Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqizwa nokukhiqizwa kabusha kwamafilimu opopayi abangaphansi kweminyaka engu-150 ubudala, kepha phakathi nalesi sikhathi esifushane ngamazinga omlando, baxhuma kakhulu entuthukweni. Ukuboniswa kwezithombe ezimbalwa ezifiphele kwabayishumi nabantu abakhethiwe kwathathelwa indawo ngamahholo amakhulu anesikrini esikhulu ne-acoustics enhle kakhulu. Abalingiswa bekhathuni bavame ukubukeka bengcono kunabalingani babo ababukhoma. Kwesinye isikhathi kubukeka sengathi ukugqwayiza akukafakwa esikhundleni sebhayisikobho kuphela ngenxa yokuhawukela imboni yamafilimu noma ngenxa yesivumelwano esingashiwongo sokungaxoshi izinkulungwane zozakwabo emgwaqweni ngoba nje zingadonswa ngekhwalithi ephezulu.
Ukugqwayiza kukhule kwaba imboni enamandla ngokuthengiswa kwezigidigidi zamaRandi. Akusamangalisi ukuthi imali engenayo yamakhathuni anobude obedlula imali engenayo yamafilimu amaningi wezinto. Futhi ngasikhathi sinye, kwabaningi, ukubuka ifilimu egqwayizayo kuyithuba lesikhashana lokubuyela ebuntwaneni, lapho izihlahla zazinkulu, imibala yayikhanya, bonke ububi bomhlaba babumelwe ngumlingiswa oyedwa wenganekwane, futhi abadali bamakhathuni babebonakala bengabathakathi bangempela.
1. Uma ungangeni kokuqukethwe yilo daba ungabheka kalula i-cinema e-animated njengomfowenu omncane webhayisikobho “enkulu”, “ebucayi”. Eqinisweni, zonke lezi zilwane ezincane ezihlekisayo nabantu abancane abakwazi ukuba ngunozala bamadoda nabesifazane abanzima, kwesinye isikhathi abaphila impilo yonke ihora elilodwa nengxenye esikrinini. Eqinisweni, izindaba eziphathelene nomthelela oshaqisayo wefilimu yabazalwane baseLumière ngokufika kwesitimela kubabukeli bokuqala ziba nehaba kakhulu. Ubuchwepheshe bokubonisa izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezithombe ezihambayo, yize zingaphelele, bezikhona kusukela ngawo-1820s. Futhi zazingagcini nje ngokuba khona, kepha zazisetshenziselwa ukuthengisa. Ngokuyinhloko, kwashicilelwa amasethi aphelele amadiski ayisithupha, ahlanganiswe icebo elilodwa. Ngenxa yokungavuthwa komphakathi ngaleso sikhathi, abantu abasebenzayo bathenga ama-phenakistiscopes (amadivayisi abizwa ngokuthi aqukethe isibani se-incandescent kanye nesiphethu sewashi esizungeza idiski ngemidwebo) futhi, ngaphandle kokucabanga ngezinkinga ze-copyright, bahlela ukubukwa komphakathi okukhokhelwayo kwemikhiqizo emisha enamagama amangazayo afana ne "Fantasy pantomime" noma "Idiski elimangalisayo".
Ibhayisikobho yayisekude kakhulu ...
2. Ukungaqiniseki ngosuku oluqondile lokuvela kwamafilimu opopayi kuholele ekungqubuzaneni okuthile ekubekeni usuku lweholide lobungcweti lama-animators. Kusukela ngo-2002, ibigubha ngomhlaka-28 Okthoba. Ngalolu suku ngo-1892, u-Emile Reynaud wabonisa izithombe zakhe ezihambayo emphakathini okokuqala ngqa. Kodwa-ke, abaningi, kufaka phakathi abenzi bamafilimu baseRussia bakholelwa ukuthi usuku lokuvela kwe-animation kufanele lubhekwe ngo-Agasti 30, 1877, lapho uReino enelungelo lobunikazi ebhokisini lakhe lamakhukhi, enamathiselwe ngemidwebo.
