Ngokuya ngocwaningo lwezenhlalo, umsebenzi wobuthisha ungenye yezimpikiswano kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, emhlabeni wonke ngokuqinisekile uhlala endaweni yokuqala phakathi kwemisebenzi ehlonishwa kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma kukhulunywa ngokuthi abaphendulile bafuna ukuthi ingane yabo ibe uthisha, isilinganiso “sokuhlonishwa” sehla kakhulu.
Ngaphandle kwanoma yikuphi ukuvota, kusobala ukuthi kunoma yimuphi umphakathi, uthisha ngumsebenzi obalulekile, futhi awukwazi ukwethemba noma ngubani ekukhuliseni nasekufundiseni izingane. Kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwavela ukuthi lapho kudingeka othisha abaningi, ulwazi lwabo kufanele lube lukhulu. Imfundo yobuningi inciphisa nakanjani izinga eliphakathi labafundi nezinga elijwayelekile lothisha. Umbusi omuhle ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 wayenganika indodana eyodwa yomndeni ohloniphekile lonke ulwazi oluyisisekelo oludingekayo. Kepha lapho kumphakathi wenzalo enjalo, izigidi zabaphathi abalungile azanele wonke umuntu. Kwakudingeka ngithuthukise izinhlelo zemfundo: okokuqala, kufundiswa othisha besikhathi esizayo, bese befundisa izingane. Uhlelo, noma yini umuntu angayisho, luvela lube lukhulu futhi lube nzima. Futhi emlandweni wazo zonke izinhlelo ezinkulu kunendawo yokuxhaphaza, ilukuluku, nezinhlekelele.
1. Ngokumangazayo othisha bamelwa kabanzi (uma kuqhathaniswa nemiholo yabo) emalini engamaphepha yamazwe ahlukahlukene. EGrisi, kwakhishwa imali yasebhange yamadrakma ayizi-10 000 ngomfanekiso ka-Aristotle, umfundisi ka-Alexander Omkhulu. Umsunguli we-Academy edumile kaPlato wahlonishwa yi-Italy (i-100 lire). E-Armenia, imali yasebhange engamadrama ayi-1 000 ibonisa umsunguli wemfundo yase-Armenia iMesrop Mashtots. Uthisha waseDashi no-Erasmus waseRotterdam wanikezwa inothi eli-100 le-guilder ezweni lakubo. I-Czech 200 kronor banknote inesithombe sikathisha ovelele uJan Amos Komensky. AbaseSwitzerland bahloniphe inkumbulo yomuntu wakubo uJohann Pestalozzi ngokubeka isithombe sakhe kunothi elingu-20 franc. Imali yasebhange laseSerbia eyi-10 idinar inomfanekiso womguquli wolimi waseSerbo-Croatia futhi ohlanganisa uhlelo lolimi nesichazamazwi, iKaradzic Vuk Stefanovic. UPeter Beron, umbhali wencwadi yokuqala yaseBulgaria, uboniswa kumbhalo wamaphepha we-leva oyi-10. I-Estonia yahamba ngendlela yayo: isithombe sikathisha wolimi lwesiJalimane nezincwadi uKarl Robert Jakobson sibekwe kwimali engamaphepha engama-500 kroon. UMaria Montessori, umsunguli wohlelo lokufundisa egameni lakhe, uhlobisa umthethosivivinywa wama-lire angu-1 000 wase-Italy. Isithombe sikamongameli wokuqala weNigerian Teachers Union, u-Alvan Ikoku, sivezwe kwi-10 naira banknot.
2. Uthisha kuphela owangena emlandweni wokufundisa ngokubonga kumfundi kuphela ngu-Ann Sullivan. Esemncane, lo wesifazane waseMelika walahlekelwa ngumama wakhe kanye nomfowabo (ubaba wakhe washiya umndeni ngisho nangaphambi kwalokho) futhi waba yimpumputhe. Kokuhlinzwa okuningi kwamehlo, kusize okukodwa kuphela, kodwa iso lika-Ann aliphindanga labuya. Kodwa-ke, esikoleni sezimpumputhe, waqala ukufundisa uHelen Keller oneminyaka eyisikhombisa, owaqala ukungaboni nokuzwa eneminyaka engu-19 ubudala. USullivan wakwazi ukuthola indlela eya kuHelen. Le ntombazane yaphothula esikoleni esiphakeme nasekolishi, yize ngaleyo minyaka (uKeller wazalwa ngo-1880) kwakungekho mbuzo nganoma iyiphi imfundo ekhethekile, futhi wafunda nezingane zesikole ezinempilo kanye nabafundi. USullivan noKeller bachitha sonke isikhathi ndawonye kwaze kwaba sekufeni kukaSullivan ngo-1936. UHelen Keller waba ngumbhali nesishoshovu somphakathi esidume umhlaba wonke. Usuku lokuzalwa kwakhe ngoJuni 27 lugujwa e-United States njengoHelen Keller Day.
