Ukuvinjelwa kweLeningrad

Ukuvinjelwa kweLeningrad - ukuvinjelwa kwamasosha edolobheni laseLeningrad (manje eyiSt.

Ukuvinjezelwa kweLeningrad kungenye yezinhlekelele kakhulu futhi, ngasikhathi sinye, amakhasi angamaqhawe emlandweni weMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe. Kwaqala ngoSepthemba 8, 1941 kuya kuJanuwari 27, 1944 (indandatho yokuvimbela yaphulwa ngoJanuwari 18, 1943) - izinsuku ezingama-872.

Ngobusuku bangaphambi kokuvinjelwa, idolobha belingenakho ukudla okwanele nophethiloli wokuvinjezelwa isikhathi eside. Lokhu kwaholela ekulambeni ngokuphelele, futhi ngenxa yalokho, kwabulawa amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabahlali.

Ukuvinjelwa kweLeningrad akuzange kwenziwe ngenhloso yokunikezela idolobha, kodwa ukuze kube lula ukubhubhisa bonke abantu abazungezwe yilo.

Ngenkathi iJalimane lamaNazi lihlasela i-USSR ngo-1941, kwaba sobala ebuholini baseSoviet ukuthi iLeningrad izoba ngomunye wabantu ababalulekile empini yaseJalimane neSoviet.

Mayelana nalokhu, iziphathimandla zayalela ukuthi kukhishwe idolobha, okwakudingeka ukuthi likhiphe bonke abantu balo, amabhizinisi, imishini yezempi nezinto zobuciko. Kodwa-ke, akekho owabala ukuvinjelwa kweLeningrad.

U-Adolf Hitler, ngokusho kobufakazi besigungu sakhe, wayenendlela ekhethekile yokuqashwa kweLeningrad. Wayengafuni kangako ukuyibamba njengokumane ayisule ebusweni bomhlaba. Ngakho-ke, wayehlela ukwephula isimilo sazo zonke izakhamizi zaseSoviet idolobha elaliziqhenya ngabo ngempela.

Ngobusuku bangaphambi kokuvinjelwa

Ngokwecebo leBarbarossa, amasosha aseJalimane ayezohlala eLeningrad kungakadluli uJulayi. Ngokubona ukudlondlobala kwesitha, ibutho laseSoviet laxhamazela lakha izakhiwo zokuzivikela futhi lazilungiselela ukuphuma kuleli dolobha.

Abaqashi beLeningering ngokuzithandela basiza iRed Army ukwakha izinqaba, futhi babhalisela ngenkuthalo ezinhlwini zamasosha abantu. Bonke abantu ngomfutho owodwa bahlangana ndawonye ekulweni nabahlaseli. Ngenxa yalokho, isifunda saseLeningrad sagcwaliswa ngamasosha angaba ngu-80,000 ngaphezulu.

UJoseph Stalin wakhipha umyalo wokuvikela iLeningrad econsini lokugcina legazi. Mayelana nalokhu, ngaphezu kokuqiniswa komhlaba, ukuzivikela emoyeni nakho kwenziwa. Ngenxa yalokhu, izibhamu ezilwa nezindiza, ezezindiza, amalambu okusesha kanye nokufakwa kwe-radar kubandakanyekile.

Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ukuzivikela okuhleliwe komoya kube nempumelelo enkulu. Ngempela ngosuku lwesibili lwempi, akekho noyedwa umgadli waseJalimane owakwazi ukungena esikhaleni sasemoyeni sedolobha.

Kulelo hlobo lokuqala, kwagaselwa ama-17, lapho amaNazi asebenzisa khona izindiza ezingaphezu kwe-1,500. Zindiza ezingama-28 kuphela ezagqekeza eLeningrad, kwathi ezingama-232 zazo zadutshulwa amasosha aseSoviet. Noma kunjalo, ngoJulayi 10, 1941, ibutho likaHitler lase selivele lingamakhilomitha angama-200 ukusuka edolobheni eliseNeva.

