Isazi sefilosofi esingumJalimane u-Immanuel Kant (1724 - 1804) uphakathi kwabacabangi abahlakaniphe kunabo bonke besintu. Wasungula ukugxekwa kwefilosofi, okwaba yinguquko ekuthuthukisweni kwefilosofi yomhlaba. Abanye abacwaningi baze bakholelwe ukuthi umlando wefilosofi ungahlukaniswa ngezikhathi ezimbili - ngaphambi kukaKant nangemva kwakhe.
Imibono eminingi ka-Immanuel Kant ibe nomthelela kuyo kanye inkambo yokuthuthuka kokucabanga komuntu. Isazi sefilosofi sihlanganise zonke izinhlelo ezakhiwe ngabanduleli baso, saphinde sabeka izikhundla zaso eziningi, lapho kwaqala khona umlando wesimanje wefilosofi. Ukubaluleka kwemisebenzi kaKant kuyo yonke isayensi yomhlaba kukhulu kakhulu.
Kodwa-ke, eqoqweni lamaqiniso asuka empilweni kaKant, imibono yakhe yefilosofi ayicatshangelwa. Leli qoqo yimizamo yokukhombisa ukuthi uKant wayenjani empilweni. Ngemuva kwakho konke, izazi zefilosofi ezinkulu kufanele zihlale endaweni ethile nokuthile, zidle okuthile futhi zixhumane nabanye abantu.
1. U-Immanuel Kant ekuqaleni wayebhalelwe ukuba ngumuntu odonsa izihlalo. Ubaba womfana, owazalwa entathakusa ngo-Ephreli 22, 1724, uJohann Georg wayengumdidiyeli futhi uyindodana yesaddelo. Unina ka-Imanuel u-Anna Regina naye wayehlobene nezintambo zamahhashi - ubaba wakhe wayengumuntu osholayo. Ubaba wefilosofi enkulu yesikhathi esizayo wayevela endaweni ethile esifundeni saseBaltic samanje, umama wakhe wayengowokuzalwa eNuremberg. UKant wazalwa ngonyaka ofanayo noKönigsberg - kwaba ngo-1724 lapho inqaba yaseKönigsberg nezindawo eziningana ezakhelene zahlanganiswa zaba idolobha elilodwa.
2. Umndeni wakwaKant wawuthi ubu-pietism, obabudume kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi eMpumalanga Yurophu - inkambiso yenkolo, abalandeli bayo babelwela ubungcwele nokuziphatha, benganaki kakhulu ukugcwaliseka kwezimfundiso zesonto. Enye yezimpawu ezinhle zamaPietists kwakuwumsebenzi onzima. AbakwaKants bakhulisa izingane zabo ngendlela efanele - u-Imanuweli wayenomfowabo nodadewabo abathathu. Njengomuntu omdala, uKant wakhuluma ngemfudumalo enkulu ngabazali bakhe nangesimo emndenini.
3. U-Immanuel wafunda esikoleni esiphambili eKoenigsberg - eFriedrich College. Uhlelo lwezifundo lwalesi sikhungo alunakubizwa ngesihluku. Izingane bekufanele ngabe zisesikoleni ngo-6 ekuseni zifunde kuze kube ngu-4 ntambama. Usuku nesifundo ngasinye kwaqala ngemikhuleko. Bafunde isiLatini (izifundo ezingama-20 ngeviki), ezenkolo, izibalo, umculo, isiGreki, isiFulentshi, isiPolish kanye nesiHeberu. Azange abe khona amaholide, usuku lokuphumula kwakuyiSonto. UKant uphothule esikoleni sesibili esikoleni esiphakeme.
