Kwaphela iminyaka engaphezulu kwama-300 iRussia ibuswa (ngokubekiwe okuthile, njengoba kukhonjisiwe ngezansi) ubukhosi bakwaRomanov. Phakathi kwabo bekukhona abesilisa nabesifazane, ababusi, bobabili abaphumelele futhi abangaphumeleli kakhulu. Abanye babo bazuze njengefa isihlalo sobukhosi ngokusemthethweni, abanye hhayi impela, kanti abanye babegqoka iCape of Monomakh ngaphandle kwesizathu. Ngakho-ke, kunzima ukwenza okujwayelekile mayelana namaRomanov. Futhi babephila ngezikhathi ezingafani nangezimo ezingafani.
1. Ummeleli wokuqala womndeni wakwaRomanov esihlalweni sobukhosi kwakunguTsar Mikhail Fedorovich okhethwe ngentando yeningi (1613 - 1645. Ngemuva kwalokhu, iminyaka yokubusa ikhonjisiwe kubakaki). Ngemuva kwezinkinga ezinkulu, uZemsky Sobor wamkhetha kubantu abaningi. Izimbangi zikaMikhail Fedorovich (mhlawumbe bengazazi bona) kwakuyinkosi yamaNgisi uJames I kanye nabantu abaningi bakwamanye amazwe abasezingeni eliphansi. Abamele Cossacks badlale indima enkulu okhethweni lwenkosi yaseRussia. AbakwaCossacks bathola umholo wesinkwa futhi besaba ukuthi abantu bakwamanye amazwe bazobaphuca leli lungelo.
2. Emshadweni kaMikhail Fedorovich no-Evdokia Streshneva, kwazalwa izingane eziyi-10, kodwa bane kuphela abasinda lapho sebebadala. Indodana u-Alexei waba yinkosi elandelayo. Amadodakazi ayengahloselwe ukwazi injabulo yomndeni. U-Irina waphila iminyaka engama-51 futhi, ngokusho kwabantu besikhathi sakhe, wayengowesifazane onomusa futhi oziphethe kahle. U-Anna ushone eneminyaka engama-62, kanti ulwazi lokuphila kwakhe alukho. UTatiana wajabulela ithonya elikhulu ngesikhathi sokubusa komfowabo. Wathola futhi inkathi kaPeter I. Kuyaziwa ukuthi uTatiana wazama ukunciphisa intukuthelo yenkosi kumakhosazana uSophia noMartha.
3. UTsar Alexei Mikhailovich (1645 - 1676) wayazi igama lesidlaliso elithi "Quiet". Wayeyindoda emnene. Ebusheni bakhe wayebonakala ngeziqubu zesikhashana zokuthukuthela, kepha lapho esekhulile babeka cishe. U-Alexey Mikhailovich wayengumuntu ofundile ngesikhathi sakhe, wayenesithakazelo kusayensi, ethanda umculo. Ngokuzimela udwebe amatafula okuqashwa kwabezempi, weza nomklamo wakhe wesibhamu. Ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Alexei Mikhailovich, ama-Cossacks ase-Ukraine ngo-1654 amukelwa njengesakhamuzi saseRussia.
4. Emishadweni emibili noMaria Miloslavskaya noNatalia Naryshkina, u-Alexei Mikhailovich wayenabantwana abangu-16. Abathathu emadodaneni abo kamuva babengamakhosi, futhi akekho noyedwa emadodakazini owashada. Njengakwisimo samadodakazi kaMikhail Fedorovich, abakhongi abangaba yizikhulu ezifanelekile bathuswa yimfuneko yokwamukelwa okuphoqayo kwe-Orthodoxy.
5. UFyodor III Alekseevich (1676 - 1682), yize ayenempilo ebuthaka, wayengumshisekeli wezinguquko ocishe ahlanzeke ukwedlula umfowabo uPeter I, kuphela ngaphandle kokunquma amakhanda ngezandla zakhe, elenga izidumbu ezizungeze iKremlin nezinye izindlela zokukhuthaza. Kwakunaye lapho amasudi aseYurophu nokugunda kwaqala ukuvela khona. Izincwadi zesigaba nobusendaweni babhujiswa, okwakuvumela ama-boyars ukuthi alimaze ngqo intando yenkosi.