Isigaba sokuqala sokuthuthwa

Isonto ngemuva kokuqala kwempi, ngoJuni 29, 1941, izingane ezingaba ngu-15 000 zakhishwa eLeningrad. Kodwa-ke, lesi bekuyisigaba sokuqala kuphela, kwazise uhulumeni ubehlele ukukhipha edolobheni izingane ezifika ku-390,000.

Iningi lezingane likhishwe eningizimu yesifunda iLeningrad. Kepha kulapho ama-fascists aqala khona ukuhlasela. Ngalesi sizathu, cishe amantombazane nabafana abayi-170,000 kwadingeka babuyiselwe eLeningrad.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu abadala kwakudingeka bashiye idolobha, ngokufana namabhizinisi. Izakhamizi zazinganqeni ukushiya amakhaya azo, zingabaza ukuthi impi ingadonsa isikhathi eside. Kodwa-ke, abasebenzi bamakomidi akhiwe ngokukhethekile baqinisekisa ukuthi abantu nemishini bakhishwa ngokushesha okukhulu, ngokusebenzisa imigwaqo emikhulu nojantshi.

Ngokwemininingwane yekhomishini, ngaphambi kokuvinjelwa kweLeningrad, abantu abangama-488,000 basuswa kuleli dolobha, kanye nababaleki abayi-147 500 abafika lapho. Ngo-Agasti 27, 1941, ukuxhumana kwezitimela phakathi kweLeningrad nayo yonke i-USSR kwaphazamiseka, kwathi ngo-Septhemba 8, ukuxhumana komhlaba kwanqanyulwa. Kwaba lolu suku olwaba yindawo yokuqala esemthethweni yokuvinjelwa kwedolobha.

Izinsuku zokuqala zokuvinjelwa kweLeningrad

Ngokomyalo kaHitler, amasosha akhe kwakufanele athathe iLeningrad ngendandatho futhi ayibeke phansi njalo ekuhlaselweni izikhali ezinzima. AmaJalimane ahlela ukuqinisa kancane kancane iringi futhi ngaleyo ndlela anciphise noma yikuphi ukunikezwa kwedolobha.

UFuhrer wacabanga ukuthi iLeningrad ayikwazanga ukumelana nokuvinjezelwa isikhathi eside futhi izonikela ngokushesha. Wayengakwazi ngisho nokucabanga ukuthi zonke izinhlelo zakhe ayezihlelile zizohluleka.

Izindaba zokuvinjelwa kweLeningrad zaphoxa amaJalimane, ayengafuni ukuba semiseleni ebandayo. Ukuze ngandlela thile ajabulise amasosha, uHitler wachaza ngezenzo zakhe ngokungafuni ukuchitha izinsiza zabantu nezobuchwepheshe zaseJalimane. Ubuye wengeza ukuthi kungekudala kuzoqala indlala edolobheni, izakhamizi zimane zife.

Kuyiqiniso ukuthi, ngezinga elithile, amaJalimane ayengasizi ngalutho ngokuzinikela, ngoba kwakuzodingeka anikeze iziboshwa ukudla, noma ngabe zazincane kakhulu. UHitler, kunalokho, wakhuthaza amasosha ukuthi ahlasele idolobha ngokungenasihawu, aqothule umphakathi kanye nazo zonke izingqalasizinda zawo.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, imibuzo ngokungenakugwenywa yavela mayelana nokuthi kungenzeka yini ukugwema imiphumela eyinhlekelele elethwe ukuvinjelwa kweLeningrad.

Namuhla, ngemibhalo nobufakazi bokuzibonela, akungabazeki ukuthi amaLeningrad ayengenalo ithuba lokusinda uma evuma ukunikela edolobheni ngokuzithandela. AmaNazi ayengazidingi nje iziboshwa.

Impilo yokuvinjezelwa kweLeningrad

Uhulumeni waseSoviet ngamabomu akazange adalulele abavimbeli isithombe sangempela sesimo sezinto, ukuze angadicileli phansi umoya wabo nethemba lokusindiswa. Imininingwane mayelana nenkambo yempi yethulwe kafushane ngangokunokwenzeka.

