UMarat Akhtyamov
U-Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin (1932 - 1898) uyinkanyezi ekhanya kakhulu emthaleni wamakhosi wezwe laseRussia. Akekho owabonisa ikhono elikhulu ekuboniseni imvelo yaseRussia. Wonke umsebenzi wakhe wawungaphansi komqondo wokubonisa ubuhle bemvelo ngokweqiniso ngangokunokwenzeka.
Amakhulu emisebenzi aqhamuka ngaphansi kwebhulashi, ipensela kanye nokusika kwe-Shishkin. Kunemidwebo engamakhulu amaningana iyodwa. Ngasikhathi sinye, kunzima kakhulu ukuzihlela ngesikhathi sokubhala noma ngekhono. Vele, eneminyaka engama-60, wapenda ngendlela ehlukile kunaleyo eneminyaka engama-20. Kodwa akukho mehluko obukhali kumatimu, amasu noma amacebo ombala phakathi kwemidwebo kaShishkin.
Ukufana okunjalo, kuhambisana nobulula bangaphandle, kudlale ihlaya elinonya ngefa likaShishkin lokudala. Abantu abaningi ababambe iqhaza ekudwebeni, ulwazi ngomdwebo, noma izingcezu zolwazi ngomdwebo, babheka umdwebo we-I.I.Shishkin njengolula, noma owakudala. Lokhu okubonakala kulula kwakusetshenziswa ngabakhangisi, noma ngabe babizwa kanjani eRussia ngesikhathi sokushintsha kombuso wezepolitiki. Ngenxa yalokhu, ngasikhathi sinye uShishkin wayengabonakala yonke indawo: kokuphinda kukhiqizwe, amatagi, amaswidi, njll. Kwakukhona isimo sengqondo ngoShishkin njengomkhiqizi wento ethile eyisicefe nengapheli.
Eqinisweni, umsebenzi ka-Ivan Shishkin uhlukile futhi unezici eziningi. Udinga nje ukwazi ukubona lokhu kuhlukahluka. Kepha ngalokhu udinga ukwazi ulimi lokudweba, imicimbi ebalulekile kusuka ku-biography yomculi futhi ukwazi ukwenza imizamo yobuhlakani yokuyiqonda.
1. U-Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin wazalelwa e-Elabuga (manje eyiTatarstan). Ubaba wakhe u-Ivan Vasilievich Shishkin wayeyindoda enesiphiwo, kepha engeneshwa ngokuphelele ebhizinisini. Ngemuva kokuthola njengesiqu somthengisi wenhlangano yesibili, wathengisa ngokungaphumeleli kangangoba waqala wabhalisela inhlangano yesithathu, wabe eseshiya ngokuphelele kubathengisi abasezingeni eliphakathi. Kepha e-Elabuga wayenegunya elikhulu njengososayensi. Wakha amanzi edolobheni, ngaleso sikhathi okwakuyivelakancane emadolobheni amakhulu. U-Ivan Vasilyevich wayazi ngezigayo futhi wabhala ngisho nencwajana yokwakhiwa kwazo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uShishkin Sr. wayethanda umlando kanye nemivubukulo. Wavula indawo yokungcwaba yasendulo i-Ananinsky eduze ne-Yelabuga, lapho akhethwa khona njengelungu elihambelanayo le-Moscow Archaeological Society. Iminyaka eminingana u-Ivan Vasilievich wayeyiMeya.
U-Ivan Vasilievich Shishkin
2. Ukudweba kwakulula ku-Ivan futhi kwathatha cishe sonke isikhathi sakhe sokuphumula. Ngemuva kokufunda iminyaka emine eFirst Kazan Gymnasium, engenye yezinto ezinhle kakhulu ezweni, wenqaba ukuqhubeka nezifundo zakhe. Wayengafuni ukuba umthengisi noma isikhulu. Kwaphela iminyaka emine, umndeni ubulwela ikusasa lendodana encane, eyayifuna ukufundela ukudweba (“ukuba ngumdwebi” ngokusho kukanina). Kuphela eneminyaka engama-20 lapho abazali bakhe bavuma ukumvumela ukuba aye eMoscow School of Painting and Sculpture.
