Naphezu kwenani elincane lezinhlobo ezichazwe, izinyamazane ziyahlukahluka kakhulu. Kodwa-ke noma kunjalo, ukuhlangana kokuqala negama elithi "inyamazane" kubantu abaningi kuzoba yinyamazane noma inyamazane ebomvu - isifonyo esi side esinomqhele wezimpondo, amehlo amakhulu, kanye nekhono lokubalekela ubungozi ngokuphazima kweso.
Sekuyiminyaka eyizinkulungwane, izinyamazane zibe ngumthombo wokudla nezinto ezahlukahlukene kubantu. Ekupheleni kwesikhathi seqhwa, abantu bafudukela enyakatho belandela imihlambi yezinyamazane. Ngokushesha ngokwanele, umuntu wafunda ukuqondisa ukusebenza kwenyamazane ngendlela efanele, ukubenza bathuthele endaweni elula yokuhlatshwa noma yokubanjwa.
Kumele kushiwo ukuthi eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane, ukuziphatha kwezinyamazane akuzange kuguquke. Uma kuvela ingozi, izinyamazane zibaleka ngawo wonke amandla azo zibheke ngasemthonjeni wengozi ngisho namanje. Kungenzeka ukuthi, uma kungengenxa yokufuya kwasekuqaleni, izinyamazane zazizobulawa njengezinye izilwane eziningi. Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi inyamazane isilwane sesibili esithanjiswa ngumuntu, kulandela inja.
Ama-reindeer awathobeki ezimweni zangaphandle nokudla, ajwayela kalula ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu futhi, ngaphandle kwendlela, awakhombisi ubudlova obuthile. Ungabagibela ngehhashi (uma ubukhulu bezinyamazane buvumela), thutha izimpahla ngamaphakethe noma ngezihlibhi. Kubantu abaningi abahlala eNyakatho Ekude, ukuzalanisa ama-reindeer kuyindlela yokuphila. I-Reindeer inikeza indawo yokuhlala, okokwembatha, izicathulo, nokudla okubandakanya amavithamini namaminerali. Uma kungengenxa yezinyamazane, izindawo ezinkulu ezisenyakatho ye-Eurasia neMelika manje bezingasekho.
EYurophu, abantu baqala ngokuqothula izinyamazane cishe zihlanzeke ngokuphelele, babe sebebiza lesi silwane ngokuthi “sihloniphekile” noma “sasebukhosini” base beqala ukusihlonipha kakhulu. Phezulu kwezicukuthwane kuphela okuvunyelwe ukuzingela ubuhle bezimpondo. Izinyamazane seziphenduke izicukuthwane phakathi kwezilwane - wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi zikhona, kepha bambalwa abazibonile endaweni yabo yemvelo. Manje kunikezwa ithuba elingokoqobo lokubona imihlambi yezinyamazane lapho uya endaweni yaseChernobyl. Lapho, ngaphandle kokuba khona kwabantu, izinyamazane, njengezinye izilwane, zizizwa zizinhle ngisho naphansi kwezimo zemvelo enomsakazo kanye nendawo elinganiselwe.
1. Amabhange weVolga, iDon nemifula emincane igcwele amathambo ezinyamazane. Abazingeli basendulo babehlela ukuzingela okukhulu, beqhubela yonke imihlambi yezinyamazane ezigodini noma bephoqa izilwane ukuba zeqe eweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwahlulela ngenani lamathambo, ukuqothulwa okukhulu kwezinyamazane endaweni efanayo kwenziwa kaninginingi. Ngasikhathi sinye, azizange zithinte imikhuba yezinyamazane: izilwane zisalahleka kalula emihlambini elawulwayo.
2. Imivubukulo eyenziwa eDenmark, eSweden nasenhlonhlweni yaseKarelian ikhombisa ukuthi okungenani eminyakeni engama-4,000 eyedlule abantu babefuya izinyamazane ezindaweni ezibiyelwe noma bagcine ingxenye yomhlambi kuzo ukuze bazisebenzise esikhathini esizayo. Ematsheni, imidwebo igcinwe, lapho izinyamazane zitholakala ngokucacile ngemuva kohlobo oluthile lwe-corral noma ucingo.