Ngokushesha, kwaba nokuntuleka okukhulu kokudla edolobheni, ngenxa yalokho kwaba nendlala enkulu. Ngokushesha kwahamba ugesi eLeningrad, kwase kuthi uhlelo lokuhambisa amanzi nokuthuthwa kwendle lwaphela.

Idolobha lahlala likhonjwe ngamatshe asebenzayo. Abantu babesesimeni esinzima ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo. Wonke umuntu wayefuna ukudla ngangokunokwenzeka, ebuka ukuthi kufa inqwaba noma amakhulu abantu ngenxa yokungondleki nsuku zonke. Ekuqaleni, amaNazi akwazi ukuqhuma amabhomu agcinwe eBadayevsky, lapho kushiswa khona ushukela, ufulawa nebhotela.

Abaphathi beLeningering ngokuqinisekile bakuqonda lokho ababekulahlile. Ngaleso sikhathi, cishe abantu abayizigidi ezintathu babehlala eLeningrad. Ukutholakala kwedolobha bekuncike ngokuphelele emikhiqizweni engenisiwe, kamuva ethunyelwa kuMgwaqo Wempilo odumile.

Abantu bathola isinkwa neminye imikhiqizo ngokukala, bemi kolayini abakhulu. Noma kunjalo, abaLeningrader baqhubeka nokusebenza emafemini, nezingane zafunda isikole. Kamuva, ofakazi bokuzibonela abasinda ekuvinjelweni bayavuma ukuthi ikakhulukazi labo ababenza okuthile babekwazi ukusinda. Futhi labo bantu ababefuna ukonga amandla ngokuhlala ekhaya babevame ukufela emakhaya abo.

Indlela yokuphila

Ukuxhuma kuphela komgwaqo phakathi kweLeningrad nomhlaba wonke kwakuyiLake Ladoga. Ngqo ngasogwini lwechibi, imikhiqizo ehanjisiwe yathululwa ngokukhulu ukushesha, ngoba umgwaqo wempilo wawushiswa njalo ngamaJalimane.

Amasosha aseSoviet akwazi ukuletha kuphela ingxenye encane yokudla, kepha uma kungenjalo, isilinganiso sokufa kwabantu bakuleli dolobha besingaba sikhulu ngokuphindwe kaningi.

Ebusika, lapho imikhumbi ingakwazi ukuletha izimpahla, amaloli ayediliva ukudla ngqo eqhweni. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi amaloli abephethe ukudla eya edolobheni, abantu bebuyiselwa emuva. Ngasikhathi sinye, izimoto eziningi zawela eqhweni zaya ezansi.

Umnikelo wezingane ekukhululweni kweLeningrad

Izingane zisabele ngesasasa elikhulu ekhweleni lokucela usizo kubaphathi bendawo. Baqoqa izinsimbi ezilahliwe zokwakha imishini yamasosha namagobolondo, iziqukathi zemixube evuthayo, izingubo ezifudumele zeRed Army, futhi basiza nodokotela ezibhedlela.

Laba bafana babesemsebenzini ophahleni lwezakhiwo, belungele ukucisha amabhomu avuthayo noma nini futhi ngaleyo ndlela basindise izakhiwo emlilweni. "Onogada bophahla lwaseLeningrad" - isiteketiso esinjalo abasithola phakathi kwabantu.

Ngenkathi, ngesikhathi kuqhunyiswa ngamabhomu, wonke umuntu wabaleka ukuyobhaca, "onogada", kunalokho, bakhuphukela ophahleni ukucisha amagobolondo awayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingane ezikhathele nezikhathele zaqala ukwenza izinhlamvu kuma-lathes, zemba imisele futhi zakha izinqaba ezahlukahlukene.

Phakathi neminyaka yokuvinjezelwa kweLeningrad, kwafa inani elikhulu lezingane, ezathi, ngezenzo zazo, zagqugquzela abantu abadala namasosha.