4. Isayensi yemvelo yayingafundiswa eFriedrich Collegium. UKant wathola umhlaba wabo ngenkathi engena eNyuvesi yaseKönigsberg ngo-1740. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakuyisikhungo semfundo esithuthukile esinomtapo wolwazi omuhle kanye noprofesa abaqeqeshiwe. Ngemuva kweminyaka eyisikhombisa eminyene engapheli endaweni yokuzivocavoca, u-Immanuel wafunda ukuthi abafundi bangaba nayo futhi baveze eyabo imicabango. Waba nentshisekelo nge-physics, eyayithatha izinyathelo zayo zokuqala. Ngonyaka wakhe wesine wokufunda, uKant waqala ukubhala iphepha ku-physics. Lapha kwenzeka isigameko ababhali bomlando wokuphila abangathandi ukusisho. UKant wabhala iminyaka emithathu futhi washicilela iminyaka emine umsebenzi lapho achaza khona ukuncika kwamandla kagesi womzimba ngejubane lawo. Khonamanjalo, nangaphambi kokuba u-Immanuel aqale umsebenzi wakhe, uJean D'Alembert waveza lokhu kuncika ngefomula F = mv2/ 2. Ukulungiswa kukaKant, kufanele kuthiwe ijubane lokusabalala kwemibono futhi, ngokujwayelekile, ukushintshaniswa kolwazi ngekhulu le-18 kwakuphansi kakhulu. Umsebenzi wakhe ugxekwe kakhulu iminyaka eminingana. Manje kuyathakazelisa kuphela kusukela ekubukeni kolimi olulula nolunembile lwesiJalimane lapho kubhalwe khona. Imisebenzi eminingi yesayensi yangaleso sikhathi yabhalwa ngesiLatini.
Inyuvesi yaseKönigsberg
5. Kodwa-ke, uKant naye wahlushwa izindlela ezingaphelele zokuxhumana. Ukusatshalaliswa komsebenzi wakhe wokuqala omkhulu, ukuphatha ukwakheka kwendawo yonke okunesihloko eside sesikhathi nokuzinikela eNkosini uFrederick II, waboshelwa izikweletu zomshicileli futhi kwasabalala kancane. Ngenxa yalokho, uJohann Lambert noPierre Laplace babhekwa njengabasunguli benkolelo ye-cosmogonic. Kodwa incwadi kaKant yashicilelwa ngo-1755, kanti incwadi kaLambert neLaplace yabhalwa ngo-1761 nango-1796.
Ngokomqondo kaKant womhlaba wonke, uhlelo lwelanga lwakhiwa ngefu lothuli
6. Angizange ngithole iziqu eKant University. Ukuthweswa iziqu kuchazwa ngokuhlukile. Omunye ugxila ebuphofini - abazali bomfundi bafa, futhi kwakudingeka afunde futhi aphile ngaphandle kokuxhaswa, futhi asize nodadewabo. Futhi, mhlawumbe, uKant wayekhathele nje yimpilo yomfundi olambile. I-degree yaseyunivesithi ngaleso sikhathi yayingenayo incazelo yayo yamanje ehlelekile. Umuntu, uvame ukubingelelwa ngokwengqondo yakhe, okungukuthi, ngokwamandla akhe okwenza umsebenzi. UKant waqala ukusebenza njengothisha wasekhaya. Umsebenzi wakhe wakhuphuka ngokushesha okukhulu. Okokuqala wafundisa izingane zikamfundisi, wabe eseba ngumnikazi womhlaba ocebile, wase eba nguthisha wezingane zesibalo. Umsebenzi olula, impilo ephelele yebhodi, umholo ohloniphekile - yini enye edingekayo ukuze uhlanganyele ngesayensi ngokuthula?
7. Impilo yomuntu uqobo yefilosofi yayincane kakhulu. Wayengakaze ashade futhi, ngokusobala, akazange angene ebudlelwaneni besifazane. Okungenani, izakhamizi zaseKönigsberg zazikholelwa ngalokhu, uKant angazange ahambe ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-50. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayebasiza ngokuhlelekile odade, kodwa akazange abavakashele. Lapho omunye wodade efika kwakhe, uKant waxolisa ezivakashini ngokungenelwa kwakhe nokuziphatha kabi.
8. U-Kant ukhombise ithisisi yakhe ngobuningi bamazwe ahlala abantu ngokuqhathanisa okuyisici saseYurophu ngekhulu le-18. Uchaze intwala ekhanda lomuntu oyedwa obeqiniseka ukuthi ikhanda abaphila kulo ngumhlaba wonke okhona. Lezi zintwala zamangala kakhulu lapho ikhanda lenkosi yazo lisondela enhlokweni yesikhulu esithile - iwigi yayo nayo yaphenduka umhlaba owakhiwe. Izintwala zase ziphathwa eYurophu njengohlobo oluthile lokungathandeki olunikeziwe.