3. Ubisi lwe-reindeer luwumkhiqizo onempilo kakhulu futhi onomsoco. Ngokuya ngokuqukethwe okunamafutha, kufana nokhilimu ongcotshisiwe, futhi la mafutha amuncwa kahle ngumzimba womuntu. Kukhona ne-calcium eningi obisini lwe-reindeer. Ibhotela lobisi lwe-reindeer linambitheka kanye nemidwebo efana ne-ghee ebisi lobisi lwenkomo. Abelusi bama-reindeer baseSweden banamuhla bahlukanisa amathole kunina bese bewondla ngobisi lwembuzi - i-reindeer iyabiza kakhulu. Ngale njongo, izimbuzi zifuywa eduze kwenyamazane.
4. Ukufuywa kwezinyamazane eRussia kwaqala, ngokunokwenzeka, eNyakatho yeUral. Kunemizila yokufuduka kwama-reindeer nezinto zokwanele zokwakha izibaya zezilwane ezithathiwe. Kukhona uhlaza oluncane kakhulu enyakatho nasempumalanga, ngakho-ke ukufuywa kwabantu abaningi cishe kwakungeke kwenzeke.
5. Ukufuya ama-reindeer ekuqaleni bekungukugibela iphakethe - i-reindeer ibisebenza njenge-analogue yamahhashi ezindaweni ezingaseningizimu eziningi. Ngenkathi kuqala ukunwetshwa kweRussia enyakatho-mpumalanga, amaNenets asebenzisa izinyamazane ezifuywayo kuphela njengamandla okusungula, ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu babegibela amahhashi futhi bethutha izimpahla ngamaphakethe. Lapho izinyamazane zifudukela empumalanga, inani lezimila elalisebenza njengokudla kwezinyamazane lancipha. Kancane kancane, lolu hlobo lwaqala ukuncipha, futhi abantu kwadingeka bayeke ukugibela futhi babophele ama-reindeer kuma-sleds.
6. Izindlela ezinhlobonhlobo zazisetshenziselwa ukuzingela izinyamazane, kusukela okwehlukaneni okwehliswayo kuya kumanetha amakhulu. Ngokuyisisekelo, awehlukile ezindleleni zokubamba ezinye izilwane, kepha azibambi ezinye izilwane ngamanethi emhlabeni. Isilinganiso sokudotshwa kwezinyamazane esinjalo siboniswa iqiniso lokuthi ukuze kwenziwe inetha ngezikhumba zezinyamazane, kwakudingeka izinyamazane ezingama-50. Inethiwekhi evelayo ibingamamitha ayi-2.5 ukuphakama futhi ifike kumakhilomitha ama-2 ubude. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanethiwekhi amaningi anjalo, angawemindeni ehlukene, ahlanganiswa aba munye.
7. Abasenyakatho babengazalanga inyamazane zenyama nezikhumba ngenxa yempilo enhle. Ngenkathi inhlangano yaseRussia "ihlangana nelanga", kancane kancane, yize babethanda inkululeko, bangeniswa "ngaphansi kwesandla senkosi" futhi baphoqeleka ukuthi bakhokhe intela - yasak. Ekuqaleni, ukukhokha kwayo kwakungeyona inkinga - kwakudingeka ukuthi kudluliselwe izikhumba eziningana zesilwane esithwala uboya ngonyaka. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kokuba beqale ngokuqothula kakhulu izilwane ezithwala uboya eTrans-Urals, abantu bomdabu kwakudingeka bazivuselele ngentela yemali - babengakwazi ukuncintisana nabazingeli abavela kwamanye amazwe abahlome kahle. Kwakufanele ngiqale ukufuya izinyamazane, ngithengise izikhumba nenyama, ngikhokhe nentela ngokheshi.
8. Inyama yegazi eluhlaza kanye negazi ngamakhambi amahle kakhulu esikhwehle. Phakathi kwabantu abazalanisa izinyamazane, lesi sifo asaziwa, yize bengadli imifino nezithelo - abantu bathola amavithamini adingekayo kanye nezinto ezincane, futhi ngendlela elula yokugaya, egazini lezinyamazane.
9. Ama-lichen, aziwa ngokuthi "i-reindeer moss", ukuphela kokudla kwezinyamazane kuphela ngenkathi ebandayo (noma kunjalo, ihlala okungenani izinyanga eziyi-7 ezindaweni lapho kuhlala khona ama-reindeer). Esikhathini esifushane sokushisa, izinyamazane zidla ngenkuthalo cishe noma yikuphi uhlaza olutholakala kutundra.
