Ubungcweti, njengakho konke okunye emhlabeni wethu, akusikho okuphakade. Izizathu zokuthi lo noma lowomsebenzi ulahlekelwe ngumlingiswa wawo omkhulu noma ukuthandwa zingahluka. Esikhathini esiningi lokhu kungukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe emphakathini. Abalandeli sebephenduke umkhiqizo omningi, futhi imishini yomoya inyamalale ezimayini, ihambisa umoya ebusweni nge fan fan. Bakha indle edolobheni - abakhandi begolide banyamalala.
Abakhandi begolide bebeyingxenye yezwe lanoma yiliphi idolobha amakhulu eminyaka
Ngokuvamile, akulungile impela ukusebenzisa igama elithi “wanyamalala” emisebenzini ngokungakhethi. Ubuningi obukhulu baleyo misebenzi esibuthatha njengonyamalale abupheli, kepha buyashintsha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu shintsho lukhulu kakhulu kunolwasezingeni. Isibonelo, umshayeli wemoto wenza umsebenzi ofanayo nowomqeqeshi noma womqeqeshi - uletha abagibeli noma imithwalo kusuka ephoyinti A kuye ephoyinti B. Igama lomsebenzi lishintshile, izimo zobuchwepheshe zishintshile, kepha umsebenzi awusaguquki. Noma omunye, cishe umsebenzi ongasekho - uthayipha. Sizoya kunoma yiliphi ihhovisi elikhulu. Kuyo, ngaphezu kwabaphathi abahlukahlukene, kuhlala kukhona okungenani unobhala oyedwa, ukuthayipha amadokhumenti kukhompyutha, okuyi-typist efanayo. Yebo, kunezimbalwa zazo kunasehhovisi lomshini elasakazeka eminyakeni engama-50 edlule, futhi lishaya kancane, kodwa kusenamashumi amashumi ezinkulungwane abamele lolu hlobo lomsebenzi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma lo typist engewona umsebenzi wokufa, khona-ke kufanele ubizwe kanjani umsebenzi wombhali?
Ehhovisi lokuthayipha
Kukhona, kunjalo, izibonelo eziphikisanayo. Isibonelo, izibani zezibane ngabantu abakhanyisa amalambu emigwaqo ngesandla. Ngokufika kukagesi, baqale bashintshwa (ngamanani ancishisiwe kakhulu) ngogesi ababekhanyisa amalambu kuyo yonke imigwaqo. Kulezi zinsuku, cishe yonke indawo ukukhanyisa emgwaqweni kufaka phakathi izinzwa zokukhanya. Umuntu udingeka kuphela ukulawula nokukhanda okungenzeka. Amabala - abasebenzi besifazane abenza izibalo ezinkulu zezibalo - nabo banyamalala ngokuphelele. Babuyiselwa ngokuphelele ngamakhompyutha.
Ukukhethwa kwamaqiniso alandelayo ngemisebenzi engasasebenzi kususelwa ekuvumelaneni. Ake sicabangele umsebenzi osuphelelwe yisikhathi noma oshabalala, inani labamele, okokuqala, lehle ngama-oda amakhulu, futhi okwesibili, ngeke likhuphuke kakhulu esikhathini esizayo esibonakalayo. Ngaphandle kokuthi, yebo, izinhlekelele zomhlaba ezinjengomhlangano ne-asteroid noma impi yomhlaba wonke zenzeka ngokuzayo. Lapho-ke abasindile kuzofanela babe ngamasald, ama-chumak, nabaqhekezi ngababumbi.