U-Anne Sullivan noHelen Keller babhala incwadi
3. Isazi semfundo ephakeme uYakov Zeldovich wayengeyena nje usosayensi onamakhono amaningi, kodwa futhi wayengumbhali wezincwadi ezintathu ezihle kakhulu zezibalo zabososayensi. Izincwadi zokufunda zikaZeldovich zahlukaniswa hhayi kuphela ngokuvumelana kokwethulwa kwendaba, kodwa futhi nolimi lokwethula olwalucacile ngaleso sikhathi (1960 - 1970). Ngokungazelelwe, kwelinye lamaphephabhuku amancane, kwavela incwadi, ebhalwe yizifundiswa uLeonid Sedov, uLev Pontryagin no-Anatoly Dorodnitsyn, lapho izincwadi zikaZeldovich zazigxekwa khona ngendlela yesethulo eyayingayifanele "isayensi ebucayi." UZeldovich wayengumuntu onempikiswano kakhulu, wayehlala enabantu abanele bomona. Sekukonke, ososayensi baseSoviet, uma sikubeka kahle, babengelona iqembu labantu abanomqondo ofanayo. Kepha lapha isizathu sokuhlaselwa sasicacile kangangokuba igama elithi "amaqhawe amathathu alwa kathathu neqhawe" labelwa ngokushesha empini. Izikhathi ezintathu iHero leSocialist Labour, njengoba ungaqagela, yayingumbhali wezincwadi zokufunda uYa. Zeldovich.
U-Yakov Zeldovich enkulumweni
4. Njengoba wazi, uLev Landau, kanye no-Evgeny Lifshitz, bakhe inkambo ye-classical in theoretical physics. Ngasikhathi sinye, amasu akhe kwezemfundo esetshenzisiwe akunakubhekwa njengezibonelo ezifanele ukulingiswa. EKharkov State University, wathola isidlaliso "uLevko Durkovich" ngokuvame ukubiza abafundi "ngeziwula" nangokuthi "iziphukuphuku." Ngokusobala, ngale ndlela indodana konjiniyela nodokotela bazama ukufaka abafundi, iningi labo elaphothula esikoleni sabasebenzi, okungukuthi, babengaqeqeshiwe kahle, okuyizisekelo zamasiko. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, omunye wabafundi bakaLandau wayecabanga ukuthi isinqumo sakhe besingalungile. Uqale ukuhleka ngokuzitika, walala phezu kwetafula wakhahlela imilenze. Intombazane ephikelelayo yasiphinda isixazululo ebhodini, futhi ngemuva kwalokho uthisha wavuma ukuthi wayeqinisile.
ULev Landau
5. ULandau waduma ngendlela yokuqala yokwenza isivivinyo. Ubuze leli qembu ukuthi ngabe bakhona abafundi ngokwakhiwa kwalo abazimisele ngokuthola u- “C” ngaphandle kokuphasa isivivinyo. Labo-ke batholakala, bathola amamaki abo, bahamba. Khona-ke inqubo efanayo yaphindwa hhayi kuphela kulabo abafuna ukuthola "abane", kodwa futhi nalabo abomele "abahlanu". Isazi semfundo ephakeme uVladimir Smirnov naye wayengeyena owokuqala ekuhlolweni eMoscow State University. Wazise iqembu kusengaphambili ukuthi amathikithi azofakwa ngokulandelana kwamanani, i-oda kuphela elingaqondiswa noma lihlehliswe (kuqala ngethikithi lokugcina). Abafundi, empeleni, bekufanele basabalalise ulayini futhi bafunde amathikithi amabili.
6. Uthisha waseJalimane kanye nesazi sezibalo uFelix Klein, owabamba iqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kohlelo lokufunda ezikoleni, uhlale efuna ukuqinisekisa izibalo zemibono ngokuhlolwa kwesikole okusebenzayo. Kwesinye sezikole, uKlein ubuze abafundi ukuthi uCopernicus wazalwa nini. Akekho ekilasini owayenganikeza ngisho impendulo enzima. Ngemuva kwalokho uthisha wabuza umbuzo oholayo: ngabe kwenzeka ngaphambi kwesikhathi sethu, noma ngemuva. Ukuzwa impendulo eqinisekile: "Impela, ngaphambili!", UKlein ubhale phansi ezincomweni ezisemthethweni ukuthi kudingeka okungenani ukuqinisekisa ukuthi, lapho kuphendulwa lo mbuzo, izingane azisebenzisi igama elithi "kunjalo".
