Uma sesizinze enhliziyweni yethu,
ISiberia izohlala kuyo kuze kube phakade!
Isigaba esibaluleke kunazo zonke empilweni
Eqinile, iminyaka ye-taiga!
Umlingiswa uthukuthele lapha ngokushesha!
Futhi abantu bavivinywa ngezenzo!
Uze ucabange ngokwehlukile eSiberia
Uyabona ubukhulu beLobaba!
(V. Abramovsky)
ISiberia ingumqondo obanzi ngayo yonke imiqondo yaleli gama. I-Tundra, i-taiga, i-step-steppe, i-steppe ne-desert isatshalaliswa endaweni enkulu, engapheli ngempela. Kwakunendawo yamadolobha asendulo kanye nezimboni zesimanje, imigwaqo yesimanje nezinsalela zohlelo lwesizwe.
Othile wethusa iSiberia, othile uzizwa esekhaya, kuphela ngemuva kokudlula umqolo we-Ural. Abantu beza lapha ukuzodonsa izigwebo zabo nokufuna amaphupho. Baguqula iSiberia, base bebona ukuthi zonke lezi zinguquko ziyizimonyo, futhi izigidi zamakhilomitha-skwele ezinhlobonhlobo zamathafa zisaphila impilo efanayo naleyo ababephila kuyo amashumi ezinkulungwane zeminyaka edlule.
Nazi izindaba eziveza ubukhulu beSiberia. Ekulungiseleleni ukugcotshwa kuka-Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, kwathunyelwa izithunywa kulo lonke elaseRussia ukuletha amantombazane amahle kunawo wonke kubantu abahlala ezweni enhlokodolobha. Kwakusele unyaka nohhafu mayelana nokugcotshwa, kwakukhona isikhathi esanele, ngisho nangamazinga wezikhala ezivulekile zaseRussia. Akuwona wonke umuntu owabhekana nomsebenzi wokuletha abahlanganyeli emncintiswaneni wokuqala we-Beauty of Russia. Owahola ikhanda uShakhturov, othunyelwe eKamchatka, wafeza umsebenzi ngokusemthethweni - washiya iKamchadalka enhlokodolobha. Kuphela manje wabaletha cishe eminyakeni eyi-4 ngemuva kokugcotshwa. Futhi uFridtjof Nansen odumile waseNorway, ebheka ebalazweni ngaphambi kokuya eSiberia, uqaphele ukuthi uma iphalamende laseNorway lingahlanganiswa ngokwemigomo yesifundazwe saseYenisei, lizoba namaphini angu-2.25.
ISiberia iyizwe elibi kodwa elinothile. Lapha, ebugqineni bomhlaba, kugcinwa lonke ithebula lezikhathi ezithile, futhi ngobuningi obungathengiseka. Kuyiqiniso, imvelo inqabile ngokweqile ukunikela ngengcebo yayo. Amaminerali amaningi akhishwa kwi-permafrost nasetsheni. Ukwakha indawo yokuphehla ugesi - donsela idamu ngaphesheya komfula, elinye ibhange lalo elingabonakali. Ingabe uletha ukudla izinyanga eziyisithupha? Yebo, abantu bangaphuma eSusuman izinyanga eziyisithupha kuphela ngendiza! Futhi kuphela eMagadan. Futhi abantu baseSiberia abayiboni impilo enjengo-feat. Njengokuthi, kunzima, yebo, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kuyabanda, awu, kahle, hhayi wonke umuntu ezindaweni zokungcebeleka nasedolobheni ...
Kuyafaneleka ukwenza ukubhuka. Ngokwendawo, iSiberia iyindawo ephakathi kweUral neMpumalanga Ekude. Okungukuthi, ngokusemthethweni iKolyma, isibonelo, noma iChukotka akuyona iSiberia, kodwa neMpumalanga Ekude. Mhlawumbe, kulabo abahlala kulezo zifunda, ukwahlukana okunjalo kubaluleke kakhulu, kodwa kubaningi kakhulu bezakhamizi zengxenye yaseYurophu yaseRussia, iSiberia iyikho konke okuphakathi kwe-Urals ne-Pacific Ocean. Ake siqale ngalo mbono omncane ongalungile wendawo. 