6. UFyodor Alekseevich wayeshade kabili. Umshado wokuqala, lapho kwazalwa khona ingane eyodwa engazange iphile ngisho nezinsuku eziyishumi, yahlala isikhathi esingaphansi konyaka - inkosazana yashona ngemuva nje kokubeletha. Umshado wesibili wenkosi uqhubeke isikhathi esingaphansi kwezinyanga ezimbili - inkosi uqobo yafa.
7. Ngemuva kokushona kukaFyodor Alekseevich, kwaqala umdlalo owuthandayo we-elite yaseRussia ngokulandelana kwesihlalo sobukhosi. Kulokhu, okuhle kombuso, futhi ikakhulukazi izakhamizi zakhona, abadlali baqondiswa ekugcineni. Ngenxa yalokho, amadodana ka-Alexei Mikhailovich Ivan athweswa umqhele embusweni (njengowokuqala, wathola lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ingubo enkulu kanye neCape of Monomakh) noPeter (umbusi wesikhathi esizayo wathola amakhophi). Abafowethu baze benza isihlalo sobukhosi esiphindwe kabili. USophia, udadewabo omdala wama-tsars, wabusa njenge-regent.
8. UPeter I (1682 - 1725) waba yinkosi ye-de facto ngo-1689, esusa udadewabo embusweni. Ngo-1721, ngesicelo seSenethi, waba ngumbusi wokuqala waseRussia. Naphezu kokugxekwa, uPeter akabizwa ngokuthi Omkhulu ngeze. Ngesikhathi sokubusa kwakhe, iRussia yaba nezinguquko ezinkulu futhi yaba elinye lamazwe anamandla kakhulu eYurophu. Kusukela emshadweni wakhe wokuqala (no-Evdokia Lopukhina), uPeter I waba nezingane ezimbili noma ezintathu (ukuzalwa kwendodana kaPaul akungatshazwa, okwavela abakhohlisi abaningi ukuthi bazibize ngendodana kaPeter). UPeter wasola uTsarevich Alexei ngokuvukela umbuso futhi wabulawa. Tsarevich Alexander waphila izinyanga 7 kuphela.
9. Emshadweni wakhe wesibili noMartha Skavronskaya, owabhapathizwa njengo-Ekaterina Mikhailova, uPeter wayenabantwana abayi-8. U-Anna washada nombusi waseJalimane, indodana yakhe yaba uMbusi uPeter III. U-Elizabeth kusukela ngo-1741 kuya ku-1762 wayengumbusi waseRussia. Ezinye izingane zashona zisencane.
10. Kuqondiswa izakhi zofuzo kanye nemithetho yokulandelana kwesihlalo sobukhosi, kuPeter I ukukhethwa kwamaqiniso ngobukhosi bakwaRomanov bekungaqedwa. Ngomyalelo wakhe, umbusi wadlulisela umqhele kumkakhe, waze wanikeza nelungelo lokudlulisela isihlalo sobukhosi kunoma yimuphi umuntu ofanelekile kubo bonke ababusi abalandela. Kepha noma yibuphi ubukhosi ngenxa yokulondolozwa kokuqhubeka kwamandla uyakwazi ukwenza ubuhlakani obukhulu. Ngakho-ke, kukholakala ngokusemthethweni ukuthi bobabili uMbusi uCatherine I kanye nababusi abalandelayo nabo bangabamele amaRomanovs, mhlawumbe ngesiqalo esithi "Holstein-Gottorp."
11. Empeleni, uCatherine I (1725 - 1727) wanikezwa amandla ngabaqaphi, abadlulisela inhlonipho yabo ngoPeter I kumkakhe. Izimo zabo zashukunyiswa yindlovukazi yesikhathi esizayo uqobo. Ngenxa yalokhu, iqembu lezikhulu laphuthuma emhlanganweni weSenate futhi lazuza ngazwi linye ukuvuma kukaCatherine. Isikhathi sokubusa kwabesifazane saqala.