UFeliksi Klein
7. Isifundiswa Sezilimi uViktor Vinogradov, ngemuva kokudonsa iminyaka eyi-10 emakamu, wayengazithandi izixuku zabantu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kusukela ezikhathini zangaphambi kwempi, kwakukhona amahemuhemu okuthi wayengumfundisi omuhle kakhulu. Lapho, ngemuva kokuvuselelwa, uVinogradov aqashwa eMoscow Pedagogical Institute, izinkulumo zokuqala zathengiswa. UVinogradov wayelahlekile futhi wanikeza inkulumo ngokuhlelekile: bathi, nansi imbongi uZhukovsky, owayephila ngaleso sikhathi, wabhala lokhu nalokhu - konke okungafundwa encwadini. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakukhona mahhala, futhi abafundi ababengeneme bashiya izethameli ngokushesha. Kuphela lapho kwakusele izethameli ezimbalwa kuphela zabalaleli, uVinogradov wakhululeka futhi waqala ukufundisa ngendlela yakhe ejwayelekile yobuhlakani.
UVictor Vinogradov
8. Ngezandla zikathisha ovelele waseSoviet u-Anton Makarenko, owathi ngo-1920-1936 wahola izikhungo zokuhlunyeleliswa kwezigwegwe zamaphekula ezingane, kweqa iziboshwa ezingaphezu kuka-3 000. Akekho kubo owabuyela endleleni yobugebengu. Abanye ngokwabo baba othisha abadumile, futhi inqwaba yazibonakalisa ngokugqamile phakathi neMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe. Phakathi kwabaphathi be-oda abakhuliswa nguMakarenko, kanye nobaba wepolitiki odumile uGrigory Yavlinsky. Izincwadi zika-Anton Semyonovich ziyizilinganiso zabaphathi eJapan - basebenzisa izimiso zakhe zokwenza iqembu elihlangene elinempilo. I-UNESCO yamemezela u-1988 unyaka ka-A. S. Makarenko. Ngasikhathi sinye wafakwa kwinani lothisha abanquma izimiso zokufundisa zekhulu leminyaka. Kulolu hlu kubalwa noMaria Montessori, uJohn Dewey noGeorg Kerschensteiner.
U-Anton Makarenko nabafundi bakhe
9. Umqondisi wamafilimu ovelele uMikhail Romm, ethatha isivivinyo sokungena eVGIK esivela kuVasily Shukshin, wacasulwa ukuthi umfakisicelo kuzo zonke izincwadi eziwugqinsi wayefunde "uMartin Eden" kuphela futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo wasebenza njengomqondisi wesikole. UShukshin akahlalanga ezikweletini futhi, ngendlela yakhe ecacile, utshele umqondisi omkhulu wamafilimu ukuthi umphathi wesikole sasemakhaya udinga ukuthola nokuletha izinkuni zokubasa, uphalafini, othisha, njll - hhayi ukufunda. URomm othintekile unikeze uShukshin "amahlanu".
10. Omunye wabahloli e-Oxford University wabamba ongezansi ngesidingo somfundi ophumelela isivivinyo sokumnika inyama yenkomo ebhemayo. Isitshudeni sivundulule isimemezelo sangezikhathi zasendulo okusho ukuthi, ngesikhathi sezivivinyo ezinde (zisekhona futhi zingahlala usuku lonke), inyuvesi kumele ifunze abahloli nge-veal ebhemayo futhi iphuze ubhiya. Ubhiya wenqatshwa ngemuva kokuthola ukuvinjelwa kotshwala kwakamuva. Ngemuva kokuncenga okuningi, i-veal ebhemayo yathathelwa indawo isivivinyo esidlulisiwe nokudla okusheshayo. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, uthisha uqobo wahambisa lo mfundi ocophelelayo waya eNkantolo Yunivesithi. Lapho, ibhodi labantu abambalwa ababegqoke amawigi namagqokwe lamxosha ngokuqinile eyunivesithi. Ngokomthetho osasebenza namanje ka-1415, abafundi kudingeka ukuthi bavele esivivinyweni ngenkemba.