Thanda lokhu
1. Ukuthuthuka kweSiberia kwaqhubeka ngesivinini esihle. Ngemizamo yabantu abambalwa, njengamanje, abaseRussia bafinyelele olwandle iPacific eminyakeni engama-50, nase-Arctic Ocean eminyakeni engama-50. Futhi lokhu bekungekhona ukwenziwa kohambo lomuntu ngamunye. Kwamiswa izinqaba emizileni, abantu bahlala, kwachazwa imigwaqo yesikhathi esizayo.
2. IFinland ibizwa ngenkondlo ukuthi "Izwe Lamachibi Ayizinkulungwane". E-Siberia, kuphela endaweni yamachibi e-Vasyugan kukhona amachibi angu-800,000, futhi ngisho nenani labo liqhubeka landa ngenxa yokuqhubeka kwendawo. Amaxhaphozi eVasyugan angabhekwa njengodoti wosuku lwemvula: kunamakhilomitha angama-4003 amanzi namathani ayizigidi eziyinkulungwane we-peat ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-2.5 kuphela.
3. ISiberia inezindawo ezi-4 kwezingu-5 zamandla kagesi kagesi anamandla kakhulu eRussia: Izitshalo zamandla kagesi iSayano-Shushenskaya neKrasnoyarsk eziphehla ugesi eYenisei, naseBratsk naseUst-Ilimskaya izikhungo zamandla kagesi ophehlwa ugesi e-Angara. Isimo ngesizukulwane esishisayo sinesizotha kakhulu. Izikhungo ezinhlanu ezinamandla kakhulu yiziteshi ezimbili zaseSiberia: iSurgutskaya-1 futhi ezinamandla kakhulu ezweni iSurgutskaya-2.
I-GRES Surgutskaya-2
4. Ingxenye yesibili yekhulu le-19 kanye nokuqala kwekhulu lama-20 kwasaphazwa ngabezokuma komhlaba nezazi-mlando zaseRussia ngempikiswano engenangqondo yokuthi iRussia iyakhula yini neSiberia noma iRussia uqobo lwayo iya ngasempumalanga, ilinganisa umqondo weSiberia. Eminyakeni edlule, le ngxoxo ibukeka ingenamsebenzi futhi ingenazithelo njengoba nengxoxo phakathi kwabaseNtshonalanga namaSlavophiles phambilini. Futhi umphumela wabo uyefana: kwafika amaBolsheviks, futhi nenqwaba yabahlanganyeli ezingxoxweni (labo ababenenhlanhla) kwakudingeka babambe iqhaza emsebenzini owusizo impela emphakathini.
UDI Mendeleev uphakamise ukuveza iRussia ngalo mbono
5. Ngisho nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, ukuphathwa kwezwe ezifundeni zase-Arctic emlonyeni weYenisei kwakubukeka kanjena. Kanye njalo eminyakeni embalwa, iphoyisa elinezikhundla ezimbalwa ezisezingeni eliphansi lafika endaweni yekamu iSamoyed (lapho bonke abantu basenyakatho babhaliswa khona). AmaSamoyed abuthelwa uhlobo lokhetho, lapho hhayi ngokuwasha, ngakho-ke ngokugingqeka baphoqeleka ukuba bakhethe induna. Imvamisa bekungomunye wamalungu amadala omphakathi, obekhuluma isiRashiya ngokungabekezeleleki. Le nduna yathola ilungelo lokubulala izinyanga eziyisithupha njalo eminyakeni emibili ohambweni oluseningizimu ukuyokhokha intela yokuvota. Induna ayitholanga iholo ngisho nokukhululwa enteleni yokuvota. Amanye amalungu esizwe awatholanga lutho kule ntela. Futhi inani lentela kwakungu-ruble ayi-10 amakhophi angama-50 - imali eningi kulezo zindawo.