Ukuzimela ebusheni bakhe
3. Naphezu kokubuyekezwa okungathandeki okujwayelekile ngesimo sezepolitiki nesamasiko eRussia maphakathi nekhulu le-19, isimilo seMoscow School of Painting and Sculpture besikhululekile ngokuphelele Lesi sikole sasiyisilinganiso esilinganayo sezikole zaseSoviet zokufundisa - abaphothule kahle kakhulu baya ukuyofunda ngokuqhubekayo e-Academy of Arts, abanye bangasebenza njengothisha umdwebo. Empeleni, bafuna into eyodwa kubafundi - ukuthi basebenze ngaphezulu. USshishkin osemncane wayedinga nje. Omunye wabangani bakhe encwadini wayemsola ngobumnene, ethi uSokolniki wayesevele wakhipha konke kabusha. Yebo, ngaleyo minyaka uSokolniki noSviblovo babengamaphupho, lapho abadwebi be-landscape baqhubeka ngemidwebo.
Ukwakhiwa kweMoscow School of Painting and Sculpture
4. Esikoleni, uShishkin wenza ama-etchings akhe okuqala. Akazange alahle ihluzo nokuphrinta. Ngesisekelo somhlangano omncane we-Artists 'Artel ngo-1871, i-Society of Russian Aquafortists yadalwa. UShishkin wayengomunye wabokuqala eRussia abaqala ukuphatha ukuqoshwa kwezithombe njengohlobo oluhlukile lokudweba. Ukuhlolwa kokuqala kwama-engravers kuhlole kabanzi ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuphindaphinda imisebenzi eyenziwe ngomumo eyenziwe ngomdwebo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uShishkin, walwela ukudala ukuqoshwa kwangempela. Washicilela ama-albhamu amahlanu ama-etchings futhi waba ngumqophi ohamba phambili eRussia.
Okuqoshwe "Amafu ngaphezulu kweGrove"
5. Kusukela ebusheni bakhe, u-Ivan Ivanovich waphenduka kabuhlungu kakhulu ekuhloleni kwangaphandle kwemisebenzi yakhe. Kodwa-ke, akumangalisi - umndeni, ngenxa yesithiyo sabo, wamsiza kancane, ngakho-ke inhlalakahle yomculi, kusukela lapho eshiya eMoscow, cishe yayixhomeke empumelelweni yakhe. Kamuva, lapho esemdala, wayezophatheka kabi lapho i-Academy, ibonge kakhulu omunye wemisebenzi yakhe, imnikeza i-oda, futhi inganiki isihloko sobuprofesa. I-oda belihloniphekile, kepha alinikanga lutho ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo. E-tsarist Russia, ngisho nezikhulu zamasosha zazithenga imiklomelo ngokwazo. Futhi isihloko sikaprofesa sanikeza imali engenayo ehlala njalo.
6. Esengenile e-Academy of Arts, uShishkin wachitha izinkathi eziningi zasehlobo zasehlobo - njengoba iSikole sasibiza lokho okwakungase kubizwe ngokuthi inqubo yezimboni - esichithwa kuValaam. Uhlobo lwesiqhingi, olusenyakatho neLake Ladoga, luhehe lo mculi. Njalo lapho eshiya uBhalami, wayeqala ukucabanga ngokubuyela. KuValami, wafunda ukwenza imidwebo emikhulu yamapeni, okwakuthi ngisho nezifundiswa kwesinye isikhathi zikuthathe njengokuqoshwa. Ngokusebenza kukaValami, uShishkin wanikezwa imiklomelo eminingana ye-Academy, kufaka phakathi iGold Gold Medal enegama elithi "Worth"
Omunye wemidwebo kaValami
7. U-Ivan Ivanovich akathandanga izwe lakubo hhayi nje kuphela njengendalo yamathafa. NgeMedali Enkulu yeGolide, ngasikhathi sinye wathola ilungelo lohambo olude olukhokhelwayo lwebhizinisi lokudala phesheya. Ngokubheka imali engenayo yomculi, lokhu kungaba yithuba lokuqala nelokugcina empilweni. Kepha uShishkin ucele ubuholi be-Academy ukuthi bususe uhambo lwakhe lwangaphandle ngohambo oluya eKama naseVolga oluya eCaspian Sea. Kwakungezona iziphathimandla kuphela ezashaqeka. Ngisho nabangane abaseduze banxuse lo mculi ukuthi ajoyine izithelo zokukhanyiselwa kwaseYurophu kumakhorasi. Ekugcineni, uShishkin wadela. Ngokuvamile, akukho lutho olunengqondo olwafika kulolu hambo. Amakhosi aseYurophu awazange ammangaze. Umdwebi uzame ukudweba izilwane namakhasi asemadolobheni, kodwa ngokuzithandela noma ngokungathandi, wakhetha uhlobo olucishe lufane noBhalami wakhe amthandayo. Okuwukuphela kwenjabulo kwakuyinjabulo yozakwethu baseYurophu nesithombe esidwetshiwe ngaphansi kwemali ekhokhelwe kusengaphambili eyathathwa eSt. Petersburg, eveza umhlambi wezinkomo ehlathini. UShishkin wabiza iParis ngokuthi "yiBabiloni eliphelele", kepha akazange aye e-Italy: "limnandi kakhulu". Usuka phesheya, uShishkin wabaleka kusenesikhathi, esebenzisa izinyanga zokugcina ezikhokhelwe ukuhlala nokusebenza e-Yelabuga.