Inqaba yesiko
11. UMaria Montessori wayengafuni ngokuphelele ukuba uthisha. Ngesikhathi sobusha bakhe (ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19), owesifazane wase-Italy wayengathola kuphela imfundo ephakeme yokufundisa (e-Italy, imfundo ephakeme yayingafinyeleleki kwabesilisa - ngisho nasengxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20, noma yimuphi umuntu onemfundo ephakeme wayebizwa ngenhlonipho ngokuthi "uDottore"). UMontessori kwadingeka ukuthi aphule isiko - waba ngowesifazane wokuqala e-Italy ukuthola iziqu zobudokotela, wabe esethweswa iziqu zobudokotela. Kwakuneminyaka engama-37 kuphela lapho avula khona isikole sokuqala sokufundisa izingane ezigulayo.
UMaria Montessori. Kwakudingeka abe uthisha
12. Enye yezinsika zezemfundo yaseMelika kanye nasemhlabeni, uJohn Dewey wayekholelwa ukuthi abantu baseSiberia baphila iminyaka efinyelela kwengu-120. Wake wakusho lokhu enhlolokhono lapho wayeseneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-90, futhi wayegula kakhulu. Usosayensi wathi uma abantu baseSiberia baphila iminyaka efinyelela kwengu-120, kungani ungazami naye. UDewey udlule emhlabeni eneminyaka engama-92.
13. Njengoba esungule uhlelo lwakhe lokufundisa ngokusekelwe ezimisweni zobuntu, uVasily Sukhomlinsky wakhombisa ukuqina okungakholeki. Esethole isilonda esibi phakathi neMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, uSukhomlinsky, ebuyela endaweni yakhe, wazwa ukuthi umkakhe nengane babulawa ngesihluku - umkakhe wabambisana nomshoshaphansi womshoshaphansi. Lo mfana oneminyaka engu-24 obefundisa kusukela eneminyaka engu-17 akazange aphule amandla. Kuze kube sekufeni kwakhe, akazange nje asebenze njengomqondisi wesikole, kodwa futhi wayebandakanyeka emfundisweni yezemfundo, ucwaningo lwezibalo, futhi wabhala nezincwadi zezingane.
UVasily Sukhomlinsky
14. Ngo-1850, uthisha ovelele waseRussia uKonstantin Ushinsky wesula esikhundleni sikathisha weDemidov Juridical Lyceum. Lo thisha osemncane uthukutheliswe ukufunwa okungazwakalanga kwabaphathi: ukuhlinzeka ngezinhlelo eziphelele zezifundo zakhe nabafundi, zihlukaniswe ihora nosuku. U-Ushinsky uzame ukufakazela ukuthi imingcele enjalo izobulala imfundiso ephilayo. Uthisha, ngokusho kukaKonstantin Dmitrievich, kumele abhekele izintshisekelo zabafundi. Ukwesula kuka-Ushinsky nozakwabo ababemeseka kwaneliseka. Manje ukuwohloka kwamakilasi ngamahora nezinsuku kubizwa ngokuhlelwa kwezifundo nokuhlela futhi kuyimpoqo kuwo wonke uthisha, kungakhathalekile ukuthi ufundisa siphi isifundo.
UKonstantin Ushinsky
15. Waphinda futhi u-Ushinsky waba yisisulu somoya ocindezelayo ekufundiseni kweRussia yasebukhosini esekhulile. Ukusuka esikhundleni somhloli weSmolny Institute, osolwa ngokungakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu, ukungaziphathi kahle, ukucabanga ngokukhululeka nokungahloniphi abaphathi bakhe, wathunyelwa ... ohambweni lweminyaka emihlanu lokuya eYurophu ngemali yomphakathi. Phesheya uKonstantin Dmitrievich wavakashela amazwe amaningana, wabhala izincwadi ezimbili ezinhle futhi wakhuluma kakhulu noMbusi uMaria Alexandrovna.
16. Udokotela nothisha uJanusz Korczak kusukela ngo-1911 wayengumqondisi we "Home of Orphans" eWarsaw. Ngemuva kokuthi iPoland ithathwe ngamasosha aseJalimane, Ikhaya Lezintandane ladluliselwa eghetto yamaJuda - iningi leziboshwa, njengoKorczak uqobo, zazingamaJuda. Ngo-1942, cishe izingane ezingama-200 zathunyelwa ekamu laseTreblinka. UKorczak wayenamathuba amaningi okuphunyuka, kepha wenqaba ukushiya abafundi bakhe. Ngo-Agasti 6, 1942, uthisha ovelele nabafundi bakhe babulawa egumbini legesi.