1. Umkhakha wabadonseli bamabharge babukhona ngokwendawo ngokutholakala maphakathi neVolga. Abadonseli bamabhanoyi babedonsa umfula iRashiva - amancane, ngokwesilinganiso sethu, imikhumbi yezimpahla. Ngesandla esikhanyayo sika-Ilya Repin omkhulu, odwebe isithombe esithi "Barge Haulers eVolga", sicabanga umsebenzi wabadonseli bamabhanoyi njengomsebenzi onzima kakhulu owenziwa ngabantu lapho lingekho elinye ithuba lokuthola imali. Eqinisweni, lo ngumuzwa wamanga ovela kumdwebo onethalente. UVladimir Gilyarovsky, owayephethe ibhande, unencazelo enhle yomsebenzi wabadonseli bamabhanoyi. Kwakungekho lutho olukhuni ngokweqile emsebenzini, ngisho nangekhulu le-19. Yebo, sebenza cishe wonke amahora emini, kepha emoyeni opholile nangokudla okumnandi - kwanikezwa ngumnikazi wezimpahla ezithuthwayo, owayengadingi abathumbi bamahhashi abuthaka nabalambile. Abasebenzi basefemini babe sebesebenza amahora ayi-16, kwathi abayisishiyagalombili abasele balala kumasifundisane lapho basebenza khona. Abagqoke ama-barge haulers abagqoke izindwangu - futhi obani emiqondweni yabo elungile abangenza umsebenzi onzima womzimba ngezingubo ezintsha ezihlanzekile? Abadonseli bezikebhe babumbana ngama-artels futhi baphila impilo ezimele. U-Gilyarovsky, ngasendleleni, wangena ku-artel ngenxa yenhlanhla - ngosuku olwandulela ukuthi elinye lamalungu e-artel libulawe yikholera, kwathi uMalume Gilyai wathathwa esikhundleni sakhe. Isikhathi esithile - cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha kuya kwezi-7 - abathumbi bezikebhe bangahlehlisa ama-ruble afinyelela kwali-10, okwakuyimali enhle kumlimi ongafundile. Burlakov, njengoba ungase ucabange, waphucwa umsebenzi izitimu.
Umdwebo ofanayo nguRepin. Ngesikhathi kubhalwa, kwase kunabambalwa kakhulu abathumbi bezikebhe.
2. Cishe ngasikhathi sinye nokuqala kwesililo somhlaba wonke sokuthi isintu sizofa ngenxa yokuthi sithonya kakhulu imvelo futhi siveza udoti omningi, abacoshi bezindwangu banyamalala emigwaqweni yasemadolobheni. Laba kwakungabantu ababethenga futhi bahlele imfucumfucu enhlobonhlobo, kusukela ezicathulweni eziphakeme kuya ezingilazini. Ngekhulu le-19, abacoshi bezindwangu bathatha indawo yokuqoqwa kukadoti endaweni eyodwa. Babehamba bezungeza amagceke, bethenga udoti noma beshintshana ngakho konke okuncane. Njengabakhiphi bemikhumbi, abakhethi bezindwangu babehlala begqoke izindwangu, futhi ngisho kubo, ngenxa yemininingwane yokusebenza, iphunga elihambisanayo livela njalo. Ngenxa yalokhu, babebhekwa njengabaphansi nezinsipho zomphakathi. Khonamanjalo, isicoshi semidwangu sathola okungenani ama-ruble ayishumi ngenyanga. Impesheni efanayo - ama-ruble ayi-120 ngonyaka - yamukelwa ngumama kaRaskolnikov ovela ebugebengwini nasekujezisweni. Abaqoqi be-rag abanobuhlakani bathola okuningi kakhulu. Kodwa ukhilimu, yebo, wawukhishwa ngabathengisi. Ukungeniswa kwebhizinisi kwakukubi kakhulu kangangokuba imfucuza yanikezwa ngaphansi kwezinkontileka eziphothulwe eNizhny Novgorod Fair, futhi isisindo sezimpahla salinganiselwa emashumini ezinkulungwane zama-pood. I-Tryapichnikov yonakaliswa ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni, eyayidinga izinto ezisezingeni eliphakeme zokusetshenziswa, nokukhiqizwa kwezinto ngobuningi, okwenza izimpahla nemfucuza kushibhile. Imfucuza iyaqoqwa futhi ihlelwe manje, kepha akekho noyedwa ozoyiletha ngqo ekhaya lakho.
