Ubudlelwano phakathi kwemvelo nomuntu buhlale bungacaci. Kancane kancane, ubuntu buye basuka ekusindeni buphikisana ngqo namandla emvelo baba nomthelela obanzi, osondele emhlabeni jikelele emvelweni. Amadamu avele ebusweni bomhlaba, edlula ezinye izilwandle endaweni kanye nomthamo wamanzi. Ezigidini zamahektha, kutshalwa izitshalo ebezingasoze zavela ngaphandle kokubandakanyeka komuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zingakhula lapho bekungekho blade yotshani ngaphambi kokuvela komuntu - ukuchelela okufakelwayo kuyasiza.
AmaGreki asendulo akhononda ngethonya elinamandla kakhulu lomuntu endalweni. Kodwa-ke, inkulumo-ze yezemvelo yaqala ukuthola ithoni yayo yamanje ye-hysterical kuphela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20. Vele, kwesinye isikhathi ukuhaha komuntu kuyayilimaza imvelo, kepha imvamisa lokhu kuthinteka emvelweni kumiswa esikhathini esifushane ngokomlando, ingasaphathwa eyokuba khona koMhlaba. ILondon efanayo, ngokusho kwesibikezelo sabantu abaphilile impela, bekufanele ngabe babhubha ngenxa yokugcwala kwabantu, indlala, umquba wamahhashi nentuthu - futhi akubizi lutho. Njengoba iqhawe lenye yamanoveli kaMichael Crichton lathi, isintu sicabanga kakhulu ngokwaso, futhi uMhlaba wawukhona ngaphambi komuntu, futhi uzoba khona ngemuva kwalokho.
Noma kunjalo, umyalezo ojwayelekile wokuthi isimo sengqondo ngokuvikelwa kwemvelo okutholwe ngekhulu lamashumi amabili sinembile. Ubuntu, ngokuphepha kwayo, kufanele buphathe imvelo ngokuqonda nangokucophelela. Ungabuyeli emihumeni, kodwa futhi ungasiki amahektha okugcina amahlathi emvula ngamafutha esundu. Kodwa-ke, imvelo, njengoba umlando ukhombisa, akunakwenzeka ukuthi ivumele okwakamuva.
1. Ukuhlonishwa "kwehlane" kunguqulo yayo yaseMelika akuhlangene nehlane langempela. Sebesebenzisane namaNdiya, abaseMelika kamuva bakwenza kwaba semthethweni ukufuduswa kwabantu bomdabu ezindaweni ababehlala kuzo iminyaka eyizinkulungwane, benesifiso sokulondoloza "imvelo yasendle": amahlathi, amathafa, imihlambi efanayo edumile yezinyathi, njll. ukufika kwezivakashi ezivela emazweni athuthukile kuya ezwenikazi kwasungulwa ngokuhlanganyela kwamaNdiya. Abanye babo babenza umsebenzi wokulima nokushisa, abanye babo babezingela futhi beqoqa, kepha ngandlela thile bathonya imvelo, okungenani ngokuqoqa izinkuni.
2. Ubungqingili eGrisi lasendulo, ukusabalala kwenani elikhulu lezindela eTibet kanye nesiko lokudlulisa inkosikazi lisuka kumyeni oshonile liye ezihlotsheni zinemvelo efanayo. Inani labantu ezifundeni ezinesimo esingejwayelekile lihlala lilinganiselwe, ngakho-ke, kanye nezimpi nezifo eziwumshayabhuqe, izindlela ezinjalo ezingejwayelekile zokunciphisa izinga lokuzalwa ziyavela.