6. Ingxenye eseningizimu yeSiberia, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, iboshwe ojantshi ababili besitimela - iTrans-Siberian (ende kunazo zonke emhlabeni) kanye nomugqa omkhulu weBaikal-Amur. Ukubaluleka kwabo kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi i-Transsib, ukwakhiwa kwayo okwaphothulwa ngo-1916, kanye ne-BAM, eyathunyelwa ngo-1984, bezisebenza emikhawulweni yamandla abo kusukela ekuqaleni kobukhona bazo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yomibili le migqa ivuselelwa ngenkuthalo futhi yathuthukiswa. Ngakho-ke, ngo-2002 kuphela ukufakwa kukagesi kweTransib kwaqedwa. Ngo-2003, i-BAM yathunyelwa umhubhe oyinkimbinkimbi weSeveromuisky. Ngokombono wokugcwala kwabagibeli, iTrans-Siberian Railway ingabhekwa njengekhadi lokuvakasha laseSiberia. Uhambo lwesitimela emzileni waseMoscow-Vladivostok luhlala izinsuku eziyi-7 futhi enguqulweni yokunethezeka lubiza cishe ama-ruble angama-60,000. Isitimela sidabula yonke imizi emikhulu yaseSiberia futhi siwela yonke imifula yaseRussia enamandla, kusukela eVolga kuya eYenisei, sidlula eLake Baikal futhi siqeda uhambo lwaso ogwini lwePacific Ocean. Ngokwethulwa kohambo oluvuselelekayo, isitimela iRossiya sesidumile kubantu bakwamanye amazwe.
7. Ungawela futhi iSiberia usuka empumalanga uye entshonalanga ngemoto. Ubude bomzila weChelyabinsk - Vladivostok cishe amakhilomitha angama-7 500. Ngokungafani nojantshi omkhulu, umgwaqo udlula ezindaweni zasendle, kepha ungena kuwo wonke amadolobha amakhulu. Lokhu kungaba yinkinga - ukwedlula imigwaqo kuyivelakancane eSiberia, ngakho-ke kufanele unqamule emadolobheni ngenjabulo yezikhonzi eziminyene futhi ngezinye izikhathi imigwaqo enyanyekayo. Ngokuvamile, ikhwalithi yomgwaqo iyenelisa. Ngo-2015, ingxenye yokugcina yamatshe yakhishwa. Ingqalasizinda ithuthukiswe kahle, amagalaji kagesi nezindawo zokudlela ezinhle zitholakala kumakhilomitha angama-60 ukusuka komunye nomunye. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, ehlobo, uhambo lasebusuku luzothatha izinsuku eziyi-7 - 8.
8. Kwaba nezikhathi lapho izinkulungwane zabantu bakwamanye amazwe zathuthela eSiberia ngokuzithandela. Ngakho-ke, ngawo-1760s kwamukelwa umqulu okhethekile owawuvumela abokufika ukuthi bazinze eRussia nomaphi lapho bethanda khona, futhi owawunikeza abahlali izinzuzo ezinkulu. Umphumela walo mbhalo kwaba ukufuduselwa cishe kwama-30,000 amaJalimane eRussia. Abaningi babo bahlala esifundeni seVolga, kepha okungenani abangu-10 000 bawela ama-Urals. Isigaba sabantu esasifundile sabe sesincane kangangokuba ngisho no-ataman wase-Omsk Cossacks waba yi-German EO Schmidt. Okumangalisa nakakhulu ukuthuthela kabusha kwabantu basePoland abangu-20 000 eSiberia ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 nele-20. Isililo ngobudlova benkosi kanye nengcindezelo kazwelonke yesizwe esikhulu sasePoland kwaphela lapho kwavela ukuthi abahlali baseSiberia banikezwa umhlaba, bakhululwa enteleni futhi bahlinzekwa nangezokuvakasha.
9. Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi kuyabanda eSiberia kunakuyo yonke indawo lapho kuhlala khona abantu. Isibonisi esithile ngu -67.6 ° С, esiqoshwe eVerkhoyansk. Akwaziwa kangako ukuthi iminyaka engama-33, kusukela ngo-1968 kuya ku-2001, iSiberia yayinenkomba erekhodiwe yengcindezi yomkhathi ebusweni bomhlaba. Esiteshini sesimo sezulu se-Agata eKrasnoyarsk Territory, kwaqoshwa ingcindezi yamamilimitha ayi-812.8 e-mercury (ingcindezi ejwayelekile ingu-760). Ngekhulu lama-21, irekhodi elisha labekwa eMongolia. Futhi idolobha laseTrans-Baikal laseBorzya lishisa kakhulu eRussia. Ilanga likhanya kuwo amahora angama-2797 ngonyaka. Inkomba yaseMoscow - amahora angu-1723, iSt. Petersburg - 1633.