9. Ngo-1755, u-Immanuel Kant wathola ilungelo lokufundisa kanye nesiqu sokuba ngumsizi kaprofesa e-University of Königsberg. Kwakungelula kanjalo. Okokuqala, wethule umbhalo wakhe othi "On Fire," owawufana nokuhlolwa kokuqala. Kwathi ngo-Septhemba 27, phambi kwabaphikisi abathathu abavela emadolobheni ahlukene, wavikela enye ithisisi ezimisweni zokuqala zolwazi lwe-metaphysical. Ekupheleni kwalokhu kuvikela, okubizwa ngokuthi yi-habilitation, uKant anganikeza izinkulumo.
10. Osolwazi baseyunivesithi abajwayelekile abakaze bageze igolide. Iposi lokuqala likaKant belingenawo umholo osungulwe ngokusemthethweni - ukuthi abafundi bakhokha malini ngesifundo, wayehola kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le mali yayingalungiswa - njengoba umfundi ngamunye ayefuna, wakhokha kakhulu. Njengoba kunikezwe ubumpofu baphakade bezitshudeni, lokhu bekusho ukuthi umholo kasekela profesa ojwayelekile mncane kakhulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, zazingekho iziqu zeminyaka yobudala - uKant uqobo wathola umholo wakhe wokuqala onguprofesa eminyakeni eyi-14 kuphela ngemuva kokuqala ukusebenza eyunivesithi. Yize engaba nguprofesa ngo-1756 ngemuva kokushona kukazakwabo, lelo zinga lehliswa nje.
11. Umsizi kaprofesa osanda kufundiswa wafundisa, okungukuthi, wafundisa kahle kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wathatha izifundo ezihluke ngokuphelele, kodwa kwavela ngokulinganayo. Uhlelo losuku lwakhe lokusebenza lwalubukeka kanjena: Logic, Mechanics, Metaphysics, Theoretical Physics, Mathematics, Physical Geography. Ngomfutho omkhulu kangaka womsebenzi - kufika emahoreni angama-28 ngesonto - nokuthandwa, uKant waqala ukuthola imali enhle. Ngokokuqala ngqa empilweni yakhe, waqasha inceku.
12. Usosayensi waseSweden kanye no-theosophist wesikhashana u-Emmanuel Swedenborg ngo-1756 washicilela incwadi enezincwadi eziyisishiyagalombili, hhayi ngaphandle kwe-pathos ebizwa ngokuthi "Izimfihlo Zasezulwini." Umsebenzi weSwedborg awungeze wabizwa ngokuthi umthengisi othengisa kakhulu ngisho naphakathi nekhulu le-18 - kwathengiswa amaqoqo amane kuphela encwadi. Elinye lalawo makhophi lathengwa uKant. "Izimfihlo Zezulu" zamhlaba umxhwele kakhulu ngobucayi bayo kanye nesenzo sayo waze wabhala incwadi yonke, ehlekisa ngokuqukethwe kwayo. Lo msebenzi kwakungajwayelekile kuleso sikhathi sempilo sefilosofi - wayengenaso nje isikhathi. Kepha ngokugxekwa nokuhlekwa usulu kweSwedborg, ngokusobala, isikhathi satholakala.
13. Ngokubona kwakhe, uKant wayephuma phambili ezifundweni ze-geography. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-geography imvamisa yayingafundiswa kangako emanyuvesi - yayithathwa njengesayensi esetshenziselwe kuphela ochwepheshe. UKant, ngakolunye uhlangothi, wafundisa izifundo ze-geography ngqo ngenhloso yokwandisa ama-horizons ajwayelekile abafundi. Ngokubheka ukuthi uthisha waluthola lonke ulwazi lwakhe ezincwadini, ezinye izindima ezivela ezincwadini zibukeka zihlekisa impela. Phakathi nezinkulumo zakhe, wanikela ngemizuzu embalwa eRussia. Wayebheka iYenisei njengomngcele ongokwenyama waseRussia. EVolga kutholakala ama-belugas - izinhlanzi ezigwinya amatshe ukuze zizicwilise emanzini (umbuzo wokuthi ama-belugas awathatha kuphi ebusweni bomfula, uKant, ngokusobala, wayengenandaba). ESiberia, wonke umuntu ngaphandle kokukhetha wayedakiwe futhi edla ugwayi, kanti uKant wabheka iGeorgia njengenkulisa yabanobuhle.