U-Emile Reynaud ubelokhu esebenza izinsimbi zakhe cishe iminyaka engama-30
3. Umdwebi odumile waseRussia u-Alexander Shiryaev uthathwa njengomsunguli wamakhathuni opopayi. Ngempela, wahlomisa ikhophi encane yethiyetha ye-ballet endlini yakhe futhi wakwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha ngokunembile imidlalo eminingi ye-ballet. Ukunemba kokudubula kwakuphezulu kakhulu (futhi lokhu kwenzeka eminyakeni yokuqala yekhulu lama-20) ukuthi kamuva abaqondisi bakusebenzisa ukukhiqiza ukusebenza. UShiryaev akazange asungule inqubo yakhe empilweni enhle. Abaphathi bamathiyetha ombuso bamenqabela ukuthi adubule amabhalethi bukhoma, futhi inqubo ye-cinematographic yaleyo minyaka yashiya kakhulu - uShiryaev wasebenzisa ikhamera yefilimu engu-17.5 mm "iBiocam". Ukudubula onodoli ngokuhlangana nozimele abadonselwe ngesandla kumsizile wakwazi ukufeza ukushelela okudingekayo kokunyakaza.
Alexander Shiryaev wakwazi ukufeza iqiniso lesithombe ngezindlela eziphansi
4. Cishe ngokufana noShiryaev, esinye isihloko soMbuso waseRussia, uVladislav Starevich, wasungula inqubo efanayo yokugqwayiza. Ngisho nasesikhungweni sokuvivinya umzimba, uStarevich wayebandakanyeka ezinambuzaneni, futhi akazange enze izilwane ezigcwele kuphela, kodwa futhi namamodeli. Ngemuva kokuphothula esikoleni, waba ngumgcini womnyuziyamu, futhi wanikeza indawo yakhe entsha yokusebenza ama-albhamu amabili wezithombe ezinhle kakhulu. Ikhwalithi yabo ibiphakeme kakhulu kangangokuba umqondisi walenyuziyamu unikeze isisebenzi esisha ikhamera ye-movie, esikisela ukuthi bathathe into eseyintsha ngaleso sikhathi - cinema. UStarevich wadinwa ngumqondo wokuqopha imibhalo mayelana nezinambuzane, kepha wabhekana nenkinga engenakuxazululeka - ngokukhanyisa okudingekayo kokudubula okugcwele, izinambuzane zawela emanyaleni. UStarevich akazange adikibale futhi waqala ukususa izilwane ezazigxishiwe, wazihambisa ngobuciko. Ngo-1912, wakhipha ifilimu ethi The Beautiful Lucinda, noma iMpi YeBarbel neStag. Ifilimu, lapho izinambuzane zazingamaqhawe amanoveli angama-knightly, yagcwala emhlabeni wonke. Isizathu esiyinhloko sokunconywa kwakuwumbuzo: umbhali ukwazile kanjani ukwenza "abalingisi" abaphilayo basebenze ngohlaka?
Starevich nabalingisi bakhe
5. Ikhathuni elinemali enkulu kunazo zonke emlandweni walolu hlobo lenziwa inganekwane kaH. H. Andersen "The Snow Queen". Ikhathuni ebizwa ngeFrozen yakhishwa ngo-2013. Isabelomali saso sasingu- $ 150 million, kanti imali ekhokhwayo yeqa ku- $ 1.276 billion. Eminye emakhathuni ayi-6 aqoqwe ngaphezulu kwamadola ayisigidigidi, wonke akhishwa ngo-2010 nangemva kwalokho. Kodwa-ke, ukukalwa kwamakhathuni ehhovisi lamabhokisi kunokweqile futhi kunalokho kukhombisa ukukhuphuka kwamanani amathikithi kumabhayisikobho kunokuthandwa kwekhathuni. Isibonelo, indawo eyi-100 esilinganisweni ithathwa ngumdwebo othi "Bambi", kusukela ngo-1942, uqoqe ngaphezu kwama-dollar ayizigidi ezingama-267. Ithikithi eliya ebhayisikobho lombukiso wakusihlwa ngempelasonto bese libiza amasenti angama-20. Manje ukuya esimisweni kuzobiza okungenani izikhathi eziyikhulu ngaphezulu e-United States.