Isicucu semidwangu nenqola yakhe
3. Imisebenzi emibili ngasikhathi sinye yabizwa eRussia igama elithi "kryuchnik". Leli gama lalisetshenziselwa ukuqamba abantu abahlela udoti othengwe ngobuningi ngehuku (okungukuthi, kwakuyizinhlayiyana zabacoshi bezindwangu) nohlobo olukhethekile lokulayisha esifundeni iVolga. Lezi zilayishi zisebenza ekudlulisweni kwempahla esifundeni iVolga. Umsebenzi omkhulu kunayo yonke wama-kryuchniks wawuseRybinsk, lapho kwakukhona khona angaphezu kuka-3 000. AmaKryuchniks ayesebenza njengama-cooperatives ngokukhethekile kwangaphakathi. Abanye bakhipha impahla ebisuka endaweni ebiyelwe emphemeni, abanye, ngosizo lwehhuku kanye nabalingani beqembu, baphonsa isaka ngemuva kwabo baya nalo komunye umkhumbi, lapho umuntu okhethekile - owayebizwa ngokuthi "u-batyr" - akhomba lapho kufanele ethule khona isaka. Ekupheleni kokulayishwa, kwakungeyena umnikazi wempahla owakhokha izingwegwe, kepha osonkontileka ababelawula ukuqashwa kwabalayishi. Umsebenzi olula, kepha onzima kakhulu ulethe ama-kryuchniks afika kuma-ruble ama-5 ngosuku. Ukuhola okunjalo kwabenza baba yizisebenzi eziphakeme zabasebenzi. Umsebenzi we-hookers, uma ukhuluma ngokuqinile, awunyamalalanga ndawo - sebephenduke izisebenzi zemikhumbi. Yize kunjalo, umsebenzi wakamuva ungowomshini futhi awuhlangene kangako nokuzikhandla okukhulu.
I-Artel kryuchnikov yomsebenzi owenziwe ngendlela engajwayelekile - bekuzuzisa kakhulu ukuphinde ulayishe izikhwama ezisuka emkhunjini ziye komunye umkhumbi, hhayi ogwini
4. Emakhulwini amathathu eminyaka adlule, omunye wemisebenzi eyayithandwa futhi ehlonishwayo eningizimu yeRussia kwakuwumsebenzi kaChumak. Ukuthuthwa kwempahla, ikakhulukazi usawoti, okusanhlamvu namapulangwe, ngemizila ye-shuttle kusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu nokubuyela emuva, akulethi kuphela imali engenayo. Kwakunganele ukuthi uChumak abe ngumthengisi onobuhlakani. Emakhulwini we-XVI - XVIII, isifunda soLwandle Olumnyama sasiyindawo yasendle. Bazamile ukubamba inqwaba yomthengisi wonke umuntu oze abonakale ngaleli kharavani. Ubuzwe noma inkolo ayidlalanga ndima. Izitha zaphakade zeBasurman, amaCatar aseCrimea, namaCossacks-Haidamaks, ababethwala isiphambano, nabo bazama ukwenza inzuzo. Ngakho-ke, i-chumak nayo iyiqhawe, ekwazi ukuvikela ikharavani yakhe ekuphangeni enkampanini encane. Izindwendwe zeChumak zathutha izigidi zezimpahla zezimpahla. Baba yisici seLittle Russia nesifunda soLwandle Olumnyama ngenxa yezinkabi. Izinzuzo eziyinhloko zalezi zilwane zingamandla nokukhuthazela. Izinkabi zihamba kancane - zihamba kancane kunomuntu ohamba ngezinyawo - kepha zingathwala imithwalo emikhulu kakhulu emabangeni amade. Isibonelo, izinkabi ezimbili zazithwala ngokukhululekile ithani elilodwa nengxenye likasawoti. Uma ngesizini bekwenzeka ukwenza uhambo olude kathathu, iChumak ithole kahle kakhulu. Ngisho nabakwaChumaks abampofu kakhulu, ababephethe amaqembu angama-5-10, babecebe kakhulu kunomakhelwane babo abampofu. Imali engenayo yebhizinisi likaChumak ngekhulu le-19 yalinganiswa ngamakhulu ezinkulungwane zamaphoyinti. Noma sekufika ujantshi, awuzange unyamalale ngokushesha, udlale indima ebalulekile manje kuthrafikhi yendawo.