Umhlambi wezinkomo owawudume kabi
8. Ukubuyela eSt. Petersburg kwaba ukunqoba komculi. Ngenkathi ehleli e-Yelabuga, imisebenzi yakhe yase-Europe yaqhakaza. NgoSepthemba 12, 1865, waba yisifundiswa. Umdwebo wakhe othi "Buka endaweni eseduze neDusseldorf" wacelwa isikhashana kumnikazi uNikolai Bykov ukuthi akhonjiswe eMbukisweni Womhlaba eParis. Lapho, indwangu kaShishkin yayihlala nemidwebo ka-Aivazovsky noBogolyubov.
Buka eduze kwaseDusseldorf
9. UNikolai Bykov oshiwo ngenhla akagcinanga nje ngokukhokhela uhambo lukaShishkin oluya eYurophu. Eqinisweni, ithonya lakhe kumalungu e-Academy laba yisinqumo endabeni yokubeka lo mculi esihlokweni se-academician. Lapho nje ethola i- "View endaweni eseduze neDusseldorf" ngeposi, wagijimela ukukhombisa isithombe kubaculi abahlonishwayo. Izwi likaBykov lalinesisindo esikhulu emibuthanweni yobuciko. Waphothula iziqu zakhe e-Academy, kodwa akazange abhale lutho. Eyaziwa ngokuzenzela isithombe sakhe kanye nekhophi yesithombe sikaZhukovsky nguKarl Bryullov (kwakuyikhophi eyayidlalwa ku-lottery ukuhlenga uTaras Shevchenko kumaserfs). Kodwa uBykov wayenesipho sokubona kusengaphambili maqondana nabaculi abasha. Wathenga imidwebo ku-Levitsky osemncane, Borovikovsky, Kiprensky, futhi-ke, uShishkin, ekugcineni waqoqa iqoqo elibanzi.
UNikolay Bykov
10. Ehlobo lika-1868, uShishkin, ngaleso sikhathi owayenakekela umculi osemusha uFyodor Vasiliev, wahlangana nodadewabo u-Evgenia Alexandrovna. Kakade ekwindla, badlale umshado. Lezi zithandani bezithandana, kepha umshado awuzange ubalethele injabulo. Umugqa omnyama waqala ngo-1872 - kwashona ubaba ka-Ivan Ivanovich. Ngemuva konyaka, indodana eneminyaka emibili ubudala yabulawa yi-typhus (umculi naye wayegula kakhulu). Ngemva kwakhe, uFyodor Vasilyev wafa. Ngo-Mashi 1874, uShishkin washonelwa ngumkakhe, kwathi ngonyaka olandelayo kwafa enye indodana encane.
U-Evgenia Alexandrovna, unkosikazi wokuqala womculi
11. Ukube u-Shishkin ubengeyena umculi ovelele, ubengaba ngusosayensi wezitshalo. Isifiso sokudlulisa ngokusobala izilwane zasendle samphoqa ukuthi afunde ngokucophelela izitshalo. Wakwenza lokhu phakathi nohambo lwakhe lokuqala oluya eYurophu, nangesikhathi sokuthatha umhlalaphansi (okungukuthi, wenziwa ngokukhokhelwa yi-Academy) uhambo oluya eCzech Republic. Wayehlala njalo enemihlahlandlela yezitshalo nemicroscope eseduze, okwakuyivelakancane kubadwebi bendawo. Kepha ubungokwemvelo beminye imisebenzi yomculi bubukeka buyi-documentary kakhulu.