6. Ngaphandle kokuthi abantu abaningi abenza izinto ezibalulekile bangena emlandweni wezithombe, iWalt Disney kufanele ibhekwe njengenguquko enkulu emhlabeni wezithombe. Kungenzeka ukuthi abhale intuthuko yakhe isikhathi eside kakhulu, kepha impumelelo ebaluleke kakhulu ye-animator enkulu yaseMelika bekungukuhlelwa kokukhiqizwa kwamafilimu opopayi cishe kwezimboni. Kwakungenxa yeDisney ukuthi opopayi bokuqopha baba umsebenzi weqembu elikhulu, bayeka ukuba yimisebenzi yezandla yabathandi abenza konke ngezandla zabo. Ngenxa yokwehlukaniswa kwabasebenzi, iqembu lobuciko linesikhathi sokwenza nokusebenzisa izixazululo ezintsha. Futhi ukuxhaswa ngezimali okukhulu kwamaphrojekthi wezithombe kwenziwa opopayi bancintisana namafilimu wesici.
UWalt Disney nomlingiswa wakhe oyinhloko
7. Ubudlelwano bukaWalt Disney nabasebenzi bakhe abukaze bube buphelele. Bamshiya, intuthuko eyebiwe ngokuphindaphindiwe evulekile, njll. UDisney naye wayengeyena owazi ubuwula nokuzikhukhumeza. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, bonke abasebenzi bebengambizi lutho ngaphandle kokuthi "Walt". Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abangaphansi bafaka izinti emasondweni omqashi ngesikhathi sokuqala. Ngelinye ilanga wayalela ukuhlobisa izindonga zegumbi lokudlela lasehhovisi ngezithombe zabalingiswa bekhathuni. Iqembu liphikisile - akuwona wonke umuntu oyothanda uma umsebenzi ukubheka egumbini lokudlela. AbakwaDisney basayala ukuthi bakwenze ngendlela yakhe, futhi bathola ukuphoqa - bakhuluma naye kuphela uma kunesidingo esisemthethweni ngokweqile. Imidwebo bekufanele ipendwe ngaphezulu, kepha uDisney waziphindiselela. Ehholo elikhulu leDisney World eFlorida, lapho kunezibalo ezihambayo zabantu abadumile, wabeka ikhanda likaMongameli uLincoln, elihlukaniswe nesifuba, phakathi kwetafula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, leli khanda limemeze abasebenzi abangena ehholo, babamukela. Ngenhlanhla, konke kwavele kwaba ukuquleka okumbalwa.
8. I-Museum of Animation ibisebenza eMoscow kusukela ngonyaka we-2006. Naphezu kwentsha yomnyuziyamu, abasebenzi bayo bakwazile ukuqoqa iqoqo elibalulekile lemibukiso, belandisa ngomlando wokugqwayiza komhlaba nangopopayi banamuhla. Ngokuyinhloko, iHholo Lomlando Wezilwane liqukethe abaphambili bezithombe zesimanje: isibani somlingo, i-praxinoscope, i-zootrope, njll. Futhi kukhombisa uPoor Pierrot, omunye wamakhathuni okuqala emhlabeni, adutshulwe ngumFulentshi u-Emile Reynaud. Abasebenzi baseMnyuziyamu benza izindawo ezahlukahlukene zokuzijabulisa nezokufunda. Esikhathini sabo, izingane azikwazi nje kuphela ukujwayelana nenqubo yokudala amakhathuni, kodwa futhi zibambe iqhaza ekuqopheni kwazo.
9. Umqondisi nomqwayizi waseRussia uYuri Norshtein uzuze izindondo ezimbili ezihlukile. Ngo-1984, ikhathuni yakhe ethi "A Tale of Fairy Tales" yamukelwa njengefilimu ehamba phambili kunazo zonke ezenziwa yi-American Academy of Motion Picture Arts (le nhlangano iklonyelisa i- "Oscar" edumile). Ngo-2003, inhlolovo efanayo yabagxeki nabaqondisi bamafilimu yawina ikhathuni kaNorstein ethi "Hedgehog in the Fog". Okungenzeka kakhulu, asikho isandulela sokunye ukuphumelela komqondisi: kusukela ngo-1981 kuze kube manje ubesebenza kwifilimu enopopayi esuselwa endabeni kaNikolai Gogol ethi "The Overcoat".