10. Phakathi kobuningi besihlahlana esisenyakatho yeCentral Siberia Plateau kuphakama iPlowerau Plateau. Lokhu ukwakheka kokwakheka komhlaba okwavela njengomphumela wokukhuphuka kwengxenye yoqweqwe lomhlaba. Isiqiwu sihlelwe ethafeni elikhulu. Phakathi kwamathafa e-Putorana Plateau kukhona amadwala anezinhlangothi eziyisithupha, amachibi, izimpophoma, imihosha, ihlathi lezintaba ne-tundra. Kuleli thangala kunezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane nezinyoni ezingandile. Ithafa liyindawo ethandwa izivakashi. Izinkambo ezihleliwe ezivela eNorilsk zibiza kusuka kuma-ruble ayi-120,000.
11. ESiberia kunezikhumbuzo ezimbili ezinkulu zokungaphatheki kahle kwabantu. Lona ngumgwaqo wamanzi i-Ob-Yenisei, owakhiwa ngekhulu le-19 kanye nalokho okubizwa nge- "Dead Road" - ujantshi weSalekhard-Igarka, owabekwa ngo-1948-1953. Isiphetho semiklamo yomibili sifana ngokumangazayo. Zenziwe kancane. Izitimela zazihamba ngohlelo lwamanzi lwe-Ob-Yenisei Way, futhi izitimela zazihamba ngomugqa opholile. Kokubili enyakatho naseningizimu, kwakudingeka omunye umsebenzi ukuqedela amaphrojekthi. Kepha bobabili uhulumeni we-tsarist ngekhulu le-19 kanye neziphathimandla zaseSoviet ngekhulu lama-20 banqume ukonga imali futhi ababanga mali. Ngenxa yalokho, zombili izindlela zabola futhi zaphela. Kakade ngekhulu lama-21, kwavela ukuthi ujantshi wawusadingeka. Yaqanjwa ngokuthi iPassage yaseNyakatho yeLatitudinal. Ukuqedwa kokwakhiwa kuhlelelwe
2024 unyaka.
12. Kukhona ibinzana elaziwa kakhulu ngu-AP Chekhov lokuthi yena, edlula eSiberia, wahlangana kanjani nendoda eqotho, kwavela ukuthi ungumJuda. Ukuyisa amaJuda eSiberia kwakwenqatshelwe ngokuphelele, kodwa kwakukhona umsebenzi onzima eSiberia! AmaJuda adlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu enhlanganweni yezinguquko agcina eseSiberia ngamaketanga. Ezinye izingxenye zabo, njengoba sebekhululiwe, bahlala kude nezinhloko-dolobha. Kusukela ngawo-1920, iziphathimandla zaseSoviet zakhuthaza amaJuda ukuthi athuthele eSiberia ngokubeka eceleni isifunda esikhethekile salokhu. Ngo-1930 kwathiwa iyindawo kazwelonke kwathi ngo-1934 kwasungulwa iSifunda Sezwe LamaJuda. Kodwa-ke, amaJuda awazange alwele ikakhulukazi eSiberia, ubukhulu bomlando wabantu abangamaJuda esifundeni kwakungabantu abangama-20 000 kuphela. Namuhla, cishe amaJuda ayi-1 000 ahlala eBirobidzhan namaphethelo.
13. Uwoyela wokuqala ngezinga lezimboni watholakala eSiberia ngo-1960. Manje, lapho izindawo ezinkulu zigcwele imishini yokumba, kungabonakala ngathi asikho isidingo sokufuna okuthile eSiberia - namathela induku eMhlabeni, kungenjalo uwoyela uzosebenza, noma kuzophuma igesi. Eqinisweni, ngaphandle kokuba khona kwezimpawu eziningi eziqinisekisa ubukhona be "golide elimnyama", kusukela ohambweni lokuqala lodokotela bokuma komhlaba kuze kube sekutholakaleni kwenkambu kawoyela, kudlule iminyaka engu-9 yokusebenza kanzima. Namuhla u-77% wezinqolobane zikawoyela kanye nama-88% ezindawo zokugcina igesi eRussia zitholakala eSiberia.