14. NgoJanuwari 22, 1757, ibutho laseRussia langena eKönigsberg phakathi neMinyaka Eyisikhombisa YaseMoscow. Kubantu basemadolobheni, kufaka phakathi u-Immanuel Kant, lo msebenzi wawusho ukuthatha isifungo kuMbusi waseRussia u-Elizabeth, eshintsha amajazi ezikhali nezithombe ezikhungweni. Yonke intela namalungelo eKönigsberg ahlala engaguquki. UKant uphinde wazama ukuthola isikhundla sikaprofesa ngaphansi kokuphathwa kweRussia. Ngeze - bakhetha uzakwabo omdala.
15. U-Immanuel Kant akazange ahlukaniswe nempilo enhle. Kodwa-ke, iminyaka yobumpofu yamsiza ekutholeni ngokomzimba ukuthi hlobo luni lwempilo kanye nokudla okunomsoco okuzomvumela ukwelula iminyaka yokusebenza okunempilo. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukuhamba ngezinyawo kukaKant kwaba yisaga ngisho naphakathi kwamaJalimane athobela umthetho futhi anembile. Isibonelo, emakethe yaseKönigsberg, akekho noyedwa owake wabuza ukuthi isosha-inceku yakudala yaseKant yathenga ini - wayehlala uthenga into efanayo. Ngisho nasesimo sezulu esibandayo saseBaltic, uKant wenza ukuzivocavoca ngesikhathi esichazwe ngokunembile emzileni ochazwe kahle emigwaqweni yedolobha. Abantu abadlulayo bakhombisa ubuhlakani, benganaki usosayensi, kepha babheka amawashi abo ezindaweni zakhe. Ukugula akuzange kumphuce imimoya emihle nokuba namahlaya. U-Kant ngokwakhe uqaphele ukuthambekela kwe-hypochondria - inkinga engokwengqondo lapho umuntu ecabanga ukuthi uyagula ngazo zonke izinhlobo zezifo. Umphakathi wesintu uthathwa njengekhambi lokuqala lawo. U-Kant waqala ukunika izidlo zasemini nezokudla futhi wazama ukuzivakashela kaningi. Amabhiliyade, ikhofi nezingxoxo ezincane, kufaka phakathi nabesifazane, kumsizile ekunqobeni ukugula kwakhe.
Indlela uKant ahamba ngayo njalo isindile. Ibizwa ngokuthi "indlela yefilosofi"
16. “Emlandweni ubungekho umuntu obengabhekisisa umzimba wakhe nokuthi uthintani wona,” kusho uKant. Wayehlala efunda okwakamuva emibhalweni yezokwelapha futhi enolwazi olungcono kunodokotela abangochwepheshe. Ngenkathi bezama ukumnika izeluleko ezivela emkhakheni wezokwelapha, waphendula ngokunemba nokujula okwenza ukuthi ukuxoxwa okuqhubekayo ngalesi sihloko kungasho lutho. Iminyaka eminingi ethola izibalo ngokufa kwabantu eKönigsberg, kubalwa iminyaka yakhe yokuphila.
17. Abantu besikhathi esinomusa babiza uKant njengenkosi enhle enhle. Ososayensi babemfishane (cishe u-157 cm), bengeyena umzimba omi kahle nokuma komzimba. Kodwa-ke, uKant wayegqoke kahle kakhulu, eziphethe ngesizotha esikhulu futhi wazama ukuxhumana nawo wonke umuntu ngendlela enobungane. Ngakho-ke, ngemuva kwemizuzu embalwa yengxoxo noKant, ukushiyeka kwakhe kwaphela ukubonakala.