10. Impisi ekhathuni elidumile lika-Eduard Nazarov "Kudala kwakukhona inja" nemikhuba yayo ifana noHumpback - umlingiswa ka-Armen Dzhigarkhanyan ovela kumdlalo webhanyabhanya we-TV odumile "Indawo yomhlangano ayinakuguqulwa". Ukufana akwenzi ngengozi nakancane. Kakade ekuqhutshweni kokuhlikihla umqondisi uqaphele ukuthi izwi lika-Dzhigarkhanyan alihambelani nesithombe esithambile se-Wolf. Ngakho-ke, cishe zonke izigcawu ezine-Wolf zenziwa kabusha ukuze zimnikeze uhlobo lwe-gangster flavour. Ingoma yokuphuza yase-Ukraine, ezwakala kwikhathuni, ayizange iqoshwe ngokukhethekile - yanikezwa umqondisi ovela eMnyuziyamu Wezobuchwepheshe eKiev, lokhu kungukusebenza okuyiqiniso kwengoma yesintu. Engxenyeni yaseMelika yekhathuni, iWolf yashiwo yisilomo sikazwelonke uChris Kristofferson. ENorway, umklomelo we-Eurovision u-Alexander Rybak wadlala indawo ye-Wolf, kanti uMorten Harket, owayengumculi we "A-Ha", wayengumlingani wakhe endimeni ye-Dog. Inja "yaseNdiya" ivezwe yisihlabani se- "Disco Dancer" uMithun Chakraborty.
11. Umhleli womculo wochungechunge lwe-animated "Awu, linda!" Gennady Krylov wabonisa erudition ephawulekayo zomculo. Ngaphezu kwezingoma ezidumile ezenziwa ngabaculi abadumile baseSoviet kusuka kuVladimir Vysotsky kuya kuMuslim Magomayev, ukuzidela kweWolf neHare kuhambisana nezingoma ezenziwa ngabaculi manje abangaziwa ngokuphelele. Isibonelo, ezingomeni ezahlukahlukene zochungechunge nemiculo kudlalwa nguHungary Tamás Deják, polka Halina Kunitskaya, orchestra weNational People's Army of the GDR, German Guido Masalski, Hazi Osterwald ensemble noma i-orchestra yomdanso womsakazo waseHungary. Kusukela isiqephu sesi-8, uGennady Gladkov ubambe iqhaza emculweni wekhathuni, kepha uhlaka aluzange lushintshe: ama-hits afakwa nezingoma ezingaziwa.
12. Isitudiyo esikhulu kunazo zonke saseSoviet i- “Soyuzmultfilm” sakhiwa ngo-1936 ngaphansi kwethonya elisobala lempumelelo yezinkampani ezinkulu zaseMelika zokugqwayiza. Cishe ngokushesha, isitudiyo sakwazi kahle inqubo yokudweba, okwenze ukuthi kusheshe kakhulu ukukhiqiza. Kodwa-ke, ngokushesha okukhulu, ubuholi obuphezulu bezwe (nesitudiyo savulwa ngokuyalelwa ngu-IV Stalin) babona ukuthi amavolumu aseMelika awadonswa yiSoviet Union, futhi ayengadingeki. Ngakho-ke, kwagcizelelwa ikhwalithi yamakhathuni akhiqizwayo. Abaphathi banqume konke nalapha: amakhosi asevele efezekisiwe anikezwe isibopho sokuqeqesha abantu abasha kwizifundo ezikhethekile. Kancane kancane, indawo yokulondolozwa kwabasebenzi yaqala ukuzibonakalisa, kwathi iminyaka yama-1970 kuya kowe-1980 yaba usuku oluhle lweSoyuzmultfilm. Naphezu kokusalela emuva okukhulu kwezezimali, abaqondisi baseSoviet bashutha amafilimu ayengekho ngaphansi, futhi kwesinye isikhathi aze adlula namazinga omhlaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu bekuthinta imikhiqizo elula elula nemidwebo enikeza izixazululo ezintsha.