Ikharavani yakwaChumak ihlangatshezwe yibo bonke abesilisa bendawo, nabesifazane bebecashile - into embi ngabakwaChumaks
5. Ngokwesimemezelo sikaPeter I sangoMashi 2, 1711, iSenate yayalwa ukuba "ifake imali ngayo yonke into." Ngemuva kwezinye izinsuku ezi-3, i-tsar yenze lo msebenzi waba ngokhonkolo ngokwengeziwe: kwakudingeka ukuthi, ngokwesimanje, uhlelo oluqondile lokulawulwa kokutholwa kwezimali kumgcinimafa nokusetshenziswa kwazo. Lokhu kwakumele kwenziwe yidolobha kanye nezezimali zesifundazwe, ezaziphethe imali enkulu. Izisebenzi zikahulumeni ezintsha zathola amandla amakhulu. Awukwazi ngisho nokutshela khona manjalo ukuthi yikuphi okungcono: ukwamukela uhhafu wemali leyo mali ezobuyela esikhwameni sezimali, noma ukuzivikela ngokuphelele lapho kwenzeka ukusolwa okungamanga. Kusobala ukuthi ngokuswelakala kwabasebenzi unomphela kukaPeter I, abantu bakubo, ukusho okuncane, kokufaneleka okungabazekayo bangena emnyangweni wezimali. Ekuqaleni, izenzo zezimali zenza ukuthi kugcwaliswe umgcinimafa futhi kubuyiselwe kubakhwebi abasezingeni eliphezulu. Kodwa-ke, izimali, ezazinambitha igazi, ngokushesha zaqala ukusola wonke umuntu nakho konke, zathola inzondo yendawo yonke. Amandla abo ancishiswa kancane kancane, ukuzivikela komzimba kwaqedwa, kwathi ngo-1730 uKumkanikazi u-Anna Ioannovna waqeda ngokuphelele isikhungo sezimali. Ngakho-ke, lo msebenzi uthathe iminyaka engu-19 kuphela.
6. Uma umprofethi uMose kubhekwa njengomsunguli womsebenzi wakho, ozakwenu babehlonishwa kakhulu phakathi kwamaJuda futhi bengayikhokhi intela eGibhithe lasendulo, khona-ke usebenza njengombhali. Kuliqiniso, amathuba alokhu athambekele ekubeni zero. Ubungcweti bombhali kungabizwa ngokuthi buphelile ngokunemba okuphelele. Vele, abantu abanesandla esihle kwesinye isikhathi bayadingeka. Isimemo noma ikhadi lokubingelela elibhalwe ngesandla se-calligraphic libukeka liheha kakhulu kuneliphrintiwe. Kodwa-ke, akunakwenzeka ukuthola umuntu emhlabeni ophucukile ongaziphilisa ngokubhala ngesandla kuphela. Khonamanjalo, ubungcweti bombhali bavela ezikhathini zasendulo, futhi abameleli bayo ngaso sonke isikhathi babejabulela inhlonipho namalungelo. EYurophu ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yokuqala yeminyaka A.D. e. i-scriptoria yaqala ukuvela - izibonelo zezindlu zesimanje zokuphrinta, lapho izincwadi zaziphinda zenziwe ngesandla ngokubhala kabusha. Igalelo lokuqala elibucayi emkhakheni wababhali labhekiswa ekubhaleni, futhi ekugcineni kwaqedwa ukwakhiwa komshini wokubhala. Ababhali akufanele badidaniswe nababhali. Ezingxenyeni ze-Cossack eMbusweni waseRussia, kwakukhona isikhundla sikamabhalane wezempi, kodwa lokhu kwase kuyisikhundla esibi kakhulu, futhi umuntu owayekuso ngokuqinisekile akazange azibhalele amaphepha asemthethweni. Kwakukhona nomabhalane abavamile eRussia. Umuntu ophethe lesi sikhundla ubephethe ukugeleza kwamadokhumenti esakhiweni esifanayo sokuphathwa kwendawo.