12. UCatherine I wabusa iminyaka emibili kuphela, ngithanda izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokuzijabulisa. Ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, eSenate, phambi konogada abangenakuphikiswa kanye nezikhulu eziphakeme, kwenziwa incwadi yamafa, lapho umzukulu kaPeter I, uPeter, amenyezelwa khona njengendlalifa. I-will yayiyi-verbose impela, kanti ngenkathi idwetshwa, indlovukazi yafa noma yaquleka. Isiginesha yakhe, noma ngabe ikuphi, ibingekho kulo mbhalo, kwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi incwadi yefa yashiswa ngokuphelele.
13. UPeter II (1727 - 1730) wangena esihlalweni sobukhosi eneminyaka engu-11 futhi wabulawa ingxibongo eneminyaka engu-14. Izicukuthwane zanquma esikhundleni sakhe, kwaqala uA. A. Menshikov, kwalandela izikhulu zaseDolgoruky. Lesi sakamuva saze sabhala incwadi yefa engumbombayi yombusi osemncane, kodwa amanye amaqembu anentshisekelo awazange awamukele amanga. UMkhandlu Ophakeme Wokuhlonishwa wanquma ukubiza indodakazi ka-Ivan V (lowo owabusa kanye noPeter I) u-Anna ukuba abuse, ngenkathi amandla akhe ebeka umkhawulo "ezimweni" ezikhethekile (izimo).
14. U-Anna Ioannovna (1730 - 1740) waqala ukubusa kwakhe kahle kakhulu. Efaka ukwesekwa konogada, waklebhula "isimo" futhi wahlakaza uMkhandlu Ophakeme Wamajaji, ngaleyo ndlela wazitholela iminyaka eyishumi yokubusa okunokuthula. Impikiswano ezungeze isihlalo sobukhosi ayiyanga ndawo, kepha inhloso yomzabalazo bekungekhona ukushintsha indlovukazi, kepha ukuketula izimbangi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uMbusi wahlela ezokungcebeleka ezibizayo njengokushisa imithombo nezindlu ezinkulu zeqhwa, futhi akazange azincishe lutho.
15. U-Anna Ioannovna wanikela ngesihlalo sobukhosi endodaneni yomshana wakhe enezinyanga ezimbili ubudala u-Ivan. Ngalokhu, akagcinanga ngokusayina iwaranti yomfana, kodwa futhi wabangela ukudideka okukhulu phezulu. Njengomphumela wochungechunge lwama coup, amandla abanjwa yindodakazi kaPeter I, u-Elizabeth. U-Ivan waboshwa. Eminyakeni engama-23, "imaski yensimbi" yaseRussia (kwakukhona ukuvinjelwa kwangempela kwegama nokugcinwa kwezithombe zakhe) yabulawa ngenkathi izama ukumkhulula ejele.
16. U-Elizaveta Petrovna (1741 - 1761), owacishe washada noLouis XV, wenza enkantolo yakhe ukufana kwesiFulentshi ngemikhosi, ubuqhawe nokujikijela imali ngakwesokudla nangakwesobunxele. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akuzange kumvimbe, phakathi kokunye, ukuthi asungule iNyuvesi futhi abuyisele iSenate.
17. U-Elizabeth wayeyintokazi enothando, kodwa ehlanzekile. Zonke izindaba ngemishado yakhe eyimfihlo nezingane ezingekho emthethweni zihlala ziyizinganekwane zomlomo - abukho ubufakazi obubhaliwe obusele, futhi wakhetha amadoda abekwazi ukuvala imilomo yabo njengezintandokazi zakhe. Uqoke uDuke Karl-Peter Ulrich Holstein njengendlalifa, wamphoqa ukuthi aye eRussia, aguqulele ku-Orthodoxy (waqamba igama lokuthi uPyotr Fedorovich), walandela ukukhuliswa kwakhe futhi wakhethela unkosikazi indlalifa unkosikazi. Njengoba umkhuba owengeziwe ukhombisile, ukukhetha inkosikazi kaPeter III kwaba yishwa elikhulu.
