwe ahlukahlukene, ngenxa yalokho yakwazi ukwandisa indawo yayo.

Lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi amazwe aseYurophu kwakudingeka ahlangane. Ngakho-ke, i-Austria, iSweden, iHolland neSpain, kanye nezikhulu zaseJalimane, zamelana namaFrance. Futhi yize ekuqaleni uLouis wanqoba izimpi ezimpini nabasizi bakhe, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi waqala ukuhlukunyezwa ngokwengeziwe.

Ngo-1692, ama-Allies anqoba imikhumbi yaseFrance ethekwini laseCherbourg. Abalimi babengajabule ngokwanda kwentela, njengoba uLouis the Great wayedinga imali eyengeziwe yokulwa impi. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi izinto eziningi zesiliva ezivela eVersailles zaze zancibilika phansi ukugcwalisa umgcinimafa.

Kamuva, inkosi yabiza izitha ukuthi zenze isivumelwano, zavuma ukwenza isivumelwano. Ikakhulu, ubuyise amanye amazwe anqotshiwe, kufaka phakathi iLuxembourg neCatalonia.

Mhlawumbe impi eyayinzima kakhulu kwakuyiMpi Yokulandelana KweSpain ngo-1701. Ngokumelene neLouis, iBrithani, i-Austria neHolland. Ngemuva kweminyaka eyisi-6, ababambisene nabo bawela i-Alps futhi bahlasela impahla kaLouis.

Ukuzivikela kubaphikisi, inkosi yayidinga izindlela ezibucayi, ezazingatholakali. Ngenxa yalokho, wayala ukuthi zonke izinto zegolide zaseVersailles zincibilikiswe ukuze zithole izikhali ezahlukahlukene. IFrance eyake yachuma yayicindezelwe ubumpofu.

Abantu abakwazanga ukuzihlinzeka ngisho nangokudingeka kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kwempi eyadonsa isikhathi eside, amandla ombimbi ayesomile, kwathi ngo-1713 abaseFrance baphetha ngokuthula i-Utrecht neBrithani, kwathi ngonyaka olandelayo nabase-Austrian.

Impilo yomuntu siqu

Lapho uLouis XIV eneminyaka engu-20 ubudala, wathandana noMaria Mancini, umshana kaKhadinali Mazarin. Kepha ngenxa yobunzima bezepolitiki, umama wakhe kanye nekhadinali bamphoqa ukuthi ashade ne-Infanta Maria Theresa. Lo mshado wawudingeka ukuze iFrance yenze isivumelwano nabaseSpain.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi unkosikazi ongathandwa wayengumzala kaLouis. Njengoba inkosi yesikhathi esizayo yayingamthandi umkakhe, wayenezintombi eziningi nezintandokazi. Futhi, kulo mshado, lo mbhangqwana wawunezingane eziyisithupha, ezinhlanu zazo ezafa zisencane.

Ngo-1684, uLouis 14 waba nentandokazi, kwathi kamuva waba unkosikazi owayeziphethe kabi, uFrançoise d'Aubigne. Ngasikhathi sinye, wayenobudlelwano noLouise de La Baume Le Blanc, owamzalela izingane ze-4, ezimbili zazo ezafa zisencane.

Khona-ke inkosi yaba nesithakazelo eMarquise de Montespan, owaba yintandokazi yakhe entsha. Umphumela wobudlelwano babo kwaba ukuzalwa kwezingane eziyi-7. Abathathu babo abakaze bakwazi ukusinda babe ngabantu abadala.

Eminyakeni eyalandela, uLouis 14 waba nenye inkosikazi - iDuchess of Fontanges. Ngo-1679, owesifazane wabeletha ingane ezalwe ishonile. Ngemuva kwalokho inkosi yaveza enye indodakazi engekho emthethweni evela kuClaude de Ven, owayebizwa ngoLouise. Kodwa-ke, intombazane yafa eminyakeni embalwa ngemuva kokuzalwa.

Ukufa

Kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe, inkosi yayinesithakazelo ezindabeni zombuso futhi yafuna ukugcinwa kwenhlonipho. ULouis XIV ushone ngoSepthemba 1, 1715 eneminyaka engama-76. Ushone ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa ezibuhlungu ngenxa yesilonda somlenze. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ubheke ukunqunywa komlenze obuhlungu kungamukeleki kwisithunzi sasebukhosini.