3. Ukunakwa kombuso kanye nemibuthano ebusayo ekulondolozweni kwemithombo yemvelo kaningi akuhlangene nokulondolozwa kwayo uqobo. Imikhawulo ebekwe emisebenzini yabantu emahlathini, eyamukelwa ngenkuthalo kulo lonke elaseYurophu, kusukela ngekhulu le-15, kwesinye isikhathi yaze yenqabela abalimi ukuthi bathathe izinkuni ezifile. Kepha ngesikhathi seNguquko Yezimboni, abanikazi bezindlu bagawula amahlathi amahlandla angamashumi ezinkulungwane. Izindlu zaseJalimane ezinamapulangwe - ukwakhiwa kwezindlu ezisuka emishayweni emile nazo zonke izinhlobo zemfucumfucu ngesigamu nobumba, kugcwalisa isikhala phakathi kwemishayo - lokhu akuyona ukunqoba kobuhlakani bokwakha. Lokhu kungubufakazi bokuthi ngesikhathi kwakhiwa lezi zindlu, amahlathi ayesevele engawanoma ngubani okufanele abe nawo, hhayi imiphakathi yabalimi, futhi ikakhulukazi, eyabantu abavamile basemadolobheni. Okufanayo kusebenza kumaphrojekthi amakhulu wokunisela eMpumalanga Yasendulo, nase-English Fencing, nakwezinye izinguquko eziningi "zemvelo".
UFachwerk akazange asungulwe empilweni enhle
4. Ngokuqondana nokwehla kokukhiqiza eYurophu ngekhulu le-17 kuya kwele-18, ngisho nososayensi abanegunya baveza imibono engajwayelekile yokwanda kokuzala komhlaba. Isibonelo, usokhemisi waseJalimane u-Eustace von Liebig, owenza okuningi okutholakele, wayekholelwa ukuthi inzalo yethiyori izobuyiselwa uma yonke indle yesintu emlandweni weminyaka eyinkulungwane ingabuyela emhlabathini. Ukholelwa ukuthi uhlelo lwendle olusenkabeni eyodwa luzogcina lubhubhise inhlabathi. Njengesibonelo, usosayensi wabeka iChina, lapho isivakashi sakhombisa ukunambitheka okungalungile uma ingashiyanga ingxenye elungisiwe yokudla okusetshenzisiwe kumnikazi. Kukhona iqiniso ezitatimendeni zika-von Liebig, noma kunjalo, ukwehla kwesivuno kudalwa yizizathu eziyinkimbinkimbi, kufaka phakathi, ngaphezu kokushoda komanyolo, ukuguguleka kanye nezinye izinto eziningi.
U-Eustace von Liebig wayazi okuningi hhayi kuphela ngamakhemikhali
5. Ukugxekwa kokuziphatha komuntu emvelweni akuyona neze into eyasungulwa ngekhulu lamashumi amabili. USeneca uphinde wagxeka ngolaka abantu bakubo abacebile abachitha izindawo zemifula namachibi ngezindlu zabo. E-China yasendulo, kwakukhona nezazi zefilosofi ezazithethisa abantu ababekholelwa ukuthi ama-pheasants akhona ukuze akhiphe izimpaphe ezinhle kuwo, futhi isinamoni alikhuli ukuze kuhlukaniswe ukudla komuntu. Kuliqiniso, ezikhathini zasendulo inkolelo eyayivelele yayiwukuthi imvelo yayingamelana nodlame lomuntu ngokumelene nalo.
USeneca ukugxekile ukuthuthukiswa kwamabhange amadamu
6. Kuwo wonke umlando womuntu, imililo yehlathi ibingeyimbi. Okhokho bethu basebenzise umlilo emahlathini ngezinhloso ezahlukahlukene. Babazi ukuthi bangayakha kanjani imililo yezinhlobo ezahlukene. Ukuthola amasimu, izihlahla zazigawulwa noma zisuswe amagxolo ngaphambi kokushiswa. Ukuze kususwe izihlahla ehlathini nokukhula kwentsha ngokweqile, kwahlelwa imililo yomhlabathi (izihlahla ezinkulu eMammoth Valley e-USA zakhula kanjena ngoba amaNdiya ayehlala eqeda izimbangi zawo ngomlilo. Imililo ayigcinanga nje ngokukhulula umhlaba ngokuhlwanyela, kodwa futhi yawuvundisa (umlotha uwusizo kakhulu kunenkomo Isilinganiso samanje esiyinhlekelele semililo yehlathi sichazwa ngokunembile ngeqiniso lokuthi amahlathi abe evikelekile, angathintwa.