18. UPeter III (1761 - 1762) wayephethe izinyanga eziyisithupha kuphela. Uqale uchungechunge lwezinguquko, lapho anyathela khona amabele amaningi, ngemuva kwalokho wehliswa ngentshiseko, wase ebulala. Kulokhu onogada baphakamisela umkakhe uCatherine esihlalweni sobukhosi.
19. UCatherine II (1762 - 1796) ubonge izicukuthwane ezimphakamisele esihlalweni sobukhosi ngokwandiswa okuphezulu kwamalungelo abo kanye nokugqilazwa okufanayo kwabalimi. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, imisebenzi yayo ifanele ukuhlolwa okuhle. Ngaphansi kukaCatherine, insimu yaseRussia yanda kakhulu, ezobuciko nezesayensi zakhuthazwa, kanye nohlelo lukahulumeni lwaguqulwa.
20. UCatherine wayenobudlelwano obuningi namadoda (ezinye izintandokazi zingaphezu kweshumi nambili) nezingane ezimbili ezingekho emthethweni. Kodwa-ke, ukulandelana kwesihlalo sobukhosi ngemuva kokufa kwakhe kwahamba ngendlela efanele - indodana yakhe evela ngeshwa uPeter III Paul Paul waba ngumbusi.
21. UPaul I (1796 - 1801) okokuqala wamukela umthetho omusha ngokulandelana esihlalweni sobukhosi kusuka kubaba kuya endodaneni. Uqale ukukhawulela ngokuqinile amalungelo ezikhulu futhi waze waphoqa izicukuthwane ukuthi zikhokhe intela yokuvota. Amalungelo abalimi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, enwetshiwe. Ikakhulu, ama-corvee anqunyelwe ezinsukwini ezi-3, futhi ama-serfs ayenqatshelwe ukuthengisa ngaphandle komhlaba noma ngemindeni ephule. Kwakukhona nezinguquko, kepha okungenhla kwanele ukuqonda ukuthi uPaul I akazange aphulukise isikhathi eside. Wabulawa kwesinye isigungu senkosi.
22. UPaul I ngazuza ngendodana yakhe u-Alexander I (1801 - 1825), owayazi ngozungu, futhi isithunzi salokhu sasisezandleni zakhe zonke. U-Alexander kwakudingeka alwe kakhulu, ngaphansi kwakhe amasosha aseRussia amasha anqamula iYurophu aya eParis ngokunqoba, futhi izindawo ezinkulu zaxhunyaniswa neRussia. Kwezombusazwe zasekhaya, isifiso soguquko sashayisana njalo nenkumbulo kayise, owabulawa ngumfazi okhululekileyo ohloniphekile.
23. Imicimbi yasemshadweni ka-Alexander I yenziwa ukuhlolwa okungafani ncamashi - nokusukela ezinganeni eziyi-11 ezizalwe ngaphandle komshado ukuqeda inzalo. Emshadweni, wayenamadodakazi amabili angazange aphile aze abe neminyaka emibili ubudala. Ngakho-ke, ngemuva kokufa okungazelelwe kombusi eTaganrog, kude kakhulu ngalezo zikhathi, phansi kwesihlalo sobukhosi, ukuvutshelwa okujwayelekile kwaqala. Umfowabo wenkosi uConstantine ulilahlile ifa isikhathi eside, kepha imanifesto ayizange imenyezelwe ngokushesha. Umfowethu olandelayo uNicholas wathweswa umqhele, kepha amanye amasosha nezikhulu ezazingathintekile babona isizathu esihle sokuthatha amandla futhi baqala udlame, olwaziwa kangcono ngokuthi yi-Decembrist Uprising. UNicholas kwadingeka aqale ukubusa kwakhe ngokudubula izinganono khona ePetersburg.