Ukulungiselela isenzo esinqumayo

Ehlobo lika-1942, uLeonid Govorov wamiswa njengomphathi wawo wonke amabutho eLeningrad Front. Wafunda izikimu ezahlukahlukene isikhathi eside futhi wakha izibalo zokuthuthukisa ukuzivikela.

UGovorov ushintshe indawo yezikhali, okwenyuse ibanga lokudubula ezindaweni zezitha.

Futhi, amaNazi kwakudingeka asebenzise izinhlamvu eziningi kakhulu ukulwa nezikhali zaseSoviet. Ngenxa yalokho, amagobolondo aqala ukuwela eLeningrad cishe izikhathi eziphindwe kasikhombisa.

Umkhuzi wabhekisisa ngokucophelela uhlelo lokubhodloza ukuvinjelwa kweLeningrad, kancane kancane ehoxisa amayunithi ngamanye kusuka phambili kubalwi bempi.

Iqiniso ukuthi amaJalimane ahlala ebhange elingamamitha ayisithupha, eligcwale amanzi ngokuphelele. Ngenxa yalokho, imithambeka yaba njengamagquma eqhwa, okwakunzima kakhulu ukukhuphuka.

Ngasikhathi sinye, amasosha aseRussia kwakudingeka anqobe cishe ngamamitha angama-800 emfuleni oyiqhwa aye endaweni ekhethiwe.

Njengoba amasosha ayekhathele ngenxa yokuvinjelwa isikhathi eside, ngesikhathi sokuhlasela uGovorov wayala ukuba ayeke ukumemeza "Hurray !!!" ukuze angonge amandla. Esikhundleni salokho, ukuhlaselwa kweRed Army kwenzeka emculweni we-orchestra.

Ukuqhekeka nokuphakamisa ukuvinjelwa kweLeningrad

Umyalo wendawo wanquma ukuqala ukugqobhoza iringi yokuvimba ngoJanuwari 12, 1943. Lo msebenzi waqanjwa ngokuthi "Iskra". Ukuhlaselwa kwebutho laseRussia kwaqala ngokudutshulwa isikhathi eside kwezinqaba zaseJalimane. Ngemuva kwalokho, amaNazi aphonswa ngebhomu eliphelele.

Ukuqeqeshwa, okwenzeke ezinyangeni ezimbalwa, akubanga yize. Ukulahleka kwabantu ezinhlwini zamasosha aseSoviet kwakukuncane. Sesifikile endaweni ebekiwe, amasosha ethu ngosizo lwe "crampons", crimps kanye namaladi amade, bakhuphuka ngokushesha udonga lweqhwa, behlanganyela empini nesitha.

Ekuseni ngoJanuwari 18, 1943, kwaba nomhlangano wamayunithi aseSoviet esifundeni esisenyakatho saseLeningrad. Ndawonye bakhulula iShlisselburg futhi basusa ukuvinjelwa osebeni lweLake Ladoga. Ukuqedwa okuphelele kokuvinjelwa kweLeningrad kwenzeka ngoJanuwari 27, 1944.

Imiphumela yokuvimba

Ngokusho kwesazi sefilosofi sezombusazwe uMichael Walzer, "Abantu abaningi bafa ngesikhathi kuvinjezelwa iLeningrad kunasezihogweni zaseHamburg, eDresden, eTokyo, eHiroshima naseNagasaki zihlangene."

Phakathi neminyaka yokuvinjelwa kweLeningrad, ngokusho kwemithombo ehlukahlukene, kusweleke abantu abayi-600,000 kuya ku-1.5 million. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi bangu-3% kuphela babo ababulawa ukubulawa ngamatshe, kuyilapho abasele abangama-97% babulawa yindlala.

Ngenxa yendlala esabekayo edolobheni, kwaqoshwa amacala aphindaphindiwe odla abantu, ukufa kwabantu ngokwemvelo kanye nangenxa yokubulawa kwabantu.