10. Umlingani we-reindeer ngo-Okthoba-Novemba, le nkathi ibizwa nge- "rut". Abesilisa ngaphambi kokukhwela balwela kanzima ukunakwa kwabesifazane. Ukukhulelwa kuvame ukuthatha izinyanga eziyi-7.5, kepha isikhathi singahluka kakhulu. AmaNenet, ngokwesibonelo, akholelwa ukuthi abesifazane bavundiswa ekuqaleni komsele, kanye nalabo abaphethe umbungu wesilisa, banokukhulelwa okuhlala izinyanga ezingaphezu kwezingu-8. Amathole asezinyaweni zawo phakathi nengxenye yehora ngemuva kokuzalwa. Ukondla ubisi kuthatha izinyanga eziyisithupha, kepha-ke, kumaviki okuqala okuphila, amathole aqala ukugcoba imifino.
11. Isikhathi okuwukuphela kwaso lapho inyamazane iyingozi ngempela kubantu yisifundo. Ukuziphatha kwamadoda anezimpondo kuba yinto engalindelekile futhi, ngokufutheka, bangamnyathela umuntu. Izinja ziyagcina - ziyakwazi ukubikezela indlela yokuziphatha kwezinyamazane, futhi uma kwenzeka ingozi kumalusi, zihlasela kuqala. Uma inja ingazange isize, kunento eyodwa kuphela esele - ukukhuphuka itshe eliphakeme eliseduze. Bonke abantu basenyakatho banezinganekwane mayelana nokuthi umfuyi wezinkukhu onebhadi kwakufanele axhomeke kanjani etsheni isikhathi eside, ebalekela izinyamazane ezihlanyayo.
12. Izimpondo ezidumile - iziqu ezingekho ossified zezimpondo zenyamazane, ezibiza imali efinyelela ku- $ 250 ngekhilogremu - zinqunywa ezinyamazane ngoJulayi, lapho zingalethwa emadlelweni ehlobo. Izinyamazane ziboshelwa ngesihlibhi, izimpondo ziboshelwa ezansi, kanti lezi zimpondo ziboshelwa nge-hacksaw. Inqubo yezinyamazane ibuhlungu impela, ngakho-ke bazama ukuyenza ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngokuya ngezimpondo zempondo, amaxhama ahlukile. Ezinhlotsheni ezingama-51 zama-reindeer, ama-reindeer kuphela anezintuthwane ezingamaduna nezinsikazi. Eziningi kakhulu zezinye izinhlobo, izimpondo yizabelo zesilisa. Izinyamazane zamanzi kuphela ezingenazo izimpisi.
13. AmaReindeer awahlatshwa, kepha aklinywa (ngaphandle kwamaLapps - asebenzisa ummese nje). Abantu ababili baqinisa intambo entanyeni yesilwane, kuthi ngemuva kwemizuzu engaba mi-5, isilwane sife. Ngemuva kwalokho isikhumba sisuswa kuso, bese kukhishwa izibilini. Lona ngumsebenzi wabantu. Bese isisu sezinyamazane sigcwaliswa isibindi esinqunyiwe kahle nezinso nezicucu zenyama ezikhuluphele kakhulu. Ngemuva kwalokho wonke umuntu uphuza inkomishi yegazi bese eqala ukudla. Ukusikwa kwesidumbu kwenziwa ngabesifazane kuphela. Amathole ashaywa ngendlela yendabuko - ashaya ngemuva kwekhanda ngento esindayo.
14. Izinyamazane zithinteka ezifweni eziningi kusuka ku-brucellosis kuya ku-anthrax. ESoviet Union kwakukhona uhlelo lokuvikela, amapulazi ama-reindeer anikezwa ongoti bemfuyo ababelana ngolwazi nemithi nabalimi bezinyamazane. Manje uhlelo lubhujiswa cishe, kepha ulwazi ludluliselwa lusuka kubaba luye endodaneni. I-Necrobacteriosis iphathwa ngempumelelo ezinyamazaneni, izilwane ziyagonywa. Umuthi wokugoma odingeka kakhulu umele izimpukane. Kungenziwa kuphela ngoSepthemba, ngakho-ke u-Agasti yisikhathi esinzima kakhulu se-reindeer. Izikhumba zezinyamazane ezikhanyayo ezihlatshwe ngalesi sikhathi zibukeka njengesihlungo futhi azihlali zilungele ngaso sonke isikhathi ngisho nasezingubeni zezimpungushe, zishaywa ngezinduku ezikhunjeni zezithibelo futhi ngqo kwi-reindeer, kodwa le nqubo ayisebenzi - ziningi izimpukane futhi ziyaqina impela.