18. NgoFebhuwari 1766, uKant ngokungalindelekile waba umsizi womtapo wolwazi eKönigsberg Castle. Isizathu sokuziqeqesha kabusha njengabasebenza ngemitapo yolwazi sasiyi-banal - imali. Usosayensi waba ngumuntu wezwe, futhi lokhu kwakudinga izindleko ezinkulu. UKant ubengenayo imali engenayo eqinile. Lokhu bekusho ukuthi ngesikhathi samaholide ubengaholi lutho. Emtatsheni wezincwadi, wathola okuncane - abatshontshi abangama-62 ngonyaka - kepha njalo. Kanye nokufinyelela kwamahhala kuzo zonke izincwadi, kufaka phakathi imibhalo yesandla yasendulo.
19. NgoMashi 31, 1770, uKant ekugcineni uthola isikhundla okwase kulindwe isikhathi eside sikaprofesa ojwayelekile we-logic ne-metaphysics e-University of Königsberg. Isazi sefilosofi, ngokusobala, phakathi neminyaka eyi-14 yokulinda, sathola ukuxhumana okuthile emibuthanweni yezokuphatha, kwathi ngonyaka ngaphambi komcimbi obalulekile, wazenqaba iziphakamiso ezimbili ezithophayo. I-Erlangen University yamnika ama-guilders angama-500, ifulethi nezinkuni zamahhala. Ukunikezwa okuvela eNyuvesi yaseJena bekuphansi kakhulu - ama-200 athengisa amaholo nabangu-150 abeba imali yokufunda, kodwa eJena izindleko zokuphila beziphansi kakhulu (i-thaler ne-guilder ngaleso sikhathi zazicishe zilingane nezinhlamvu zemali zegolide). Kepha uKant uncamele ukuhlala edolobheni lakubo futhi athola abaphangi abangu-166 kanye nama-grosz angama-60. Iholo linjalo lokuthi usosayensi wasebenza emtatsheni wezincwadi eminye iminyaka emibili. Noma kunjalo, ukukhululeka emzabalazweni wansuku zonke wocezu lwesinkwa kwamkhulula uKant. Kwakungu-1770 lapho lokho okuthiwa. isikhathi esibucayi emsebenzini wakhe, lapho enza khona imisebenzi yakhe eyinhloko.
20. Umsebenzi kaKant othi “Observations on the Sense of Beauty and the Sublime” wawungumthengisi othengwa kakhulu - wawuphinda wanyatheliswa amahlandla ayi-8. Ukube “ukubonwa…” bekungabhalwa manje, umbhali wabo angazifaka engcupheni yokuya ejele ngenxa yemibono yobandlululo. Echaza abalingiswa bakazwelonke, ubiza abaseSpain ize, amaFrance athambile futhi ajwayele ukujwayela (iminyaka engu-20 yasala ngaphambi kwenguquko eFrance), abaseBrithani abasolwa ngokwedelela abanye abantu, amaJalimane, ngokusho kukaKant, ahlanganisa imizwa yabantu abahle nabakhulu, abathembekile, abakhuthele nokuhleleka kothando. UKant ubuye wabheka amaNdiya njengesizwe esihle kakhulu ngenhlonipho yawo abasolwa ngayo. Abamnyama namaJuda bebengafanele amazwi anomusa wombhali we "Observations ...".
21. UMoses Hertz, umfundi waseKant, esethole ikhophi yencwadi ethi "Critique of Pure Reason" evela kuthisha wakhe, wayibuyisela emuva, yafundwa nje isigamu (ngalezo zinsuku kwakulula ukuthola ukuthi incwadi yayifundwa yini - amakhasi kwakufanele asikwe ngaphambi kokufundwa). Encwadini eyayisembozo, uHertz wabhala ukuthi akazange ayifunde le ncwadi ngokuqhubeka ngenxa yokwesaba ukuhlanya. Omunye umfundi, uJohann Herder, ukhombe le ncwadi njenge "hunk enzima" kanye "newebhu esindayo". Omunye wabafundi baseNyuvesi yaseJena uphonsele inselelo omunye udokotela ukuba angalwi - abangahloniphi balokotha bathi noma sekuphele iminyaka engama-30 befunda eyunivesithi, akunakwenzeka ukuqonda iCritique of Pure Reason. U-Leo Tolstoy ubize ulimi lwe "Criticism ..." ngokungaqondakali okungadingekile.