13. Ngenxa yezici ezikhethekile zokusatshalaliswa kwamafilimu eSoviet, akunakwenzeka ukwenza isilinganiso sopopayi baseSoviet ngenani lababukeli ababuke ikhathuni. Uma kunemininingwane efanelekile kumafilimu wezinto, khona-ke opopayi kumabhayisikobho baboniswa kahle kumaqoqo noma njengesakhiwo esandulela ifilimu. Izithameli eziyinhloko zamakhathuni zazibabuka kuthelevishini, izilinganiso zazo ezazinenzuzo yokugcina kuziphathimandla zaseSoviet. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlolwa okulinganiselwe kwenhloso yekhathuni yaseSoviet kungaba ukulinganiswa kwezindawo ezihloniphekile zamafilimu. Yini okuyisici: izilinganiso ze-Internet Movie Database kanye nezindawo zeKinopoisk kwesinye isikhathi ziyehluka ngokweshumi kwephuzu, kepha opopayi abayishumi abaphezulu bayafana. Lawa "Kudala kwakukhona inja", "Awu, linda!", "Abathathu abavela eProstokvashino", "uWinnie the Pooh", "Kid noCarlson", "Abaculi Bremen Town", "Gena Crocodile", "Return of the Prodigal Parrot", "Snow indlovukazi ”kanye ne" The Adventures of Leopold the Cat ".
14. Emlandweni wakamuva wokugqwayiza waseRussia sekuvele kunamakhasi okufanele siziqhenye ngawo. Ifilimu ethi "Three Heroes on Distant Shores", eyakhishwa ngo-2012, yathola imali engamaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-31.5, okuyibeke endaweni yesi-12 isiyonke ekuklelweni kwaseRussia njengopopayi abathola imali ephezulu kakhulu. I-Top 50 nayo ifaka phakathi: "U-Ivan Tsarevich noGrey Wolf" (indawo ka-2011, 20, $ 24.8 million), "Amaqhawe Amathathu: i-Knight's Move" (2014, $ 30, $ 19.4 million). ), "U-Ivan Tsarevich noGrey Wolf 2" (2014, 32, 19.3 million dollars), "Amaqhawe amathathu nendlovukazi yaseShamakhan" (2010, 33, 19 million dollars), "Amaqhawe amathathu nenkosazana yaseGibhithe" (2017, 49, 14.4 million dollars) kanye nama "Three heroes and the sea king" (2016, 50, 14 million dollars).
15. Enye yezingxenye zochungechunge lwama-animated lwaseRussia "Masha neBhele" ngo-2018 yaba yividiyo engeyona yomculo ethandwa kakhulu ethunyelwe ekusingatheni ividiyo ye-YouTube. Uchungechunge oluthi "Masha and Porridge", olulayishwe kule nsizakalo ngoJanuwari 31, 2012, lubukwe izikhathi eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-3.53 ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli 2019. Sekukonke, ividiyo evela esiteshini i- "Masha neBhele" ithole ukubukwa okungaphezulu kwezigidigidi ezingama-5.82.
16. Kusukela ngo-1932, kuklonyeliswe umklomelo okhethekile we-Academy Award we-Best Animated Short (washintshelwa ku-Animated ngo-1975). UWalt Disney uzohlala engumholi ongenakuphikiswa iminyaka eminingi ezayo. Opopayi bakhe baphakanyiselwe u-Oscar amahlandla angama-39 futhi banqoba ama-12. Umlandeli osondele kakhulu, uNick Park, oqondise iWallace noGromit noShaun the Sheep, unqobe ama-3 kuphela.
17. Ngonyaka wezi-2002 opopayi abagcwele bagcina bephakanyiselwe amagama abo okuthi “Oscar”. Umnqobi wokuqala kwaba "Shrek" odumile kakade. Esikhathini esiningi, i- "Oscar" yefilimu egcwala ngokuphelele yaya emikhiqizweni ka- "Pstrong" - ukuphakanyiswa okungu-10 nokunqoba okungu-9.