14. ISiberia inamabhuloho amaningi ayingqayizivele. ENorilsk, ibhuloho elisenyakatho elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni liphonswe ngaphesheya koMfula iNorilskaya. Ibhuloho elingamamitha ayi-380 lakhiwa ngo-1965. Okubanzi kakhulu - amamitha angama-40 - ibhuloho eSiberia lixhuma amabhange eTom eKemerovo. ENovosibirsk kubekwe ibhuloho lesitimela elinobude obungaphezu kwamakhilomitha amabili elinengxenye engaphezulu kwamamitha ayi-900. Isikweletu esingu-10-ruble sikhombisa iKrasnoyarsk Communal Bridge, ubude bayo ngamakhilomitha ayi-2.1. Ibhuloho lakhiwa kusetshenziswa amapontoon avela emabhulokini aselungile ahlanganiswe ogwini. Isamba sama-ruble esingu-5 000 sikhombisa ibhuloho laseKhabarovsk. Isikhathi sebhuloho lesibili eKrasnoyarsk sidlula amamitha angama-200, okuyirekhodi lamabhuloho anezinsimbi zonke. Kakade ngekhulu lama-XXI eSiberia, ibhuloho laseNikolaevsky eKrasnoyarsk, iBugrinsky Bridge eNovosibirsk, iBoguchansky Bridge eKrasnoyarsk Territory, ibhuloho elingaphezu kweYuribey eYamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, ibhuloho lase-Irkutsk nebhuloho laseYugorsky lavulwa.
Ikhebula elihlala ikhebula ngaphesheya kwe-Ob
15. Kusukela ngekhulu le-16 leminyaka iSiberia ibiyindawo yokudingiselwa kwazo zonke izinhlobo zezigebengu, zombili izigebengu, ezepolitiki kanye no “generalists”. Iyiphi enye indlela yokubiza amaBolshevik afanayo nabanye abaguquli abaya eTrans-Urals kulabo okuthiwa "ukudliwa komhlaba", "exes"? Ngemuva kwalokho, bavivinywa ngokusemthethweni ngaphansi kwezihloko zobugebengu. Ngaphambi kombuso weSoviet, ngisho naseminyakeni yawo yokuqala, ukudingiswa kwakuyindlela nje yokuhambisa umuntu olahlwe yisihogo, engabonakali. Futhi-ke i-USSR yayidinga izingodo, igolide, amalahle nokunye okuningi kusuka kuzipho zemvelo yaseSiberia, futhi izikhathi zazinzima. Ukudla nezingubo, ngakho-ke, impilo yabo uqobo, bekufanele kusetshenzelwe. Isimo sezulu asizange sisinde. Kepha amakamu aseSiberia naseKolyma ayengekho nakancane emakamu okuqothula - phela umuntu kwakufanele asebenze. Iqiniso lokuthi izinga lokufa kweziboshwa zaseSiberia lalingeyona yonke indawo kufakazelwa nawukugcwala kwabasinda eBandera nabanye abalweli benkululeko yamahlathi emakamu. Ngama-1990s, abaningi bamangala ukuthola ukuthi kunabadala abambalwa abanamandla base-Ukraine abakhishwe nguKhrushchev waseSiberia, futhi abaningi babo bayigcina imifaniswano yabo yaseJalimane.
Ngisho nendaba enesiphithiphithi ngeSiberia ayinakwenza ngaphandle kokukhuluma ngeBaikal. ISiberia ihlukile, iBaikal ihlukile esikweleni. Ichibi elikhulu elinamathafa ahlukahlukene, kodwa amahle ngokulinganayo, amanzi amsulwa (kwezinye izindawo ungabona phansi ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-40) nezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane kuyimpahla nomcebo wayo yonke iRussia. Ingxenye yesihlanu yawo wonke amanzi ahlanzekile asemhlabathini agxile ekujuleni kweLake Baikal. Ivumela amanye amachibi ngokwendawo engaphezulu kwamanzi, iBaikal idlula wonke amachibi anamanzi angenasawoti emhlabeni.
EBaikal
17. Isipho esiyinhloko semvelo esinencazelo engemihle akuyona ngisho nesimo sezulu esibandayo, kepha imbuzane - omiyane namaphilisi. Ngisho nasesimo sezulu esishisa kakhulu, kufanele ugqoke izingubo ezifudumele, futhi ezindaweni zasendle ufihle umzimba ngokuphelele ngaphansi kwezingubo, amagilavu kanye namanethi omiyane. Isilinganiso somiyane abangama-300 namaphilisi angama-700 ahlasela umuntu ngomzuzu. Kukhona ukuphunyuka okukodwa kuphela kusuka kuma-midges - umoya, futhi mhlawumbe kubanda. ESiberia, ngasendleleni, kuvame ukuba nezinsuku zasebusika maphakathi nehlobo, kepha azikho izinsuku zasehlobo phakathi nobusika.