Uhlelo lokuqala lweCritique of Pure Reason
22. Indlu kaKant uqobo yavela kuphela ngo-1784, ngemuva kwesikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-60. Lesi sithabathaba esisenkabeni yedolobha sathengwa ama-guilders angu-5 500. UKant wayithenga kumfelokazi walo mculi owadweba isithombe sakhe esidumile. Ngisho eminyakeni emihlanu ngaphambili, usosayensi odumile emhlabeni, ehlanganisa uhlu lwezinto zokuthuthela efulethini elisha, wafaka itiye, ugwayi, ibhodlela lewayini, inki, uphaphe, ibhulukwe lasebusuku nezinye izinto ezincane. Yonke imali etholakalayo isetshenziselwe ukunakekelwa kwezindlu nezindleko. UKant, ngokwesibonelo, wayekhetha ukudla ngokungathi sína kanye ngosuku, kepha wayedla nabantu okungenani aba-5. Amahloni awazange avimbele usosayensi ukuthi aqhubeke nokushisekela izwe. Ethola abaphangi abangama-236 ngonyaka eKönigsberg, wayeka imisebenzi ngeholo labathengisi abangama-600 eHalle nabangu-800 eMitau.
23. Ngaphandle kokuthi emisebenzini yakhe uKant wanaka kakhulu ubuciko nobuhle, isipiliyoni sakhe sobuciko sasicishe sincane kunendawo. IKoenigsberg yayingaphandle kwamazwe aseJalimane, hhayi kuphela ngokwendawo. Kwakungekho nhlobo izikhumbuzo zokwakha edolobheni. Eqoqweni elizimele labantu basezidolophini kwakukhona imidwebo embalwa kuphela kaRembrandt, uVan Dyck noDurer. Umdwebo wase-Italy awufinyelelanga eKoenigsberg. UKant waya emakhonsathini omculo kungesidingo sokuphila impilo yezwe; wayekhetha ukulalela umsebenzi wedwa wensimbi eyodwa. Wayejwayele izinkondlo zesimanje zaseJalimane, kepha akazange ashiye ukubuyekezwa okukhulu ngakho.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uKant wayejwayelene kakhulu nezinkondlo nezincwadi zasendulo, kanye nemisebenzi yabalobi bezikhathi zonke.
24. Ngo-1788, uKant wakhethwa njengomphathi we-University of Königsberg. Ngokuziphatha komuntu siqu kweNkosi uFrederick Wilhelm II, umholo wososayensi wakhushulwa waba ngabaphangi abangama-720. Kepha isihe sahlala isikhashana. Inkosi ibingunodoli ongafuni lutho ezandleni zezikhulu. Kancane kancane, iqembu labantu eligxeka uKant nemisebenzi yakhe lanqoba enkantolo. Izinkinga zaqala ngokushicilelwa kwezincwadi, futhi uKant kwadingeka abhale ngomfanekiso ngezinto eziningi. Kwakunamahlebezi okuthi uKant kuzofanele alahle obala imibono yakhe. Kusize ukukhethwa kososayensi eRussia Academy. Inkosi ikhuze uKant, kodwa hhayi esidlangalaleni, kodwa ngencwadi evaliwe.
25. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, uKant washeshe waqala ukonakala. Kancane kancane, wanciphisa, wabe eseyeka ngokuphelele ukuhamba, wabhala okuncane nokuncane, umbono nokuzwa kwehla. Le nqubo yayihamba kancane, yathatha iminyaka emihlanu, kodwa ayinakugwemeka. Ngo-11: 00 ngoFebhuwari 12, 1804, isazi sefilosofi esikhulu safa. Bangcwaba u-Immanuel Kant esigodlweni sikaProfesa odongeni olusenyakatho lweKönigsberg Cathedral. I-crypt yakhiwa kabusha izikhathi eziningana. Ithole ukubonakala kwayo kwamanje ngo-1924. I-crypt yasinda ngisho nangesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yesibili, lapho iKönigsberg iphenduka amanxiwa.
Ithuna nesikhumbuzo kuKant