18. Zonke izikole ezinkulu zekhathuni zikazwelonke zinezici zazo, kepha ngemuva kokuvela kobuchwepheshe bekhompyutha, izithombe zaqala ukuba uhlobo olufanayo. Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke akuzange kuthinte ama-anime kuphela - opopayi bakazwelonke baseJapan. Akukhulunywa ngamehlo amakhulu nobuso babopopayi bezinhlamvu. Ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-100 ikhona, i-anime isibe ungqimba lwezinto eziphilayo zohlobo oluthile lwesiko laseJapan. Ekuqaleni, opopayi abathwetshulwe ku-Land of the Rising Sun bebehloselwe izethameli ezindadlana emhlabeni jikelele. Izinzwa, izinkolelo zokuziphatha, izinkomba zomlando namasiko, eziqondakala kuphela kumaJapane, zafakwa ezifundeni. Izici zesimo se-anime nazo ziyizingoma ezithandwayo ekuqaleni nasekupheleni kwekhathuni, ukwenza kangcono kwezwi, okubhekiswe kubabukeli abancane uma kuqhathaniswa namakhathuni aseNtshonalanga, nokubekwa komkhiqizo omningi - imali engenayo yama-studio e-anime ikakhulu iqukethe ukuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo ehlobene.
19. Ngaphambi kokuvela kwemidwebo yamakhompiyutha, umsebenzi wabadwebi bezithombe zokugqwayiza wawunzima kakhulu futhi uhamba kancane. Alikho ihlaya, ukuze kudutshulwe umzuzu wekhathuni, bekudingeka ukulungiselela nokudubula izithombe eziyi-1,440. Ngakho-ke, ama-bloopers kumakhathuni amadala kakhulu awavamile. Kodwa-ke, inani lozimele ngasikhathi sinye livimbela ababukeli ukuthi bangaqapheli ukunganembi noma ubuphukuphuku - isithombe sishintsha ngokushesha kunaku-movie.Ama-cartoon bloopers abonwa kuphela ngababukeli abacophelelayo. Isibonelo, emakhathuni "Awu, linda!" futhi "Amaholide eProstokvashino" njalo kwenzeka okuthile eminyango. Baguqula ukubukeka kwabo, indawo abakuyo ngisho nohlangothi abavula kulo. Esiqeshini sesi-6 esithi "Hhayi, linda!" Impisi ijaha uMvundla ngasesitimeleni, bese igingqa umnyango wenqola bese indiza iye kolunye uhlangothi. Ikhathuni "uWinnie the Pooh" ngokuvamile libonisa umhlaba onamandla. Kuyo, izihlahla zikhula amagatsha ngenhloso ukuze zikhumule kahle ibhere lindiza phansi (lapho kuphakanyiswa, isiqu sasingenamagatsha), izingulube ziyazi ukuthi zingathumela kanjani ucingo uma kwenzeka ingozi, futhi izimbongolo zidabuka kakhulu kangangokuba zibhubhisa zonke izimila eziseduze kwechibi ngaphandle kokuzithinta.
Ukuqhuma kukanina kaMalume Fedor yiyona blooper evame ukubonwa kakhulu opopayi
20. Ngo-1988, i-American Fox Broadcasting Network yaqala ukusakaza uchungechunge lwama-animated i-The Simpsons. Sekukhishwe amahlaya akhuluma ngempilo yomndeni wesifundazwe saseMelika kanye nomakhelwane bawo amasizini angama-30. Ngalesi sikhathi, ababukeli babone iziqephu ezingaphezu kuka-600. Uchungechunge luye lwazuza ama-Annie nama-Emmy Awards angama-27 lilinye le-Best Television Film kanye neminye imiklomelo eminingi emhlabeni jikelele. Umbukiso unenkanyezi yawo eHollywood Walk of Fame. Ku-The Simpsons, bahlekisa cishe nganoma yini futhi badlale noma yini abayifunayo. Lokhu kudale ukuphindaphinda kwabadali, kepha lolu daba alukafiki ekuvinjelweni noma ezinyathelweni ezibucayi. Lolu chungechunge lufakwe kathathu eGuinness Book of Records: njengochungechunge olude kunawo wonke asebenza kumabonakude, njengochungechunge olunabalingiswa abaphambili (151), nanjengochungechunge olunezinkanyezi ezivakashelwa kakhulu.
Abanikazi bamarekhodi