17. Uthisha wokuziphatha waseHungary nokudweba uLazzlo Polgar usemncane, efunde imibhalo yabantu abaningi abanethalente, wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi ungakhulisa noma iyiphi ingane njengongqondongqondo, udinga kuphela imfundo efanele nokusebenza njalo. Ngemva kokuthatha umfazi (bahlangana ngezincwadi), uPolgar waqala ukufakazela umbono wakhe. Womathathu amadodakazi, azalelwe emndenini, afundiswa ukudlala i-chess cishe kusukela ebuntwaneni - uPolgar ukhethe lo mdlalo njengethuba lokuhlola imiphumela yokukhuliswa kanye nemfundo ngokunembile ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngenxa yalokho, uZsuzsa Polgar waba ngumpetha womhlaba phakathi kwabesifazane nogogo omkhulu phakathi kwabesilisa, nodadewabo uJudit noSofia nabo bathola iziqu zobukhulu.
... nobuhle nje. Odade basePolgar
18. Izinga lebhadi lingabizwa ngokuthi ikusasa likaSwitzerland ovelele uJohann Heinrich Pestalozzi. Zonke izinto azenzayo aziphumelelanga ngenxa yezizathu ezingaphezu kwamandla akhe uthisha onethalente. Ekusunguleni ukukhoseliswa kwabampofu, wabhekana neqiniso lokuthi abazali ababongayo babakhipha izingane zabo esikoleni ngokushesha nje lapho bema ngezinyawo futhi bethola izingubo zamahhala. Ngokomqondo kaPestalozzi, isikhungo sezingane bekufanele sizixhase, kepha ukuphuma kwabasebenzi njalo akuqinisekisi ukuqhubeka. Esimweni esifanayo kuMakarenko, izingane ezikhulayo zaba ukusekelwa kwethimba. UPestalozzi wayengenakho ukusekelwa okunjalo, futhi ngemuva kweminyaka emi-5 akhona, wayivala i- "Institution". Ngemuva kwenguquko yobunxiwankulu eSwitzerland, uPestalozzi wamisa ikhaya lezintandane elihle kakhulu elivela esigodlweni sezindela esasesonakele eStans. Lapha uthisha wabheka iphutha lakhe futhi walungiselela izingane ezindala kusengaphambili ngendima yabasizi. Inkathazo yeza ngesimo samasosha kaNapoleon. Bavele baxosha ikhaya lezintandane balikhipha esigodlweni esasilungele indawo yalo yokuhlala. Ekugcineni, lapho uPestalozzi esungula futhi enza iBurgdorf Institute yaduma umhlaba wonke, lesi sikhungo, ngemuva kweminyaka engama-20 sisebenza ngempumelelo, saqeda izingxabano kubasebenzi bezokuphatha.
19. Uprofesa wesikhathi eside e-University of Königsberg, u-Immanuel Kant, wahlaba umxhwele abafundi bakhe hhayi ngokugcina kwakhe isikhathi (babheka iwashi ekuhambeni kwakhe) nasekuhlakanipheni okujulile. Enye yezinganekwane ngoKant ithi lapho ngelinye ilanga amawadi wesazi sefilosofi esingakaze sishade esakwazi ukumhudulela endaweni yezifebe, uKant wachaza ukubonakala kwakhe “njengokuhamba okuncane okungenangqondo okungenamsebenzi”.
Kant
20. Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo esivelele kanye nothisha uLev Vygotsky, mhlawumbe wayengeke abe yisazi sokusebenza kwengqondo noma uthisha, uma kungenjalo ngezehlakalo zenguquko zango-1917 kanye nomonakalo owalandela. UVygotsky wafunda e-Faculty of Law and History and Philosophy futhi, njengomfundi, washicilela izindatshana zemibhalo ezibucayi nezomlando. Kodwa-ke, kunzima ukondla izindatshana eRussia noma ngabe yiminyaka ezolile, futhi ikakhulukazi ngeminyaka yokuguqula.UVygotsky waphoqeleka ukuba athole umsebenzi wobuthisha, okokuqala esikoleni, bese kuba esikoleni sobuchwepheshe. Ukufundisa kwamthumba kakhulu kangangokuthi iminyaka engu-15, yize ayenempilo ebuthaka (wahlushwa isifo sofuba), washicilela imisebenzi engaphezu kuka-200 yezingane zokufundisa kanye nokusebenza kwengqondo, ezinye zazo zaba yizinto zakudala.
ULev Vygotsky