12. Umsebenzi wokuqala kaShishkin, owathengwa ngumsizi odumile uPavel Tretyakov, kwakungumdwebo othi “Emini. Eduze naseMoscow ”. Umdwebi wayethokoziswa ukunakwa ngumqoqi odumile, futhi waze wakhipha ne-ruble engama-300 ngendwangu. Kamuva, uTretyakov wathenga imidwebo eminingi kaShishkin, futhi amanani abo ayenyuka njalo. Isibonelo, kumdwebo othi "Ihlathi Lompayini. Izingodo ezincane esifundazweni iVyatka ”UTretyakov usekhokhele ama-ruble ayi-1 500.
Emini. Eduze naseMoscow
13. UShishkin wabamba iqhaza ekwakheni nasemsebenzini weNhlangano Yemibukiso Yobuciko Ehambayo. Eqinisweni, impilo yakhe yonke yokudala kusukela ngo-1871 yayihlotshaniswa nama-Itinerants. I “Pine Forest…” efanayo yaqala ukubonwa umphakathi embukisweni wokuqala ojikelezayo. Enkampanini yabahambi, uShishkin wahlangana no-Ivan Kramskoy, owazisa kakhulu umdwebo ka-Ivan Ivanovich. Abaculi baba abangani futhi bachitha isikhathi esiningi nemindeni yabo kwimidwebo yasensimini. UKramskoy uthatha uShishkin njengomculi wezinga laseYurophu. Kwenye yezincwadi ezivela eParis, wabhalela u-Ivan Ivanovich ukuthi uma eminye yemidwebo yakhe ingalethwa eSalon, izethameli zingahlala ngemilenze yangemuva.
IWanderers. Lapho uShishkin ekhuluma, ama-bass akhe aphazamisa wonke umuntu
14. Ekuqaleni kuka-1873, uShishkin waba uprofesa wokudweba kwezwe. I-Academy yanikeza lesi sihloko ngokuya ngemiphumela yomncintiswano, lapho wonke umuntu athumela khona imisebenzi yakhe. UShishkin waba uprofesa womdwebo "Wilderness". Uthole isicoco sikaprofesa, esamvumela ukuthi aqashe ngokusemthethweni abafundi isikhathi eside. UKramskoy ubhale ukuthi uShishkin angaqasha abantu abayi-5 - 6 abazodwetshwa, futhi uzofundisa bonke abanengqondo, kuthi lapho eneminyaka eyi-10 ashiye i-Academy yedwa, ngisho nalowo ukhubazekile. UShishkin washada nomunye wabafundi bakhe, u-Olga Pagoda, ngo-1880. Lo mshado, ngeshwa, wawumfishane kakhulu kunowokuqala - u-Olga Alexandrovna washona, engenaso isikhathi sokubeletha indodakazi, ngo-1881. Ngo-1887, umculi washicilela i-albhamu yemidwebo yomkakhe ongasekho. Umsebenzi osemthethweni kaShishkin wokufundisa wawufushane nje. Akakwazanga ukukhetha abafundi, wesula emsebenzini ngemuva konyaka eqokwe.
15. Umdwebi wayehambisana nesikhathi. Lapho inqubo yokuthwebula nokuthatha izithombe seyicishe ifinyeleleke emphakathini jikelele, wathenga ikhamera nezinsiza ezidingekayo futhi waqala ukusebenzisa ngenkuthalo izithombe emsebenzini wakhe. Ebona ukungapheleli kwezithombe ngaleso sikhathi, uShishkin wakuthokozela ukuthi kwenze ukuthi kube lula ukusebenza ebusika lapho yayingekho indlela yokupenda ubuhle bendalo emvelweni.
