Ama-bacterium (lat. Ngokusho kwesigaba sabaphathi, yiwona alula kakhulu futhi ahlala emhlabeni wonke ozungeze umuntu. Phakathi kwawo kukhona kokubili ama-microorganism amabi futhi alungile.
1. Iminonjana yamagciwane asendulo yatholakala enhlabathini eneminyaka engama-3.5 billion ubudala. Kepha akekho nososayensi oyedwa ongasho ngokuqinisekile ukuthi amagciwane avela nini ngempela eMhlabeni.
2. Elinye lamagciwane asendulo kakhulu - i-archaebacterium thermoacidophila ihlala emithonjeni eshisayo enama-acid amaningi, kepha emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka-55 ° C amagciwane anjalo awasindi.
3. Amagciwane aqala ukubonwa ngo-1676 ngumdashi u-Anthony van Leeuwenhoek, owadala i-convex bilateral lysis. Futhi igama "amagciwane" uqobo lwaqala ukwethulwa nguChristian Ehrenberg eminyakeni ecishe ibe ngu-150 kamuva, ngo-1828.
4. Igciwane elikhulu kunawo wonke libhekwa njengeThiomargarita namibiensis, noma “iparele elimpunga laseNamibia”, elatholakala ngo-1999. Ubukhulu babamele lolu hlobo bungu-0.75 mm ububanzi, okwenza kube lula ukukubona ngisho nangaphandle kwesibonakhulu.
5. Iphunga elithile ngemuva kwemvula livela ngenxa ye-actinobacteria kanye ne-cyanobacteria, ehlala ebusweni benhlabathi futhi ikhiqize into eyi-geosmin.
6. Isisindo samakholoni amabhaktheriya ahlala emzimbeni womuntu cishe siyi-2 kg.
7. Emlonyeni womuntu kunezinhlobo ezingaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-40 zama-microorganisms. Ngokuqabula, kudluliselwa cishe amagciwane ayizigidi ezingama-80, kodwa cishe wonke aphephile.
8. I-Pharyngitis, i-pneumonia, i-scarlet fever ibangelwa amagciwane ayindilinga i-streptococci, athinta kakhulu umgudu wokuphefumula womuntu, impumulo nomlomo.
9. I-Staphylococcus bacteria ingahlukana ezindizeni eziningana. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukwakheka kwabo kwehlukile kwezinye izinhlobo, kufana neqembu lamagilebhisi.
10. I-Meningitis ne-gonorrhea kubangelwa amagciwane e-subspecies diplococci, avame ukukhonjwa ngababili.
11. Amagciwane eVibrio angazala ngisho nasendaweni engenawo umoya-mpilo. Lawa angama-causative agents kwesinye sezifo ezimbi kakhulu - ikholera.
12. I-Bifidobacteria, eyaziwa ngabaningi kusuka kwezokukhangisa, ayikhuthazi nje ukugaya okuhle, kepha futhi inika nomzimba womuntu amavithamini amaqembu B kanye no-K.
13. Isazi se-Microbiologist uLouis Pasteur kwake kwadingeka abambe iqhaza ku-duel, futhi ngesikhali sakhe wakhetha amabhodlela ama-2, elilodwa eliqukethe amabhaktheriya abangela ingxibongo. Abaphikisi kwakufanele baphuze iziphuzo, kodwa umphikisi wekhemistri odumile wenqaba ukuhlolwa okunjalo.
14. Ngokwesisekelo samabhaktheriya afana ne-streptomycetes, ahlala emhlabathini, kwenziwa imishanguzo yokubulala amagciwane, elwa namagciwane kanye ne-anticancer.
15. Esakhiweni seseli lebhaktheriya ayikho i-nucleus, futhi ikhodi yofuzo ithwala i-nucleotide. Isisindo esimaphakathi salezi zinambuzane singama-0.5-5 microns.
16. Indlela engenzeka kakhulu yokungcola ngamagciwane ahlukahlukene ngamanzi.
17. Ngokwemvelo, kukhona uhlobo olubizwa ngeConan Bacteria. Lezi zinambuzane ziphikisana nokuchayeka emisebeni.
18. Ngo-2007, kwatholakala amagciwane asebenzayo ezinguzungeni zeqhwa zase-Antarctica, okwase kuphele iminyaka eyizigidi eziningana kungekho ukukhanya kwelanga nomoya-mpilo.
19. Ku-1 ml wamanzi kuze kufike kwisigidi esisodwa sebhaktheriya elula, naku-1 g wenhlabathi - cishe izigidi ezingama-40.
20. I-biomass yawo wonke amabhaktheriya eMhlabeni inkulu kunenani lezilwane nezitshalo zezitshalo.
21. Amagciwane asetshenziswa embonini ekutholakaleni kwensimbi yethusi, igolide, i-palladium.
22. Ezinye izinhlobo zamagciwane, ikakhulukazi lezo ezihlala ku-symbiosis nezinhlanzi zasolwandle olujulile, ziyakwazi ukukhipha ukukhanya.
23. Ngokucwaninga ngamagciwane abangela isifo sofuba, kanye nempumelelo kule ndawo, uRobert Koch ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. waklonyeliswa ngomklomelo kaNobel.
24. Amagciwane amaningi ahamba nge-flagella, inani lawo elingafinyelela esigidini ngegciwane ngalinye.
25. Amanye amabhaktheriya ashintsha ukuminyana kwawo ngemuva kokucwiliswa emanzini nokuntanta phezulu.
26. Kungokubonga kwama-microorganisms anjalo ukuthi i-oxygen yavela eMhlabeni, futhi ngenxa yabo izinga elidingekayo empilweni yezilwane nabantu lisagcinwa.
27. Ubhadane olwesabekayo nolwaziwa kakhulu emlandweni wesintu - i-anthrax, isifo, uchoko, ugcunsula, lubangwa ngamagciwane. Amanye ama-microorganism angasetshenziswa njengezikhali zebhayoloji, kepha lokhu okwamanje akuvunyelwe yimibuthano yamazwe omhlaba.
28. Ezinye izinhlobo zama-microorganisms ze-pathogenic zisamelana nazo zonke izinhlobo zama-antibiotic aziwayo.
29. Uhlobo oluhlukile lwamabhaktheriya - ama-saprophyte, abamba iqhaza ekonakaleni okusheshayo kwezilwane nabantu abafile. Zenza futhi inhlabathi ivunde kakhulu.
30. Ngesikhathi kwenziwa ucwaningo olwenziwe ososayensi abavela eSouth Korea, kutholakale ukuthi inani elikhulu kakhulu lamagciwane litholakala ezibambo zezinqola zokuthenga ezitolo ezinkulu. Indawo yesibili ithathwa yigundane lekhompyutha, lilandelwe izibaya ezindlini zangasese zomphakathi.
