Amaqiniso Angaziwa Ngama-Fascist Italy

Umbuso wobushiqela kaMussolini wawunezici “zobusoshiyali”. Kwakhiwa umkhakha kahulumeni futhi izimboni eziningana ezibalulekile zenziwa zaba ngaphansi kukahulumeni wezwe.

Ukulawulwa kombuso kwamanani entengo, amaholo, kanye nezinto zokuhlela ezomnotho kwethulwe. Ukwabiwa kwezinsizakusebenza bekulawulwa - ikakhulukazi okwezimali kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa.

Kwakungekho anti-Semitism ngaphansi kukaMussolini, ukucindezelwa okunonya kwezepolitiki (kusuka ngo-1927 kuya ku-1943 e-Italy abantu abangama-4596 batholwa benamacala ngaphansi kwezindatshana zepolitiki) kanye namakamu okuhlushwa (okungenani kwaze kwaba nguSepthemba 1943).

Amaqiniso angama-22 athakazelisayo nge-fascist Italy

1. Kusukela ngo-1922 kuya ku-1930, inani lemitholampilo nezibhedlela ezweni laphindeka kane.
2. NgoJulayi 1923, uMussolini wakwenqabela ukugembula ezweni.
3. Uma ngo-1925 i-Italy yangenisa amathani ayizigidi ezingama-25 kakolweni ngokufunwa okuphelele kwamathani ayizigidi ezingama-75, ngemuva kwalokho "Impi Yokuvuna" yamenyezelwa ngoJuni 1925, vele ngo-1931 i-Italy ihlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo zayo zokusanhlamvu, kwathi ngo-1933 yavuna 82 amathani ayisigidi.
4. Ngo-1928, "Uhlelo Lokuvuselelwa Komhlaba Ohlanganisiwe” lwethulwa futhi, ngenxa yokuthi kwatholakala ngaphezu kwamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-7,700 omhlaba omusha olimekayo eminyakeni eyi-10. ESardinia, idolobha eliyisibonelo lezolimo laseMussolinia lakhiwa ngo-1930.
5. Ukwehlisa ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi, kwakhiwa amapulazi angaphezu kwama-5 000 kanye namadolobha wezolimo amahlanu. Ngale njongo, amaxhaphozi amaPontic aseduze neRoma akhanywa futhi abuyiselwa. Abalimi abangama-78,000 abavela ezifundeni ezihlwempu zase-Italy bathuthelwa lapho
6. Enye ingqopha-mlando ephawulekayo kwakuwumzabalazo kaMussolini neSicilian Mafia. UCesare Mori waqokwa waba ngumphathi wePalermo, owaqala ukulwa ngokungaphezi elwa nobugebengu obuhleliwe. Kwathathwa izibhamu ezingama-43,000, kwaboshwa ama-mafiosi amakhulu angama-400, kwathi eminyakeni emithathu nje (kusukela ngo-1926 kuya ku-1929) kwaboshwa abantu ababalelwa ku-11 000 kulesi siqhingi ngenxa yokuba yingxenye yama-mafia. Ngo-1930, uMussolini wamemezela ukunqoba okuphelele kuma-mafia. Izinsalela ze-mafia ehluliwe zabalekela e-United States. Lapho bekhunjulwa khona ngosuku olwandulela ukufika eSicily ngoJulayi 1943. BaseMelika wasusa uLucky Luciano ejele, owafaka isandla ekusizeni ama-mafia aseSicilia emabuthweni aseMelika. Okwathi, ngemuva kokuqokwa kwesiqhingi ngabaseNgilandi-baseMelika, izimpahla zosizo lwaseMelika kanye nokudla kwadlula kuma-mafia, futhi uLucky Luciano wayekhululekile.
7. Ngo-1932, kwavulwa umkhosi wamafilimu wamazwe omhlaba eVenice (ngo-1934 kuya ku-1942 umklomelo wawo omkhulu kwaba yiMussolini Cup)
8. Ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaMussolini, iqembu lebhola lase-Italy layinqoba iNdebe Yomhlaba kabili. Ngo-1934 nango-1938.
9. UDuce weza emidlalweni yobumpetha base-Italiya, futhi wasekela iRomania "Lazio", egqoke izingubo ezilula, ezama ukugcizelela ukusondelana nabantu.
10. Ngo-1937, kwasungulwa isitudiyo sefilimu esidumile iCinecitta - isitudiyo samafilimu esikhulu kunazo zonke nesimanje kakhulu kwaze kwaba ngo-1941.
11. Ngo-1937, uMussolini wavula umgwaqo osogwini ongamakhilomitha ayi-1,800 osuka eTripoli uya eBardia eLibya. Ngokuvamile, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kuwo wonke amakoloni angaleso sikhathi, amaNtaliyane akha izikole zesimanje, izibhedlela, imigwaqo namabhuloho, asasetshenziswa nanamuhla eLibya, e-Ethiopia nase-Eritrea.
12. NgoJulayi 1939, abashayeli bezindiza base-Italy babephethe amarekhodi omhlaba angama-33 (i-USSR ngaleso sikhathi yayinamarekhodi afanayo ayi-7).
13. Izinqolobane zemvelo zokuqala zakhiwa.
14. Ngo-1931, kwakhiwa isiteshi sesitimela eMilan, esasibhekwa njengesikhungo esikhulu kunazo zonke futhi esikahle kunazo zonke ezokuthutha ngaphambi kwempi yaseYurophu.
15. Inkundla yezemidlalo yaseRoma iyinkundla yezemidlalo yangaphambi kwempi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.
16. Ngokokuqala ngqá, kwamukelwa imiyalo e-Italy, ngokusho kwezinzuzo ezikhokhelwa ukukhulelwa nokubeletha, ukungasebenzi, ukukhubazeka nokuguga, umshuwalense wezempilo kanye nokuxhaswa ngezinto ezibonakalayo emindenini emikhulu. Isonto lokusebenza lehliswa lisuka emahoreni angama-60 laya kwangu-40. Abesifazane nabasebenzi abasebasha babengavunyelwe ukusebenza ubusuku bonke. Kwamukelwa isimemezelo ngokuhambisana nezindinganiso zenhlanzeko emabhizinisini, umshwalense obhekiswe ezingozini emsebenzini wawusemthethweni.
17. Amaphoyisa bekudingeka ukuthi ashaye indesheni abesifazane abakhulelwe. Abesilisa abayizinhloko zemindeni emikhulu basungulelwa amathuba okuqasha nokuphakanyiswa.
18. Ngokokuqala ngqa emlandweni wase-Italy, izwe alibulalanga yindlala.
19. Imali esetshenziswe nguhulumeni yehliswe kakhulu. Umsebenzi weposi kanye nojantshi kulungisiwe (izitimela zaqala ukusebenza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi).
20. Ngaphansi kukaMussolini, kwakhiwa amabhuloho amasha angama-400, kufaka phakathi iLiberta Bridge edumile, engu-4.5 km ubude, exhuma iVenice nezwekazi. Kwakhiwe imigwaqo emisha engama-8,000 km. Kwakhiwa umsele omkhulu wokuhambisa amanzi ezifundeni ezomile zase-Apulia.
21. Kwavulwa amakamu ehlobo ayi-1700 wezingane ezintabeni nasolwandle.
22. Abagibeli nababhubhisi abasheshayo emhlabeni nabo babeyingxenye yemikhumbi yase-Italy.

Alexander Tikhomirov

Bukela ividiyo: The Rise of Mussolini and the Fascists (Julayi 2025).