7. Ngemuva kokuphuza ingilazi yokuqala yevodka efulethini likanjiniyela waseMoscow, uTsar Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible emdlalweni kaMikhail Bulgakov noma ifilimu ethi "Ivan Vasilyevich Changes His Profession", ubuza umninindlu ukuthi ngabe umninindlu wenza i-vodka. Ngokususelwa kulo mbuzo, umuntu angacabanga ukuthi ubuchwepheshe balabo abagcina izindlu noma abagcini bezindlu kwakuyiziphuzo ezidakayo. Kodwa-ke, akunjalo. Umgcini wokhiye noma umgcini wokhiye - igama lomsebenzi lo livela egameni elithi "ukhiye", ngoba babegcina okhiye bawo wonke amakamelo asendlini - empeleni lo, nguyena jikelele phakathi kwezisebenzi ezisendlini noma efeni. Umndeni womnikazi kuphela owawumdala kunomgcini wendlu. Umphathi wendlu wayebhekele kuphela itafula neziphuzo zenkosi. Ngaphansi kokuqondiswa kukanozinti omkhulu, kwathengwa ukudla kwahanjiswa futhi kwahanjiswa, ukudla kwakulungiswa kuphakwe etafuleni. Ukudla neziphuzo obekulungiselelwe ngokufanele bekusezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu. Umbuzo "Ingabe umninindlu wenza i-vodka?" kwakungeke kubuzwe enkosini. Njengenketho, enganelisekile ngokunambitheka kwe-vodka, angacacisa, bathi, noma ngabe kungumnikazi wendlu, hhayi omunye umuntu. Okungenani ekhaya, okungenani emcimbini - u-Ivan Vasilyevich akayanga ukuvakashela abavamile - bakhonze i-vodka eyenziwe ngumgcini wendlu. Cishe ngekhulu le-17, abagcini abakhulu baqala ukunyamalala emizini yezicukuthwane. Ingxenye yesifazane yomndeni womnikazi yaqala ukubamba iqhaza elibonakalayo ekuphatheni indlu. Futhi indawo yomgcini wendlu yathathwa ngumphathizitsha noma umphathi wendlu.
"Ngabe umphathi wendlu wenze i-vodka?"
Imigqa emibili evela kwezothando eyaziwa kakhulu “Coachman, ungawashayeli amahhashi. Anginayo enye indawo engingashesha kuyo ”ichaza ngokumangazayo ngokusobala ingqophamlando yomsebenzi womqeqeshi - uthwala abantu begibele amahhashi, futhi kulaba bantu abaphansi. Konke kwaqala ngokujaha - umsebenzi okhethekile wombuso ngomusa. Inhloso yokujaha ibukeka kanjena. Isikhulu samaphoyisa noma esinye isikhundla safika kulo muzi futhi sathi: “Nangu wena, nalaba ababili lapho. Lapho nje kufika iposi noma abagibeli bevela eNeplyuevka engomakhelwane, kufanele ubathathe ngamahhashi akho uye eZaplyuevka. Ukhululekile! " Kusobala ngokulangazelela okungakanani kwabalimi abawenza lo msebenzi. Izinhlamvu zalahleka ngabagibeli noma zazinyakaziswa ezinqoleni izinsuku, noma zaphahlazeka ngesikhathi sokugibela. Ngekhulu le-18, baqala ukubuyisela ukuhleleka, bekhetha abaqeqeshi ekilasini elikhethekile. Babenendawo yokulima, futhi babekhokhelwa ukulethwa kweposi nabagibeli. Abaqeqeshi bahlala ezindaweni zonke ezisemadolobheni, yingakho inqwaba yemigwaqo iTverskiye-Yamskaya eMoscow, ngokwesibonelo. Ohambweni olude, amahhashi ayeshintshwa eziteshini zeposi. Izibalo zemfundiso yokuthi mangaki amahhashi okufanele abe khona esiteshini azihambisananga nesidingo sangempela samahhashi. Ngakho-ke izikhalazo ezingapheli zokuthi awekho amahhashi ezincwadini zaseRussia. Ababhali kungenzeka ukuthi bebengazi ukuthi ngemuva kokukhokha intela ejwayelekile - amakhophi angama-40 omshayeli nehhashi ngalinye namakhophi angama-80 kumgcini wesiteshi - amahhashi atholakale ngokushesha. Abashayeli babenamanye amaqhinga futhi, ngoba imali etholakalayo yayixhomeke emzileni, nokuthi abagibeli abangaki bahamba ngayo, nokuthi mangaki ama-imeyili athuthwayo, njll. Kuyadingeka ukujabulisa abagibeli ngezingoma, ngoba kuthinta inkokhelo. Ngokuvamile, okuthile okufana nabashayeli bamatekisi bezikhathi zaseSoviet ezedlule - kubonakala sengathi baqhutshwa ngepeni, kepha bathola imali enhle impela. Ijubane lezokuthutha (elijwayelekile) kwakungu-8 versts ngehora entwasahlobo nasekwindla kanye nama-versts ayi-10 ngehora ehlobo nasebusika. Ngokwesilinganiso, ehlobo, babeshayela amavesti ayi-100 noma ngaphezudlwana, ebusika, ngisho namavesti angama-200 ayengahamba ngezihlibhi. Abaqeqeshi bancishiswa kuphela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19, ngokuthuthukiswa kwezokuxhumana kwezitimela. Basebenza ezindaweni eziqhelile ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20.