Ukulimala kokulunywa yi-gadfly kubonakala ngokusobala
15. Wonke ama-reindeer ahlala engenawo usawoti, ngakho-ke ukwelashwa okungcono kakhulu kubo iqhwa elifakwe emchameni, ikakhulukazi umchamo wezinja. Ngeqhwa elinjalo, izimpi ezinzima zenzeka kuze kube ukulahleka kwezimpondo.
16. Usayizi we-reindeer uncike kakhulu endaweni yokuhlala, ekudleni nasezimeni. Ngokwesilinganiso, izinyamazane ezifuywayo zincane okungenani ngama-20% kunezinye zazo. Okufanayo, kukwanda ngosayizi oseningizimu - inyamazane yaseMpumalanga Ekude ingaba mkhulu ngokuphindwe kabili kunezinyamazane ezihlala eFar North. I-reindeer encane yesilisa ingaba nesisindo esingama-70 - 80 kilograms, izinhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu zezinyamazane ezibomvu azinesisindo esifinyelela ku-300 kg ngesisindo.
17. Iqhosha ngobuntu bayo, umthetho wamaNgisi wobulelesi uqale wabhekana nokuzingelwa kwezinyamazane emahlathini asebukhosini ngobumnene - onecala kufanele aphuphuthekiswe futhi athenwe. Ngokulandelayo, lokhu kushiywa kwalungiswa, futhi labo ababenecala lokuzama impahla enezimpondo zenkosi bathunyelwa esigxotsheni. Futhi UKilling a Deer Sacred ifilimu engenazo izinyamazane, kodwa noColin Farrell, Nicole Kidman no-Alicia Silverstone. Leli cebo lisuselwa enhlekeleleni ka-Euripides "Iphigenia e-Aulis", lapho iNkosi u-Agemnemon, ehlawulela isono sokubulala insikazi engcwele, yaphoqeleka ukuba ibulale indodakazi yayo.
18. AmaReindeer ahlonishwa kakhulu eMpumalanga. Kukholakala ukuthi uShakya Muni kokunye ukuphindukuzalwa wayeyinyamazane, kanti uBuddha, ngokokuqala ngqa ngemuva kokukhanyiselwa, wachaza izimfundiso zakhe eDeer Grove. EJapane, izinyamazane zibhekwa njengesilwane esingcwele, njengenkomo eNdiya. I-reindeer, lapho zitholakala khona, zizulazula emigwaqweni ngokukhululeka noma zidle emapaki. Enhlokodolobha yasendulo yaseJapan, iNaru, izinyamazane zihamba ngokoqobo zinemihlambi. Bavunyelwe ukubondla lapho kuphela ngamabhisikidi akhethekile futhi maye kubavakashi abavithiza isikhwama salawa mabhisikidi bengaqondile! Izidalwa ezimbalwa ezinhle zizo gijimela kuye. Ngeke badabule nje kuphela isikhwama samabhisikidi, kodwa nezingubo nezinto zomuntu osizakala ngeshwa. Ungavele ubaleke ngendiza, njengoba phambilini wawuphonsa isikhwama.
19. U-Elk naye uyinyamazane. Esikhundleni salokho, omele omkhulu kunabo bonke bomndeni wezinyamazane - isisindo singadlula ama-600 kg. Izinyamazane iPudu zibhekwa njengezincane kunazo zonke, zihlala eningizimu yeChile. Bafana nonogwaja abanezimpondo - ukuphakama kuze kufike ku-30 cm, isisindo esifinyelela ku-10 kg.
20. Ama-reindeer ajwayela kahle imvelo yawo. Bakhuliswa ngempumelelo e-Australia, eNew Zealand, eCaribbean kanye nasesiqhingini saseNew Guinea, lapho isimo sezulu esishisayo singakuvimbelanga khona lokhu.