16. Ngokungafani nabamele abaningi bemisebenzi yokudala, u-Shishkin waphatha umsebenzi njengensizakalo. Wayengaqondi ngobuqotho abantu abalinde ukukhuthazwa okuzayo. Umsebenzi nogqozi kuzofika. Nozakwabo, nabo, bamangala ngokusebenza kukaShishkin. Wonke umuntu ukusho lokhu ngezincwadi nangememo. Ngokwesibonelo, uKramskoy wamangazwa yinqwaba yemidwebo elethwe uShishkin ohambweni olufushane oluya eCrimea. Ngisho nomngani ka-Ivan Ivanovich wayecabanga ukuthi ukubukeka komhlaba ngokungafani nalokhu umngani wakhe akubhalile kungathatha isikhathi ukujwayela. Futhi uShishkin waphuma waya emvelweni wapenda izintaba zaseCrimea. Lesi sikhundla somsebenzi simsizile waqeda umlutha wotshwala ezikhathini ezinzima zempilo (kwakukhona isono esinjalo).
17. Umdwebo odumile "Ekuseni ehlathini likaphayini" wadwetshwa ngu-I. Shishkin ngokubambisana noKonstantin Savitsky. USavitsky ukhombise osebenza naye umdwebo wohlobo oluthile onamawundlu amabili. UShishkin ngokwengqondo wayezungeze imidwebo yebhere enezwe futhi wamema uSavitsky ukudweba isithombe ndawonye. Sivumelene ukuthi uSavitsky uzothola ingxenye yesine yentengo yokuthengisa, bese kuthi uShishkin athole enye. Phakathi nomsebenzi, inani lamawundlu lenyuke laya kane. USavitsky upende izibalo zabo. Lo mdwebo wapendwa ngo-1889 futhi waba yimpumelelo enkulu. UPavel Tretyakov uyithenge ngama-ruble ayi-4,000, ayi-1 000 awo atholwe ngumbhali osebenza naye kaShishkin. Kamuva uTretyakov, ngasizathu simbe, wasula isiginesha kaSavitsky endlebeni.
Wonke umuntu usibonile lesi sithombe
18. Ngawo-1890, uShishkin wagcina ubungani obuseduze nozakwabo u-Arkhip Kuindzhi. Ngokusho komshana kaShishkin, owayehlala endlini yakhe, uKuindzhi wayefika kwaShishkin cishe nsuku zonke. Bobabili abaculi baxabana nabanye babahambi ngendaba yokubamba iqhaza ekuguqulweni kwe-Academy of Arts: UShishki noKuindzhi babezobamba iqhaza, futhi basebenza nakuhlaka lomqulu omusha, kanti abanye babahambi babephikisana ngokuphelele. Futhi uKuindzhi angabhekwa njengombhali-mbhali womdwebo kaShishkin "Enyakatho yasendle" - uKomarova ukhumbula ukuthi u-Arkhip Ivanovich wabeka ichashazi elincane kwindwangu eseqedile, ekhombisa ukukhanya okukude.
"Enyakatho yasendle ..." umlilo kaKuindzhi awubonakali, kodwa uyabonakala
19. NgoNovemba 26, 1891, kwavulwa umbukiso omkhulu wemisebenzi ka-Ivan Shishkin ehholo le-Academy. Ngokokuqala ngqa emlandweni womdwebo waseRussia, umbukiso womuntu siqu awukhombisanga imisebenzi eqediwe kuphela, kodwa nezingcezu zokulungiselela: imidwebo, imidwebo, imidwebo, njll. Umdwebi uthathe isinqumo sokukhombisa ukuthi umdwebo uzalwa kanjani, ukukhombisa inqubo yokuzalwa kwawo. Ngaphandle kokubuyekezwa okubucayi kozakwabo, wenza imibukiso enjalo ibe yendabuko.
20. U-Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin washona eworkshop yakhe ngoMashi 8, 1898. Usebenze ndawonye nomfundi wakhe uGrigory Gurkin. UGurkin wayehleli ekhoneni elikude le-workshop futhi wezwa isondo. Wakwazi ukugijima, wabamba uthisha owayewa ngohlangothi wamhudulela kusofa. U-Ivan Ivanovich wayekhona futhi washona emizuzwini embalwa kamuva. Bamngcwaba emathuneni aseSmolensk eSt. Ngo-1950, indawo yokungcwaba u-I. Shishkin yadluliselwa ku-Alexander Nevsky Lavra.
Isikhumbuzo ku-I. Shishkin