18. ESiberia, enye yezimfihlakalo eziyindida kakhulu emlandweni wababusi baseRussia yazalwa futhi iyaqhubeka nokuba khona ingaxazululiwe. Ngo-1836, indoda endala yadingiselwa esifundazweni saseTomsk, owaboshwa esifundazweni sasePerm njengomuntu ohambahamba. Wabizwa ngoFyodor Kuzmich, uKozmin washo isibongo sakhe kanye kuphela. Umdala wayephila impilo yokulunga, wafundisa izingane ukufunda nokubhala kanye noMthetho kaNkulunkulu, yize ngesikhathi sokuboshwa wakusho ukuthi akafundile. Omunye wamaCossacks, owayekhonza eSt. Petersburg, waqaphela uMbusi u-Alexander I kuFedor Kuzmich, owashona ngo-1825 eTaganrog. Amahemuhemu alokhu asakazeka ngejubane lombani. Umdala akazange abaqinisekise. Wahola impilo esebenzayo: wayexhumana nabantu abadumile, wahlangana nabaphathi besonto, waphulukisa abagulayo, wenza izibikezelo. E-Tomsk, uFyodor Kuzmich wajabulela igunya elikhulu, kodwa waziphatha ngesizotha kakhulu. Ehamba edolobheni, uLeo Tolstoy wahlangana nomdala. Kunezimpikiswano eziningi zombili ezisekela futhi ziphikisana nohlobo lokuthi uFyodor Kuzmich wayenguMbusi u-Alexander I, owayecashile ekuphithizelweni komhlaba.Ukuhlolwa kofuzo kungabonisa ama-i's, kepha abasemhlabeni noma abaphathi besonto abakhombisi noma yisiphi isifiso sokukuqhuba. Uphenyo luyaqhubeka - ngo-2015, kwahlelwa ingqungquthela yonke eTomsk, eyayihanjelwe ngabaphenyi abavela kulo lonke elaseRussia nakwamanye amazwe.
ishumi nesishiyagalolunye.NgoJuni 30, 1908, iSiberia yangena emakhasini angaphambili awo wonke amaphephandaba ahamba phambili emhlabeni. E-taiga ejulile, kuduma ukuqhuma okunamandla, ama-echoes azwakala kuwo wonke umhlaba. Kusadingidwa izimbangela ezingaba khona zokuqhuma. Uhlobo lokuqhuma kwe-meteorite luhambisana kakhulu nemikhondo etholakele, ngakho-ke lo mkhuba uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi yiTunguska meteorite (umfula iPodkamennaya Tunguska ugeleza endaweni yesizinda sokuqhuma). Imikhankaso yesayensi emele yathunyelwa kaningi endaweni yesigameko, kepha akukho mkhondo wesiphekepheke esingaziwa, lapho abacwaningi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi, sitholakele.
20. Ososayensi-ochwepheshe nezimfundamakhwela basaphikisana ngokuthi ukunwetshwa kombuso waseRussia ungene eSiberia kwakunokuthula noma ngabe kwakuyinqubo yekoloni nayo yonke imiphumela eyalandela ngendlela yokuqothulwa kwabantu bomdabu noma ukubakhipha ezindaweni abahlala kuzo. Isikhundla empikiswaneni imvamisa asixhomekile ezenzakalweni zangempela zomlando, kodwa kwizinqumo zezepolitiki zalabo abaphikisayo. UFridtjof Nansen ofanayo, ehamba ngesikebhe enyusa iYenisei, waqaphela ukuthi le ndawo icishe ifane neMelika, kepha iRussia ayizange ithole iCooper yayo echaza ubuhle bayo ngokuqhamuka netulo lokuzijabulisa. Ake sithi iRussia ibinama-Cooper anele, hhayi izindaba ezanele. Uma iRussia yalwa ngempela eCaucasus, khona-ke lezi zimpi zaboniswa ezincwadini zaseRussia. Futhi uma kungekho zincazelo zezimpi zamasosha amancane aseRussia nezinkulungwane zamabutho aseSiberia ngesijeziso esalandela salaba bantu, kusho ukuthi ukunwetshwa kweRussia empumalanga kwakukuthula.