21. Izinyamazane zinezitha ezimbalwa zemvelo. Okokuqala, lezi yizimpisi. Azinabo ngisho nobungozi ngoba ziyakwazi ukubhekana nenyamazane enkulu zodwa. Izimpisi, ngokungafani nenkolelo evamile mayelana nokuhleleka kwezilwane ezidla ezinye, azibulali nje kuphela ngokudla, kodwa futhi nezemidlalo. I-Wolverines iyingozi kubantu abasha nababuthakathaka. Ibhere lingabulala inyamazane eyisiphukuphuku nokunganaki uma lisondela ngokwanele endaweni ethile emfuleni.
22. Ukuzingela izinyamazane akuyona injabulo eshibhile. Ngesikhathi sokuzingela, amanani asukela kuma-ruble angama-35,000 enyamazane enonyaka owodwa kuya ku-250,000 kowesilisa omkhulu. Abesifazane bahamba ngesilinganiso esiphindwe kabili - awukwazi ukubabulala, kepha uma lokhu kwenzeka, kuzodingeka ukhokhele isampuli ebulewe bese ukhokha inhlawulo yama-ruble angama-70 - 80,000.
23. Uma uSanta Claus ehamba nama-skis noma amahhashi amathathu, khona-ke uSanta Claus uhamba nge-9 reindeer. Ekuqaleni, kusukela ngo-1823, lapho kubhalwa inkondlo ethi “Ukuvakashelwa KukaSt. Nicholas”, kwakukhona izinyamazane ezingu-8. Ngo-1939 kwanezelwa i-reindeer ekhaleni elibomvu uRudolph, ekhanyisa umgwaqo ngamakhala akhe. Ezinye izinyamazane nazo zinamagama azo, futhi ziyehluka ngokwamazwe. Isibonelo, izinyamazane, ezibizwa nge- "Lightning" eJalimane, zibizwa nge- "Eclair" eFrance kanye nengxenye yaseCanada ekhuluma isiFulentshi.
24. Ukudla okukhethekile okuyi-reindeer ekheniwe okukhiqizwa yi-Nenets kubizwa nge-kopalchem. Indlela yokukhiqiza ilula impela. Izinyamazane ezinesikhumba sonke (okuyimfuneko!) Iklinyiwe bese yehliswa ibe ixhaphozi. Amanzi asemaxhaphozini ahlala ebanda kakhulu, ngakho isidumbu sezinyamazane, sengathi sisesikhwameni esenziwe ngesikhumba saso, sibola kancane kancane. Noma kunjalo, ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ubumnandi beNenets sebulungile. Isidumbu sisuswa exhaphozini bese sihlatshwa. Inyama namanoni abolile angcolile angumphumela weqhwa, asikwe abe izingcezu ezincanyana, bese edliwa njengosikiwe. Abantu bendawo kuphela abadlayo! Imizimba yabo amakhulu eminyaka (futhi isiko lokupheka i-kopalchem alikho ngaphansi kweminyaka eyinkulungwane) bejwayele ubuthi be-cadaveric, obanele kulesi sidlo. Umuntu ongafundile angazama iCopalhem kanye kuphela, ngemuva kwalokho uzofa kabuhlungu obabazekayo.
25. Emhlabeni womdlalo, "inyamazane" ngumdlali ongacabangi ngemiphumela yezenzo zakhe, ikakhulukazi uma le miphumela ithinta abadlali beqembu lakhe. Phakathi kwezicukuthwane, "inyamazane" ingumuntu ohloniphekile nohlakaniphile, olungele ukudela izintshisekelo zakhe ngenxa yodumo ekuqondeni kwakhe. Isibonelo esivamile yi-Athos evela ku-The Three Musketeers. Emabuthweni aseSoviet, "izinyamazane" ekuqaleni zazibizwa ngokuthi abameleli bezizwe ezisenyakatho ezingazi kahle iRussia. Kamuva, lo mqondo wasakazeka esigabeni esiphansi samasosha. Leli gama lalikhona futhi esitsheni sentsha, kepha yayingasenayo incazelo ehlambalazayo: "inyamazane" ngumuntu ongaluqondi lolu daba. Manje ayisetshenziswa kakhulu ezimpikiswaneni zomlomo eziphikisaneni ezinjengokuthi “Uyinyamazane, ngiyimpisi!”