7. Isisho sokuthi abantu basendulo babezingela ngokucophelela kakhulu kunabazingeli banamuhla, abangabulali ukuthola ukudla, kodwa befuna injabulo, akusilo iqiniso eliyi-100%. Izinkulungwane zezilwane zahlatshwa ekubulaweni kwabantu abaningi. Kunezindawo ezaziwayo lapho kugcinwe khona izinsalela zamamammoths noma amashumi ezinkulungwane zamahhashi asendle. Ithuku lomzingeli aliqambi into yanamuhla. Ezizweni zasendle zanamuhla, ngokusho kocwaningo, kukhona izinkambiso zokuzingela, kepha bakushaya indiva ukuqaliswa kwazo. Kwesinye sezizwe zaseNingizimu Melika, amathole angakazalwa namanye amawundlu abhekwa njengesibiliboco. AmaNdiya azijabulela ngenjabulo, yize lapha icala lokuzingela “okungalungile” lingaphezulu kokusobala. ENyakatho Melika, amaNdiya, ngokwesaba okuchazwe ezincwadini njengabaqaphi bemvelo, abulala amakhulu ezinyathi, azisika izilimi zawo kuphela. Zonke ezinye izidumbu zaphonswa endaweni yokuzingela, ngoba zazikhokhelwa imali yezilimi kuphela.
8. EJapan naseChina phambilini, amahlathi ayephathwa ngendlela ehluke kakhulu. Uma eChina enkulu, yize kunemibhalo ebabekayo yohulumeni ophakathi, amahlathi agawulwa ngokungenasihawu, ngisho nasezintabeni zaseTibet, khona-ke eJapan, naphezu kokushoda kwezinsizakusebenza, bakwazi ukugcina isiko lokwakhiwa kwamapulangwe nokulondolozwa kwamahlathi. Ngenxa yalokho, phakathi nekhulu lama-20, amahlathi aseChina ahlala endaweni engama-8%, futhi eJapane - 68%. Ngasikhathi sinye, eJapan, izindlu nazo bezifudunyezwa kakhulu ngamalahle.
9. Inqubomgomo ephelele yezemvelo yethulwa okokuqala maphakathi eVenice. Kuyiqiniso, ngemuva kwamakhulu eminyaka wokulingwa namaphutha, lapho indawo ezungeze idolobha yayicwiliswe ngokweqile noma igcwele kakhulu. Ngokwazi kwabo, abaseVenetian babona ukuthi ubukhona bamahlathi busindisa ezikhukhuleni, ngakho-ke, kwasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16, kwakungavunyelwe ukugawula amahlathi azungezile. Lokhu kuvinjelwa kwakubalulekile - idolobha lalidinga izinkuni eziningi nezinkuni zokwakha. Kwakudingeka izinqwaba ezingaphezu kwesigidi ekwakheni iCathedral yaseSanta Maria della Salute kuphela. Lapho, eVenice, babona isidingo sokuhlukanisa iziguli ezithathelwanayo. Futhi lona igama elithi "ukuzihlukanisa" lisho "ukufuduselwa esiqhingini", futhi kwakuneziqhingi ezanele eVenice.
Izinqwaba eziyizigidi
10. Uhlelo lweDashi lwemisele kanye namadamu luyathandwa ngokufanele emhlabeni. Ngempela, amaDashi asebenzise izinsizakusebenza eziningi elwa nolwandle amakhulu eminyaka. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi amaDashi ngokoqobo ambile iningi lezinkinga ngezandla zawo. Iphuzu yi-peat, okuyiNkathi Ephakathi eyayinguphethiloli obaluleke kakhulu kule ndawo. I-Peat yambiwa ngendlela eyingozi kakhulu, ngaphandle kokucabanga ngemiphumela. Izinga lomhlabathi lehla, indawo yaba ixhaphozi. Ukuyiqeda, kwakudingeka ukujulisa iziteshi, ukukhulisa ukuphakama kwamadamu, njll.
11. Kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili, ezolimo emhlabathini ovundile zazixhunyaniswe ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nomalaleveva - omiyane bathanda inhlabathi evundile enamanzi namanzi amile. Ngokunjalo, ukuchelela kuvame ukuholela eqinisweni lokuthi, kuze kube muva nje, izindawo eziphephile ziba yindawo yokuzala umalaleveva. Ngasikhathi sinye, izindlela ezifanayo zokunisela ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba zaholela emiphumeleni ehlukile. AmaDashi, ayeziqhenya ngemisele yawo yemikhumbi, asebenzisa uhlelo olufanayo lwemisele eKalimantan ukwakha indawo yokuzala umalaleveva kulesi siqhingi. Abasekeli nabamelene nokunisela babuyisana ngokuvela kwe-DDT. Ngosizo lwale khemikhali elahlwe ngokungafanele, umalaleveva, othathe izimpilo zabantu izinkulungwane zeminyaka, wehlulwa emashumini ambalwa nje eminyaka.
12. Amathafa aseMedithera esimanje, nohlaza lwawo oluncane emithambekeni yamagquma nezintaba, awavelanga nhlobo ngoba amaGrikhi namaRoma asendulo agawula amahlathi ngenxa yezidingo zezomnotho. Futhi ikakhulukazi hhayi ngenxa yezimbuzi, okusolwa ukuthi zidla wonke amahlumela amancane namaqabunga emagatsheni aphansi. Umuntu, wasiza amahlathi ukuba anyamalale ngangokusemandleni akhe, kepha isimo sezulu saba yisici esiyinhloko: ngemuva kokuphela kwe-Little Ice Age, izimila zaqala ukuzivumelanisa nokufudumala futhi zathola izinhlobo zazo zamanje. Okungenani esilinganisweni semithombo yasendulo yamaGrikhi esehlele kithi, ukushiyeka kwehlathi akukhulunywa ngakho. Okungukuthi, ngesikhathi sikaPlato noSocrates, isimo semifino eMedithera sasingafani neze naleso samanje - izingodo zebhizinisi zalethwa futhi zalethwa, zingaboni lutho olungajwayelekile kulo.
Izwe lamaGrikhi
13. Kakade phakathi nekhulu le-17, umbhali uJohn Evelyn, ongomunye wabasunguli beRoyal Academy, wathuka izakhamuzi zaseLondon ezazisebenzisa amalahle. U-Evelyn ubize le ntuthu ekhishwe ngamalahle avuthayo ngokuthi “isihogo”. Ngenye indlela, esinye sezazi zemvelo zokuqala sasikisela ukusebenzisa amalahle amadala amahle.
Intuthu yaseLondon: inhlanganisela yenkungu nentuthu
14. Abantu bazi isikhathi eside ngamakhabethe amanzi. Ngo-1184, isixuku esasibuthene esigodlweni sikaMbhishobhi wase-Erfurt sizobingelela inkosi eyayifikile, sawela phansi sadilika emfuleni owawugobhoza ngaphansi kwesigodlo. Isigodlo sakhiwa phezu komfudlana kuphela ukuze amanzi asheshe ahlanze ukungcola. Lesi sakamuva Yiqiniso, eqoqwe ethangini ekhethekile.
15. Ngawo-1930, amathafa aseMelika naseCanada ayese "Cauldron Yothuli". Ukwanda okukhulu endaweni etshalwe, ukungabi bikho kwezinyathelo zokulwa nokuguguleka komhlaba, ukushiswa kwezinhlanga kwaholela ekuguqulweni kwesakhiwo senhlabathi. Ezindaweni ezivulekile, ngisho nemimoya ebuthakathaka encane yaphephuka enhlabathini engaphezulu kwezinkulungwane zamakhilomitha-skwele. Isendlalelo esiphezulu se-humus sabhujiswa kumahektha ayizigidi ezingama-40. Ama-80% eThafa Elikhulu agugulwa. Izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha ukusuka kubhayela, iqhwa elinsundu noma elibomvu lawa, futhi abantu abasendaweni yenhlekelele baqala ukugula yi-pneumonia enothuli. Eminyakeni embalwa, abantu abangu-500 000 bathuthela emadolobheni.
I-cauldron enothuli yabhubhisa izindawo zokuhlala ezingamakhulu