9. Kuze kube ngu-1897, igama elithi "ikhompyutha" belingasho nhlobo ikhompyutha, kepha umuntu. Kakade ngekhulu le-17, kwavela isidingo sezibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi zezibalo zezibalo. Ezinye zazo zithathe amasonto. Akwaziwa ukuthi ngubani owaba ngowokuqala ukufika nombono wokwahlukanisa lezi zibalo zibe izingxenye ezithile futhi azisabalalise kubantu abehlukene, kodwa kakade engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-18, izazi zezinkanyezi zazinakho lokhu njengomkhuba wansuku zonke. Kancane kancane kwacaca ukuthi umsebenzi wokubala wenziwa ngempumelelo kakhulu ngabesifazane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenza kwabesifazane ngaso sonke isikhathi kwakukhokhelwa imali engaphansi kweyabesilisa. Kwaqala ukuvela amahhovisi ekhompyutha, abasebenzi bawo abangaqashwa ukuba benze umsebenzi wesikhathi esisodwa. Umsebenzi wezibali wasetshenziswa e-United States ukuklama ibhomu le-athomu nokulungisa izindiza zasemkhathini. Futhi izibalo eziyisithupha kufanele zikhunjulwe ngamagama. UFran Bilas, uKay McNulty, uMarilyn Weskoff, uBetty Jean Jennings, uBetty Snyder noRuth Lichterman bangcwabe umsebenzi wokubala ngezandla zabo. Babambe iqhaza ezinhlelweni ze-analogue yokuqala yamakhompyutha wanamuhla - umshini waseMelika i-ENIAC. Kwakungenxa yokufika kwekhompyutha lapho ama-calculator anyamalala njengesigaba.
10. Abamele umphakathi wamasela ahleliwe bebengebona abokuqala “ukuzihlupha ngezinwele”. Le "fen" ibikhulunywa ngohlu olukhethekile lwabadayisi abazulazulayo ekwenziweni nakwezinye izimpahla zezimboni, ezibizwa nge "offen". Akekho owaziyo futhi namanje akazi ukuthi zavelaphi.Othile ubabheka njengabahlali abangamaGrikhi, omunye - ababengama-buffoon, amaqembu abo (futhi kwakukhona idlanzana labo) ahlakazeka ngekhulu le-17 ngobunzima obukhulu. U-Ofeni uvele ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18 - 19. Babehlukile kubathengisi abajwayelekile ngokuthi bakhuphukela ezigodini ezikude kakhulu futhi bakhuluma ulimi lwabo olwehlukile. Kwakuwulimi olwaluphawuleka futhi luphawuleka ngenhlangano. Uhlelo lolimi, wayefana nabantu baseRussia, kwabolekwa inani elikhulu kuphela lezimpande, ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka ukuthi umuntu ongazilungiselele aqonde ulimi. Omunye umehluko obalulekile ukuthi babedayisa kakhulu izincwadi, okwakuyivelakancane emadolobhaneni nasemadolobheni akude namadolobha. Abakwa-Ofeni banyamalala empilweni yasemakhaya ngokuzuma njengoba bavele kuyo. Cishe, ukuhweba kwabo kwaba okungenanzuzo ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa kwabalimi ngemuva kokuqedwa kweserfdom. Abalimi abacebile baqala ukuvula izitolo zezohwebo ezigodini zabo, nesidingo semishini yasehhovisi sanyamalala.