24. UNicholas I (1825 - 1855) wathola isiteketiso esasingafanele ngokuphelele "uPalkin". Indoda okwathi esikhundleni sokwahlukaniswa ngokwemithetho yakhona yabo bonke abakwaDecembrists, yabulala emihlanu kuphela. Wabucwaninga ngokucophelela ubufakazi bezihlubuki ukuze aqonde ukuthi iziphi izinguquko izwe elizidingayo. Yebo, wabusa ngesandla esinzima, okokuqala nje wasungula isiyalo esinzima embuthweni wezempi. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye uNicholas wasithuthukisa kakhulu isikhundla sabalimi, balungiselela naye inguquko yabalimi. Izimboni zithuthukisiwe, imigwaqo emikhulu kanye nojantshi bokuqala kwakhiwa ngobuningi. UNicholas wabizwa nge- "Tsar Engineer".
25. UNicholas nganginenzalo ebalulekile futhi enempilo. Ubaba owathandwa ngubaba u-Alexander kuphela owafa eneminyaka engu-19 kusukela ekuzalweni ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ezinye izingane eziyisithupha ziphila okungenani zineminyaka engama-55 ubudala. Isihlalo sobukhosi sazuzwa ngendodana endala u-Alexander.
26. Izici Ezijwayelekile Zabantu baka-Alexander II (1855 - 1881) “Wanika abalimi inkululeko, bambulala ngenxa yalokhu”, okungenzeka kakhulu, akukude neqiniso. UMbusi wangena emlandweni njengomkhululi wabalimi, kepha lokhu kungukuguqulwa okuyinhloko kuka-Alexander II, empeleni, babebaningi babo. Bonke bandise uhlaka lokubusa komthetho, futhi "ukuqiniswa kwezikulufo" okwalandela ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Alexander III kwabonisa ukuthi inkosi enkulu yabulawa kubani.
27. Ngesikhathi sokubulawa, indodana endala ka-Alexander II nayo kwakungu-Alexander, owazalwa ngo-1845, futhi wadla ifa lesihlalo sobukhosi. Sekukonke, iTsar-Liberator yayinezingane eziyi-8. Abade kunabo bonke baphila uMariya, owaba iDuchess yase-Edinburgh, futhi wafa ngo-1920.
28. U-Alexander III (1881 - 1894) wathola isiteketiso esithi "uMenzi Wokuthula" - ngaphansi kwakhe iRussia ayizange ilwe neyodwa impi. Bonke ababambiqhaza ekubulaweni kukayise babulawa, futhi inqubomgomo elandelwa u-Alexander III yabizwa ngokuthi "yizinguquko eziphikisayo". Umbusi angaqondakala - ukwesaba kwaqhubeka, futhi imibuthano efundile yomphakathi yamxhasa cishe ngokusobala. Kwakungekhona mayelana nezinguquko, kodwa ngokusinda ngokomzimba kweziphathimandla.
29. U-Alexander III wabulawa yi-jade, wachukunyiswa ukushaywa ngesikhathi senhlekelele yesitimela, ngo-1894, ngaphambi kokuba afike kuma-50. Umndeni wakhe wawunezingane ezi-6, indodana endala uNikolai yangena esihlalweni sobukhosi. Wayemiselwe ukuba abe ngumbusi wokugcina waseRussia.
30. Izici zikaNicholas II (1894 - 1917) ziyehluka. Othile umbheka njengongcwele, futhi othile - umbhubhisi waseRussia. Kuqale inhlekelele ngesikhathi kubekwa esihlalweni sobukhosi, ukubusa kwakhe kwaba nezimpi ezimbili ezingaphumelelanga, izinguquko ezimbili, futhi izwe lase liseduze kokuwa. UNicholas II wayengesona isilima noma isikhohlakali. Esikhundleni salokho, wazithola esesihlalweni sobukhosi ngesikhathi esingafanele neze, futhi izinqumo zakhe eziningi zamncisha abalandeli bakhe. Ngenxa yalokhu, ngo-Mashi 2, 1917, uNicholas II wasayina umqulu oshiya isihlalo sobukhosi esivuna umfowabo uMikhail. Ukubusa kwamaRomanovs sekuphelile.
